Relativity and Cosmology

A Generalisation of Sommerfeld’s "On the Composition of Velocities in the Theory of Relativity"

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley (MM) experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalise the geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive at a geometry that merges the perspectives of the rest and moving frames within a common stationary circle in space. Further we show that this theoretical approach leads us into spherical trigonometry that supplies a simple solution of the Michelson-Morley problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Theory Towards How the Universe Really Works

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-39 and Italian, pages 40-79

In 1887 the Michelson-Morley experiment was performed, which was supposed to detect the motion of the Earth relative to the ether, i.e., the medium in which light would manifest itself, and therefore the only one relative to which its speed could be truly isotropic.But the experiment found that the speed of light is isotropic relative to the Earth too, and therefore did not detect any motion relative to the ether.In order to justify this negative result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the ether undergo a slowing down of time and a length contraction in the direction of motion, thus making the speed of light appear isotropic, while in reality it is not.Instead, Einstein justified this result by arguing that light propagates in a vacuum and that its speed is isotropic in all reference frame, regardless of the motion between them, specifying however that this is a stipulation and, therefore, an apparent but not real phenomenon. But later he considered this isotropy as real. And this is how relativists still consider it, overbearingly, since they do not accept discussions on this statement.In truth, it is precisely thanks to the real slowing down of time and the real contraction of matter that the speed of light appears isotropic. And it is a very useful appearance, because considering it as real has allowed the development of the law of gravitation of General Relativity (which is also apparent) and, above all, to make the GPS system work. Which cannot work according to reality, because the precise speed of the Earth relative to the ether is not known and, therefore, not even the real speed of light relative to the Earth, which would be needed to make the GPS work according to reality.But, as I will demonstrate in this article, this appearance does not allow us to calculate the speeds and distances of celestial objects, too. So, using it anyway, relativists have obtained a complicated and incompatible with observation model of Universe, whose expansion is accelerating.So I developed a theory, which I called Space Quanta in Expansion, which considers the appearance useful for gravitation and GPS, but not for calculating distances and velocities of distant celestial objects, where it uses its own formulas. And so I obtained a model of Universe that is reasonable and compatible with observations and quantum mechanics, whose expansion results in deceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modeling Dark Matter Through the Effects of Relativistic Mass

Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 4 Pages.

Dark matter remains a conundrum within the field of cosmology. While the behavior is wellunderstood, the underlying cause remains mysterious. Many models have been proposed to explain the phenomenon, whether it be new particles or modifications to the law of gravity. This document attempts to explain dark matter through the effect of relativistic mass and the effect of a relativistic gravitational field. The goal is that this model might be able to fit with observations of dark matter as well as Modified Newtonian Gravity (MOND) within galactic orbits.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tired Light in the Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: A Novel Approach to Cosmological Redshift

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper presents a novel interpretation of cosmological redshift within the framework of the Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH). We revisit the concept of "tired light" in the context of a superfluid spacetime, proposing a mechanism for photon energy loss during propagation through the cosmic medium. Our model provides a physical basis for redshift without invoking universal expansion, potentially offering new insights into longstanding cosmological puzzles. We derive the fundamental equations governing light propagation in superfluid spacetime, present predictions for observational tests, and discuss the implications for our understanding of the cosmos.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Multi-Fold Dark Matter Effects & Rotation Curve Differences in Galaxies in Clusters, Yet Respect of the Strong Equivalence Principle

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 19 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

A recent paper suggests that MOND would better explain the difference in the distribution of rotation curves inside versus at the outer edges of galaxies. It would be due to the External Field Effect (EFE) encounter with MOND for galaxies in a uniform external field due to surrounding systems. ΛCDM, based on General Relativity (GR), respects the (strong) equivalence principle. Accordingly, for ΛCDM, such differences are not directly explainable. As the observed difference is argued to be statistically significant, something still to be confirmed, it could be a convincing argument in favor of MOND.The paper explains how the multi-fold dark matter effects explain qualitatively the observed differences: inner entanglement is more disrupted by the rest of the galaxy content, before creating a halo effect. With this we can argue that MOND is not necessarily the only answer to the observations. In previous papers, we argued that the multi-fold theory at large enough scale recovers GR, and that it is compatible with the equivalence principle. The paper therefore explains that these can be multi-fold gravity results. The multi-fold dark matter effects result from entangled real systems, which are extra contribution to gravity, which results only from virtual particles. There are therefore no inconsistencies: the equivalence principle can be respected while rotation differences may exist. To that effect, we show that while multi-fold gravity follows the (strong) equivalence principle, multi-fold dark matter effects can bring in an EFE effect without any contradiction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Standard Form Metric and Static Charged Sphere

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 4 Pages.

For a system of a static charged sphere we make gauge and coordinate transformations so that the electromagnetic vector potential has a unit time component and zero space components. Beginning with a spherically symmetric metric in standard form and electromagnetic vector potential having this special form we solve the Einstein field equations outside the sphere. We show the solution has charge outside the sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Light Trajectories Near a Point Mass

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.

Light trajectories near a static point mass have been calculated for two cases: the first is the usual black-hole solution in general relativitythat results from using Schwarzschild coordinates to determine the curvature of spacetime, and the second is for a model described in a previous paper, viXra:2409.0030, in which spacetime is completely regular with no event horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Testing a Sound Postulate

Authors: Anival Barca
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley (MM) experiment, foundational in challenging classical understandings of light propagation, played a crucial role in the development of special relativity. This paper re-examines this pivotal experiment from a new perspective, investigating the equivalence between optical and audio interferometry. By generalising the events within a MM interferometer, the study proposes a method to test if audio waves exhibit relativistic properties or not. This exploration of optical and acoustic analogy aims to deepen our understanding of wave mechanics and relativity, offering novel insights into relativistic experimental physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Expressions for Gravitational Time Dilation

Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name should be after the article title, the abbstract should be labeled as such, & please cite and list scientific references)

Schwarzschild’s gravitational time dilation expression is derived assuming a ~flat Minkowski spacetime. This time dilation effect is spherically symmetric, occurring in all radial directions for a gravitational source. A way to derive Schwarzschild’s expression is with a model that assumes a mass starting from rest at some distance from a gravitational field source (such as Earth). One can use Newtonian Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy to create an energy balance. This is then used to derive escape velocity: the mass steadily starts moving through the gravitational potential field, gaining speed until it hits escape velocity upon reaching the gravitational field source. This document explores the derivation using escape velocity. Moreover, this document modifies the approach by using relativistic mass to derive a slightly different expression for gravitational time dilation. Finally, alternative interpretation of gravitational time dilation is also explored, using the concept of relativistic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proposed Resolution to Dark Energy and Dark Matter: Replacing Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry Via Axiomatization of Torricelli's Homogeneous Infinitesimals

Authors: Jeffrey P. Baugher
Comments: 35 Pages.

The conundrum of Dark Matter coupled with the discovery in 1998 that the universe is paradoxically accelerating its expansion has led some cosmologists to question the correctness of the non-Euclidean geometric theory of gravity, General Relativity. In the 17th century, there was also a great paradox between two views for the geometric constituents of a line, heterogeneous (made of points) versus homogeneous (made of infinitesimal segments). Evangelista Torricelli, a protege of Galileo, elucidated his logical reasoning on why lines must be made of segments and not points and created one particular fundamental example among many. In this paper, I produce unknown corollaries to Torricelli's argument allowing me to falsify the relationship between infinitesimals and the Archimedean axiom, resolve L'Hopital's paradox, rewrite the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and derive Gaussian curvature. I hypothesize that the intractability of Dark Energy and Dark Matter is due to the points of coordinate systems within General Relativity actually being a logically flawed heterogeneous interpretation with basis vectors as a stand-in for the properties of homogeneous infinitesimals. I propose a novel but geometrically logical model for gravity based on the changing area of ``surfaces" that suffers from no Cosmological Constant but can model red-shift of light. I present hypothetical arguments to demonstrate that there is sufficient compelling similarities to support the investigation of rewriting Euclidean/non-Euclidean geometry, the Calculus and all the laws of physics with axiomatic homogeneous infinitesimals of three components that each follow the theory of proportionality. They are relative cardinality, homogeneous infinitesimal and lastly their sum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Discussion Related to the Energy Relativity and Its Implications

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 6 Pages.

A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that the Energy is always conserved and that the Energy, embedded in the Universe, cannot disappear or be created from nothing. This should imply that the Total amount of the Energy, which is embedded in the whole Universe, must be a constant value. This, might also imply, as will be elaborated in the paper, that the measured amount of an Energy should not be relative to a specific spectator, which performs the measurement of this amount of this Energy, and all spectators, measuring the Total Energy Content of several specific Energy components, in the Universe, must conclude, that these specific Energy components, contain the same Total amount of Energy, as each of the spectators measured. However, this paper provides significant arguments that the Energy might be also relative to the spectator, and two separate spectators, measuring the Total Energy Content of several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they measured. The paper also elaborates on the Implications of the conclusion that the Energy might be also relative.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Review of Emergent Spacetime and Matter Unified Field Theory (in Russian)

Authors: Andrey Smirnov
Comments: 35 Pages.

An axiomatic deterministic theory of physics based on a unified field is proposed.In the model of the theory, time is absent and dynamics are absent at the fundamental level. It is shown how space-time with matter and fields arise in such a model. It is shown that the anthropic principle arises as a consequence of the theory. The principle of causality is derived. Mass, energy and other concepts of mechanics are obtained. The Schrödinger equation is derived. Lorentz transformations and the special theory of relativity are obtained without using the postulates of STR. It is shown that the speed of light and the maximum speed of interactions are exactly equal. The special theory of relativity with all its equations is obtained. It is shown that the standard model does not contradict the proposed theory. The nature of gravity is considered. The principle of equivalence of gravity and acceleration is proved, all the assumptions on which the general theory of relativity is based are proven. Based on this, it can be argued that the equations of the general theory of relativity satisfy the theory of emergent space-time-matter. It is shown that gravity cannot have quanta. Thus, this theory states that no theory of quantum gravity can exist. An explanation of the origin of the Universe is proposed. An explanation of the nature of dark energy and dark matter is proposed. The physical foundations of mathematics are considered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Newton's Law of Gravitation, GR, SR and the Correspondence Principle

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper contains reflections on how Newton's classical inverse-square law of gravitation corresponds to both Einstein's theory of special relativity adapted for an accelerated object, as well as Einstein's theory of general relativity for the free-fall of an object in a curved spacetime. Using a model described in detail in a related paper, viXra:2409.0004, it is shown that space and time are regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass, and that a black hole and event horizon are mathematicalartefacts. In addition, since gravity does not diverge to infinity as masses approach each other, there is no singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Solution to Einstein's Field Equations that Results in a Sign Change to the Analogous Friedmann Acceleration Equation

Authors: Greg P. Proper
Comments: 6 Pages. Published in OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy 4: JPA-4-151.

This brief paper demonstrates that a mathematical solution to Einstein's field equations exists that features a sign change in what proves to be the analog to the Friedmann 2 (acceleration) equation. The purpose here is not to physically challenge the FLRW (Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson-Walker) solution, but to demonstrate that this sign change is mathematically possible. In order to achieve this result, the metric is modified so that the temporal increment is affected by the expansion in the same manner as the spatial increments. Unlike the Schwarzschild, there is no theorem that states that the R-W is mathematically unique. Therefore, from a purely mathematical perspective there is no prohibition on the exploration of other alternatives to the R-W. In this particular instance the four principal equations of cosmology reduce to two mathematically consistent equations and total energy is conserved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Complete Set of Proofs for the Invalidity [?] of the Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: G. V. Sharlanov
Comments: 29 Pages. Published in the Journal of Modern and Applied Physics: 2024; 7(1):1-29.

This article reveals the essence of the special theory of relativity. To date, there have been no scientific arguments against the proofs presented at the 3rd Annual International Conference on Physics in 2015 in Athens, Greece. The "Introduction" presents the foundation of the real explanation of all "unexpected" and "inexplicable" results of the experiments related to the measurement of the speed of light in our time-spatial region "near the Earth’s surface". Subsequent factual analyses of the most famousexperiments related to the velocity of light behaviour prove that the speed of light differs in different directions from the local constant "speed of light in vacuum". The exception is only the experiments that use the "Michelson-type" interferometer. These interferometers use perfectly the same paths in two opposite directions for each light beam, which is why the difference between the speeds of light in the two opposite directionsof each light beam is completely compensated. The analysis of the article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" shows exactly where and how the claim "the speed of light is the same for all inertial frames of reference" is applied. Einstein’s conclusion that "we cannot give anyabsolute meaning to the concept of simultaneous" is unfounded and absurd and is shown to be based solely on this erroneous claim. At the end of the article, the essence of the so-called "fundamental tests" of the special theory of relativity is presented too.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

"Dark Matter", "Dark Energy", and Other Problems in Physics Today

Authors: S. G. Sharlanov
Comments: 8 Pages. Published in the Journal of Modern and Applied Physics, 2024; 7(1):1-8.

The cause of the hypotheses of the existence of "dark matter" and "dark energy" is a consequence of the second biggest blunder in physics of the 20th century: "the accelerating expansion of the Universe". This is undoubtedly a big problem in physics because it is illogical for the Universe to expand, despite the existing and undeniably proven universal attraction (Newton’s law of universal gravitation). Modern physics tries to explain this delusion by the existence of an illogically high percentage of some unknown type of "dark matter" in the Universe (which, if it existed, should have been discovered by now), as well as by the inexplicable myth of "dark energy" (the nature of which is inexplicable even to modern cosmologists themselves)!The root cause of this delusion is based mainly on the unproven claim that the redshift of the spectral lines of the emitted electromagnetic radiation from remote galaxies is due to the Doppler Effect. Throughout his life, Hubble did not support Vesto Slipher’s supposition that the"redshift" is a "velocity-like displacement" (as a result of the Doppler Effect). The Doppler Effect is an effect of the mechanical waves, but not of the electromagnetic waves. The real explanation of the incorrectly called "Doppler radar" with Schrödinger’s dynamic interpretation is presented in the article.According to the assistant and successor of Hubble, Allan Sandage, Hubble believed that the redshift "represents a hitherto unrecognized principle of nature".The main contribution of this paper is the presentation of this "unrecognized principle of nature"— that is the "energy-spatial relationship" existing in the energy-space-time continuum of the Universe, that the so-called "empty space" between the celestial bodies and between the particles of matter is actually a "soup" of energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Relativity, Cosmology and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 32 Pages.

In the paper, with the help of various models, the thesis on the fundamental nature of the field form of matter in physics is considered. In the first chapter a model of special relativity is constructed, on the basis of which the priority of the massless form of matter is revealed. In the second chapter, a field model of inert and heavy mass is constructed and on this basis the mechanism of inertia and gravity of weighty bodies is revealed. In the third chapter, the example of geons shows the fundamental nature of a massless form of matter on the Planck scale. The three-dimensionality of the observable space is substantiated. In the fourth chapter, we consider a variant of solving the problem of singularities in general relativity using the example of multidimensional spaces. The last chapter examines the author's approach to quantum gravity, and establishes the basic equation of quantum gravity. The conclusions do not contradict the main thesis of the paper on the fundamental nature of the massless form of matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Relation Between Linear Speed and Angular Speed

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Newtonian formula for the relationship between linear motion and rotational motion is not suitable for application in the theory of relativity. Therefore, the relativistic relationship between linear speed and angular speed must be derived. This can be done by taking advantage of the rules of summing speeds in special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Have They Got it Wrong About Black Holes?

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 9 Pages.

By recognising that Newtonian gravity is a manifestation of the time curvature in a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold as in Einstein'sgeneral theory of relativity(GR), it can be shown that space and time are completely regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass,and that a black hole and event horizon are mathematical artefacts. In addition, this also leads to the conclusion that superluminal velocities do not occur and that gravity does not diverge to infinity as masses approacheach other, which also removes the singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New 3D Spherical Warp Drive Vector Created Using the Methodology Developed by Natario

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 54 Pages.

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001. Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than light predated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime. Natario defined a warp drive vector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates but remember that a real warp drive must accelerate or de-accelerate in order to be accepted as a physical valid model so it must possesses variable speeds.We developed the extension for the original Natariowarp drive vector that encompasses variable speeds.Also Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a real spaceship is a 3D object inserted inside a 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates.In this work we present the new warp drive vector in 3D Spherical Coordinates for both constant or variable speeds.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Physical Foundations of Gravitation with a Dual Space

Authors: David L. Berkahn, James M. Chappell, Derek Abbott
Comments: 9 Pages.

Starting from first principles, we point out an apparent contradiction in the behavior of light in the metric space of a stationary frame in gravity. We show that the issue is resolved provided an independent moving ’dual space’ exists along side the metric space of general relativity (GR). In this dual space clocks run at equal rates to first order but coincide with the time dilation of metric space, due rather to different light path lengths. We find its mathematical properties coincide with the Gullstrand—Painleve coordinates, however the interpretation dictated by this model requiressome different concepts to that of the standard river model. Objects fall at equal rate in this space not because of equality of gravitational and inertial mass but because they are stationary in the dual space which itself is falling. The space behaves more Galilean than one might expect. We explore how escape velocity is modelled in this moving spacetime and address how the dual space re-interprets gravitational redshift to unify it with doppler and Hubble and as well as perhaps dark energy. natural aplications for mass variation and radiating charges stationery in gravity are also presented as a logical result of adopting the framework. We then touch on how the dual space can be modelled as a vector field in geometric algebra.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Measurement of Physical Quantities under Differently Calibrated Rulers and Clocks

Authors: Chandru Iyer, G. M. Prabhu
Comments: 19 Pages.

The theory of special relativity is developed with two stipulations that any propagating electromagnetic wave travels at the same constant speed c, with respect to all inertial reference frames irrespective of their relative velocities and any IRF shall synchronize its spatially separated clocks by the assumption or convention that the one way speed of light within that IRF is constant and equal to c in all directions. The mathematical development of these concepts lead us to the principle of the relativity of simultaneity, the space-time continuum and the block universe that implies the existence of past, present, and future in a four-dimensional space-time continuum. The principle of relativity of simultaneity essentially means that the tenses, past, present, and future, are an illusion. Time order of events are subjective and thus all events in the universe exist together on the continuum. We show that the characteristics of light propagation are the same whether we use the Lorentz Transformation (LT) or the Galilean Transformation (GT) in the sense that the amplitude of the propagating wave at any space-time location remains the same in both the transformations. We argue that the space and time coordinates assigned to any space-time point are different in LT and GT but the identity of a space-time point is not compromised. The different numbers of space and time coordinates assigned to a space-time point by LT and GT arise out of calibration differences and do not indicate any altered reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gödelian Index Theorem in Discrete Manifolds: A Unified Framework for Logical Complexity Across Cosmic and Quantum Scales (Part 4)

Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 75 Pages.

This paper extends the Gödelian Index Theorem from smooth manifolds to discrete structures, an advancement crucial for applications in quantum physics. By developing a unified framework applicable across scales—from quantum to cosmic—this work aims to bridge the gap between relativity and quantum mechanics. We hypothesize that the geometry of spacetime encodes logical complexity, potentially incorporating topos-theoretic data, and explore how this complexity manifests in discrete geometric settings.Mathematical innovations in this paper include the introduction of discrete analogs of significant concepts such as the Gödelian Chern character and Todd class. Additionally, we establish a discrete version of the Gödelian McKean-Singer formula, leveraging spectral graph theory to analyze the Gödelian index in these settings. Our framework offers new insights into the quantum-to-classical transition and contributes to a deeper understanding of the nature of spacetime.Finally, this work connects with our previous analysis of Baryon Acoustic Oscillation data, linking Gödelian complexity to early cosmic evolution, and further solidifying the relevance of logical complexity in the geometry of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gödelian Index Theorem on Smooth Manifolds: Extending the Atiyah-Singer Framework and Its Cosmological Implications (Part 3)

Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 79 Pages.

This paper extends the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem by incorporating logical complexity into geometric and topological structures through the development of the Gödelian Index Theorem. Building upon previous work on Gödelian categories, this novel theorem introduces Gödelian manifolds, which are equipped with a Gödelian structure function that quantifies logical complexity, and explores the implications of Gödelian-Ricci flow, where logical flow evolves alongside the metric. Our approach synthesizes differential geometry, geometric flow techniques, and logical structures, drawing inspiration from Perelman's work on the Poincaré conjecture.Applying this mathematical framework, we improve predictions of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) in cosmological data. However, the model reveals an unexpected result: a negative Gödelian index (G), which reflects the logical complexity embedded in the manifold. This finding has profound implications for our understanding of dark energy and the early cosmos, suggesting that the interplay between logical complexity and geometric structures could be key to re-evaluating current cosmological theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Relative Non-Locality

Authors: Rayd Al-Shammari
Comments: 33 Pages.

[This paper] investigate[s] the mathematical and physical applications of relative non-locality in general relativity and using it to bridge the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics without the need for a new unifying theory, in fact both theories are compatible when we put the relative non-locality in perspective, it's first introduced by Einstein in 1911, the relative non-locality is the illusion of superluminal speed phenomena due to the difference in spacetime gravity potential between two points in space, this illusion of superluminal speed is a direct indicator of spacetime curvature difference between two intervals in space such that the conditions of curvature difference is the key element to solve the compatibility problem between general relativity and quantum mechanics, then by following this line of work I found that Einstein field equation is compatible with uncertainty principle in a way that the stress energy tensor could be extract from the momentum uncertainty in the uncertainty principle, this happened only when we have a quantum entangled system of collective masses of bigger than or equal to half Planck-mass as minimum requirements to bend spacetime, then by using quantum entangled system with a rest mass of half Planck mass or more and then by using this knowledge I put the requirements for an experiment to generate artificial gravitational singularities in particle accelerators as a good way to test this paper and its very promising way for both nuclear fusion and superluminal space travel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Ricci Flow-Inspired Model for Cosmic Expansion: New Insights from BAO Measurements Preliminary Report

Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 19 Pages.

Recent precision measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) by surveys such as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) have revealed tensions with predictions from the standard ΛCDM cosmological model. This paper presents a novel approach to addressing these discrepancies by incorporating geometric flow concepts inspired by Perelman’s work on Ricci flow. We introduce a modified Friedmann equation that includes a Ricci flow term, providing a geometric framework for understanding potential deviations from standard cosmology. Our model shows significant improvement in fitting DESI BAO measurements across a wide range of redshifts, suggesting a possible geometric origin for observed cosmic expansion anomalies. Parameter space analysis reveals subtle interplay between logarithmic and power-law contributions to the expansion history, potentially offering new insights into the nature of dark energy or modifications to general relativity on cosmological scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmological Redshift Indicates the Speed of the Earth's Move Away from the Emitter and not the Expansion of Space

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-15 and Italian, pages 16-30

In a video that I found online, to justify certain observations of the WEBB telescope, it is stated that "It is also possible that our interpretations of the redshift of light are wrong and that for decades we have measured incorrect distances within the Cosmos ".But this is precisely what I have been stating for years in my articles, so I thought I would write one with the main objective of demonstrating that the cosmological redshift does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe, as the scientific community claims, but the speed at which the Earth moves away from the emitter.This incorrect interpretation of the cosmological redshift, among other things, has had the consequence that the scientific community claims that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, while in reality it is decelerating.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Navigator's Solution to the Michelson-Morley Problem

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalise the geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive at a geometry that merges the perspectives of the rest and moving frames within a common stationary circle in space. Further we show that this theoretical approach leads us into spherical trigonometry that supplies a simple solution of the Michelson-Morley problem that is compatible with Einstein’s paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Relativistic Explanation for the Darkness of Galactic Halos

Authors: Ramzi Suleiman
Comments: 44 Pages.

In this study, we extend previously established results of relativized Newtonian dynamics—originally derived for inertial rectilinear motion—to the context of a uniformly rotating disk. Our findings reveal the presence of a nonluminous component coexisting with the luminous component, with the ratio of their radial densities being solely dependent on the rotation velocity.We apply these results to investigate the dynamics of both luminous and nonluminous matter in a diverse sample of 52 galaxies from the Spitzer Photometry & Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) dataset. For each galaxy, we calculate the radial density distributions of both matter components using only the measured rotation curves. The predicted radial density profiles of the nonluminous components closely trace the observed rotation curves for all tested galaxies.Our analysis indicates that the nonluminous component begins to dominate over the luminous component at rotation velocity of approximately V_flat/3. At rotation velocities approaching V_flat, the luminous component nearly vanishes, with the majority of the matter being nonluminous. The nonluminous component is expected to strongly dominate in all tested galaxies, with a fraction (0.757 ≤ f_NLM ≤ 0.990, σ_(f_NLM )= 0.0137).Moreover, consistent with the Radial Acceleration Relation (RAR), the correlations between the estimated total masses of the luminous and nonluminous components, and between the luminous component and the total dynamical mass, are very strong (r = 0.947 and 0.954, respectively). Additionally, in agreement with the Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation (BTFR), the correlation between the total luminous mass and V_flat is also substantial (r = 0.626).These results suggest that key features typically attributed to exotic dark matter particles in galactic halos can be accounted for by simple relativistic considerations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Rotational Speed of Galaxies

Authors: Piscedda Giampaolo
Comments: 1 Page.

It has been observed that the rotational velocity of Galaxies does not depend on r, but remains constant as r varies; this has led to the hypothesis of the existence of dark matter. In this Theory we show that we can explain the constancy of this velocity with the use of quantum mechanical principles. This does not rule out the existence of dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ricci Flow Techniques in General Relativity and Quantum Gravity: A Perelman-Inspired Approach to Spacetime Dynamics

Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 104 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted/generated contents/results are in general not acceptable)

This paper presents a novel approach to quantum gravity based on an extension of Perelman's Ricci flow techniques to Lorentzian manifolds and gauge theories. We develop a unified geometric framework that bridges concepts from differential geometry, topology, and quantum field theory, offering new perspectives on fundamental problems in theoretical physics. Our core contribution is the formulation of a modified Ricci flow equation suitable for Lorentzian manifolds, which incorporates gauge fields and establishes a connection with Chern-Simons theory. We explore the implications of this framework for black hole physics, cosmology, and particle physics, and propose experimental tests. The paper is structured with a main text providing an accessible overview, while Appendix A contains the rigorous mathematical foundations of our approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

JWST Discoveries and Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Paradigm Shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 21 Pages.

Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1].JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST's findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe.In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to catalyze a paradigm shift in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST's discoveries, WUM's successes, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is high time to initiate a paradigm shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.The present paper is a continuation of the published article "JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions" [2] and a summary of the paper "Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society" [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativity's Tenuous Tenability

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 22 Pages, 0 Diagrams

Relativity is believed by most to be a seminal moment in scientific achievement. It continues to form the basis of our entire cosmology, including the big bang. Even so, many of its declarations are manifestly contradictory and metaphysical. Its lingering discrepancies, inconsistencies, and seemingly unresolvable conflicts elicit a myriad of questions that have up to the present been more ignored and rationalized by conditioned beliefs than soberly confronted and rationally explained through rigorous objective logic. For the dissenting, this casts further doubt on its veracity and arouses even more skepticism while faith-based adherents remain dismissive, complacent, and preemptively unswayable. Bridging the growing divide and arriving at a workable consensus does not appear possible any time soon. With relativity permeating popular culture and firmly entrenched in academia's pervasive obligatory groupthink, uncompromising independent investigation that maturely and realistically explores the tenability of its many conspicuous incongruities seems the only practical way forward for those seriously pursuing reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Anisotropy of Light Speed Due to Earth's Own Rotation

Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Sagnac effect demonstrates an anisotropy of light speed as a first-order effect on the scale of Earth's rotation, but not for higher velocities such as Earth's orbital speed or its speed relative to the CMB. Following logic reason, experiments investigating the second-order effect should also exhibit this deviation due to Earth's own rotation, but not for higher velocities. Specifically, interferometer experiments with optical resonators would be capable of verifying this matter. This paper shows that none of the existing experiments provide a statement on this issue. The detection of such a second-order effect from Earth's own rotation would provide clues to new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Regular Metric Tensor for Relativistic Gravitational Field

Authors: Sergio de Azevedo Melo
Comments: 14 Pages. In Portuguese

The metric tensor defines the geometry of spacetime in General Relativity. Although it satisfies the field equations, the tensor obtained by Application of the Newtonian limit to the vacuum Schwarzschild solutionpresents discontinuity in the mapping of the metric by the gravitational field, resulting in undefined points. Considering the uperimposition of the kinematic effect on the gravitational field in the Lorentz factor and a transformed Lagrangian function is presented in the study of total energy. The function caters for relativistic speeds in energy expressions andavoids low speed limitation. Extrapolation of the weak field condition is addressed by mapping the rest energy. A regular metric tensor in spacetime is obtained for the conditionof a stationary universe, and it is pointed out how it differs from the Schwarzschild resolution and the resulting metric by Newtonian approximation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What Does the Central Limit Theorem Have to Say About General Relativity?

Authors: Réjean Plamondon
Comments: 6 Pages. A chapter of the book: Quantum Theory and Symmetries

In this paper, we speculate on a possible connection between the Bayes’s law and the Einstein’s general relativity equation to support the use of a metric based on an erfc gravitational potential that has been recently proposed to provide some cues to open problems in the solar systems. Starting from a basic interdependence premise, an analogy between Einstein’s equation and Bayes’s law is used to analyze the linear case of a weak field static symmetric massive object, providing a probabilistic context that takes into account the probability of presence of a given energy density in its corresponding 4D curved space-time manifold. Using the Central Limit Theorem to model globally the very slow process of star formation and mathematically express the corresponding probability density, the new framework provides a rationale for the emergence of a weighted Newton’s law of gravitation. One key feature of this modified gravity model is that it relies on the existence of an intrinsic emergent physical constant (sigma), a star-specific proper length that scales all its surroundings.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Challenging the Validity of Einstein’s Cosmological Model: A Critical Examination Based on Objective Reality

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 17 Pages.

How can the author assess whether Einstein, a scientific supernova on the planet, was right or wrong without fully exposing Einstein’s conception of the universe compared to objective reality? G. B. Shaw once noted that only a few have shaped our understanding of the universe, including Ptolemy, Newton, and Einstein. In 1930, Shaw remarked: "Einstein has made a universe, and I can’t tell you how long that will last." However, the author asserts in 2024 that Einstein’s universe is fundamentally flawed. The author has debunked it using the objective reality approach that recently helped him discover two new conceptual universes: the erring universe and the whole universe. In this paper, the author details the scientific advancements these two new universes offer compared to those of Newton and Einstein. He addresses and resolves three shortcomings in Newton’s and Einstein’s frameworks. The erring universe unveils the principle of cosmic structure, while the whole universe reveals the principle of cosmic design. Together, they represent the pinnacle of scientific progress, providing the ultimate frame of reference and underpinning natural laws and causal explanations in the universe. This synthesis suggests that religion, based on the concept of a divine creator, and science, through the lens of objective reality, may differ from existing cosmological models in their joint quest to understand the universe’s grand design. For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature— have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse (Romans 1:20, NIV). The artificial truth of Einstein’s universe seems as illusory as "The Emperor’s New Clothes"—a profound misdirection that has distorted objective reality and caused incalculable harm to scientific understanding.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Standard Model Big Bang Age of the Universe Confused for Special Relativity Absolute Time Dilation Barrier

Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 3 Pages.

There is a crisis with the standard model of cosmology at its outer limits. Why are well-developed galaxies, observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, existing only 300 million years from the beginning of the observable universe? A solution to the problem is offered that evokes the principles laid down in Albert Einstein's 1905 special relativity, time dilation. Are we looking at a wall where time stops? Special relativity states that time slows down if you’re moving — relative to an observer. As a body approaches the speed of light, time will appear to slow on the moving /travelling body. At the speed of light time will appear to stop to the observer. The solution is we are the observers and the galaxies (relative to us) at the outer edge of the universe— right about the place of the said Big Bang beginning — are expanding away from us at the speed of light and faster. We are observing a wall where time stops, a barrier, that we cannot see through. This would suggest the universe can be much older and we may never know how old because of this barrier. Special relativity also says that bodies appear smaller from the perspective of the observer. This may further distort our perception of the accelerating universe; the universe may be even larger than thought.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Metamaterial or Ordinary Magneto-Electric Matter as an Energy Source for Emulation of the Alcubierre Warp Drive for Superluminal Motion

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this article, considering the work referenced in that allows for emulation motion up to ¼ of the speed of light, appropriate modifications have been considered where by classes of metamaterials or ordinary magneto-electric materials can be used for an emulation Alcubierre drive that permits superluminal motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Kobiyashi Maru

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativityform a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalisethe geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive ata simple, yet curious geometry that compels deeper exploration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space-Time Torsion as a Manifestation of Magnetism

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 3 Pages.

A Riemannian manifold possesses two fundamental properties: curvature and torsion. GeneralRelativity uses curvature to explain gravity. We suggest that torsion can explain magnetism.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Light Cones and Comoving Objects in the Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda-CDM Model)

Authors: Werner Lange
Comments: 14 Pages. In German

This article traces the worldlines of comoving objects that were located on some selected light cones shortly after the Big Bang or alternatively at the time of the emission of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Classical Wave Model of Quasi-Static General Relativity

Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 16 Pages.

General relativity can be difficult for undergraduate students to comprehend, partly because the math is difficult and partly because it is not based on a simple physical model. However, in many situations general relativity can be interpreted as ordinary wave refraction in a non-uniform medium, with the refractive index (or wave speed) derived from only two independent components of a spatially isotropic diagonal spacetime metric. This work utilizes an elastic solid model of the vacuum to explain how the presence of wave energy would modify a medium to produce the metric variations of general relativity in a quasi-static environment. This analysis provides model-based explanations for many predictions of general relativity, including curved space, black holes, gravitational waves, and the different accelerations of light and massive objects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 117 Pages.

Today, a growing number of researchers share a sense of stagnation in the field of Physics. In many ways, this situation is reminiscent of the late 19th century when it was widely believed that the body of Physics was nearly complete. It may be an opportune moment to propose new fundamental models that are not only simpler than the current state of the art but also open up new areas of research. Several ideas presented in this Digest are not new, and I do not claim credit for them. In fact, many of these ideas, originally proposed by classical scientists, are revisited here with fresh insights. This Digest aims to describe the World by unifying and simplifying existing models and results in Cosmology into a single coherent picture.Hypersphere World—Universe Model (WUM) is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing Big Bang Model. The main advantage of WUM is its elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," providing explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. This Digest offers an overview of WUM covering the period from 2013 to 2024 (detailed in Part 2 and the referenced materials) and explores various themes of the World (Presentations 1 — 8). It concludes a series of articles published in the Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology [3]-[39]. Many results obtained in those articles are referenced here without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to consult the referenced articles (Part 2) for more details. WUM is a classical model and should be described using classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. These simple interactions occur at the microscopic level, while their collective outcomes can be observed at the macroscopic level. WUM introduces classical notions from the moment the first ensemble of particles was created ≅10^(-18) s. Classical Physics is dealing with ensembles of quantum objects!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Teaching Special Relativity with a Handheld Model

Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 6 Pages.

Recent experimental and theoretical work has shown that classical wave processes can produce phenomena previously thought to be beyond the scope of classical physics. We describe how a simple hand-held model can be used to demonstrate the connection between classical waves and modern physics. The model consists of illustrations of two sets of wave crests. A stationary particle is modeled by wave crests propagating in circles. A moving particle is modeled by rotating the orientation of the wave crests so that they would propagate along helical paths rather than circular paths. An internal clock is assumed to tick each time a wave completes a full revolution around the cylinder common to both wave packets. These two model wave packets demonstrate relativistic frequency shift, time dilation, length contraction, and the de Broglie wavelength.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Cylindrical Warp Drive Vector Created Using the Methodology Developed by Natario

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 43 Pages.

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in $2001$.Natario defined a warp drive vector $nX=vs*(dx)$ where $vs$ is the constant speed of the warp bubble and $*(dx)$ is the Hodge Star taken over the x-axis of motion inPolar Coordinates.We compute the Natario warp drive vector for variable velocities.Also we introduced a new warp drive vector $nX=vs*(dx)$ where $vs$ is the constant speed of the warp bubble and $*(dx)$ is the Hodge Star taken over the x-axis of motion in Cylindrical coordinates.We also compute the cylindrical warp drive vector for variable velocities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Complex Relativity: Insights Reflecting Newton's First Law

Authors: Mohd. Javed Khilji
Comments: 17 Pages.

The 2022 study’s experimental investigations prove that relative velocities from Einstein's first postulate significantly violate kinetic energy conservation, whereas complex relative velocities show zero error. This paper reveals a hidden variable creating contrasting realms, real and imaginary, similar to rest and motion, allowing seamless transition in the complex domain through an optical process. It also establishes inertial frame criteria based on Newton's first law. The traditional setup of velocities v and -v, summing to 2v in magnitude but zero as a vector, fails to meet inertial frame criteria, which require the sum of magnitudes' absolute values to equal their vector sum, only achieved when frames are at rest or follow Newton's first law. Consequently, this setup cannot support a seamless transition between electric and magnetic fields or account for z-axis phenomena. The author introduces a new setup involving v (motion) and iv (rest), with previous works (2011, 2017, 2022) defining complex relative motion as a combination of real and imaginary motions. The Modified Transformation Laws of Coordinates (2017), later included as a book chapter (2022), now known as jk Transformation Laws, show vectors with symmetry while scalars with asymmetry. This paper explores variation in mass, time, and length at varying velocity via complex transformations. A 2004 study shows decrease results from increase, demonstrating antimatter's emergence and transforming infinity into energetic photons at c, providing insights into gamma rays and GRBs. Stationary lengths contract and moving lengths elongate, validated by a Russian Physicist V. N. Streltsov in 1974. Our analysis of Persistence of vision is empirical justification by a burning incense stick rotating at 16 rounds per second, appearing as a red circle. Fast muons travel extra distances, and jet exhausts appear as straight lines. moving photons appear in ray. Moving clocks run faster, resting time stretches. Unlike, time dilation, lightning fades instantly while thunder lingers, supporting the paper's conclusions. Waves within rays are preserved by flexible acceleration, The inverse results, similar to those of qubits, predict entangled particles and their resolution when opposing states coexist with interconnectedness. The unique outcomes without reciprocity revolutionize physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum of Action of the Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this short communication a new formula is given which shows that the Universe has its own Quantum of action as an analog of Planck's constant. The value of the Quantum of action of the Universe is obtained with an accuracy close to that of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. The Quantum of action of the Universe is derived from new cosmological equations obtained from the coincidence of large numbers on the previously unknown scales 10^140 , 10^160 and 10^180 .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity, Lorentz Transformation and the Relativity of Simultaneity

Authors: Azzam Almosallami
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this paper we shall study the constancy of the speed of light in special relativity basis on Lorentz transformation and the relativity of simultaneity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Physics of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in a Binary Field

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 17 Pages.

We propose a novel theoretical paradigm in which all physical realities can be concretely defined by the degree of symmetry breaking in a binary field, providing an alternative interpretation of the Higgs mechanism with vivid physical images. Together with a newly proposed hypothesis that the Planck constant evolves with the cosmic scale factor, which drives an evolution of the mass and electric charge of elementary particles, our model could solve a bunch of hierarchy problems in theoretical physics at one shot, demystifying all the four fundamental interactions as different aspects of a singular consistent story.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Distance-Luminosity Relation

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 5 Pages.

Anisotropy of the luminous intensity of distant astronomical objects of expanding Universe in intrinsic space of the observer is shown. The relativistic distance-luminosity relation, by which radial coordinate of astronomical object is being determined taking into account Hubble anisotropy of its luminous intensity, is received. As it follows from this relation, values of radial coordinates of distant astronomical objects in intrinsic space of the observer are much smaller than values of their coordinates, calculated by classical distance-luminosity relation. This makes the presence of such hypothetical components of the Universe as dark matter and dark energy unnecessary in principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Global Gravitational-Optical Gradient Lens in Expanding Universe

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 5 Pages.

Gravitational-optical gradient lens, comoving with radiation, is formed in observer’s frame of reference of time and spatial coordinates (FR) due to evolutional decrease of average density of matter in the Universe as well as due to evolutional decrease of refraction index of interstellar medium. This diverging lens and Hubble gravitational lens together form virtual image of all infinitely far points of Euclidean background space of FR, comoving with expanding Universe, on its focal surface, which is the imaginary observer horizon. Events that take place in different points but simultaneous in observer’s FR are nonsimultaneous in cosmological time of FR, commoving with Universe, due to Universe expansion. Therefore world point of imaginary Big Bang is present in observer’s intrinsic space at every moment of his proper time. This point and observer’s dislocation point are the opposite poles of four-dimensional hypersurface of observer’s space. When gradient lens is not taken into account one may come to a conclusion that Hubble lens forms the horizon of cosmological past (imaginary observer horizon) in vacuum external solutions of equations of gravitational field when cosmological constant is nonzero. This also leads to spatial homogeneity of the negative power of global gravitational lens and, consequently, this leads to a linear dependence of red shift of radiation spectrum of astronomical objects on the distance to those objects. However, when gradient lens is taken into account this dependence becomes nonlinear and corresponds to accelerated expansion of the Universe, while imaginary observer horizon of cosmological past degenerates into point of imaginary Big Bang of the Universe. This is similar to degeneration of the imaginary horizon of cosmological future (Schwarzschild sphere) in internal solution of equations of gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About Possibilities of Physical Unrealizability of Cosmological and Gravitational Singularities in General Relativity

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 24 Pages.

The possibility to avoid physical realizability of cosmological singularity (singularity of Big Bang of the Universe) directly in the orthodoxal general theory of relativity (GR) is substantiated. This can take place in the case of counting of cosmological time in frame of reference of coordinates and time (FR) not co-moving with matter, in which by the Weyl hypothesis galaxies of the expanding Universe are motionless. The absence of any limitations of the value of mass of astronomical body, which self-contracts in Weyl FR, when it has hollow topological form in the space of Weyl FR and mirror symmetry of its intrinsic space, is shown. Because of this symmetry, both external and internal boundary surfaces of body are observed as convex. At that, in the "turned inside out" internal part of the intrinsic space (in the Fuller-Wheeler lost antiworld) unlike external part, instead of the phenomenon of expansion phenomenon of contraction of "internal universe" is observed. And there is antimatter instead of matter in this internal part of the space. Inevitability of self-organization in physical vacuum of spiral-wave structural elements, which correspond to elementary particles, and universal electromagnetic nature of all nonfictive particles are substantiated. Ultrahigh luminosity of quasars and certain types of supernovas is caused by annihilation of matter and antimatter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gauge-Evolutional Interpretation of Special and General Relativities

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 80 Pages. Collection of articles

It is shown, that special and general relativities reflect the gauge of effect on matter of, correspondingly, motion and gravity. This doesn’t allow us to observe in intrinsic space and time of the matter any changes, appeared because of this effect. The solution of gravitational field equations that corresponds to astronomical objects, alternative to black holes, is found. The eternity of Universe existence both in the future and in the past is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Evidence of Absence of the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 5 Pages.

It was shown that Etherington’s identity is paralogism. Etherington’s identity is based on the imaginary relativistic dilation of intrinsic time of the galaxy by (1+z) times, but the presence of a relativistic anisotropy of luminosity of stars quickly moving away from it is ignored in the frame of reference of spatial coordinates and time (FR) of the observer. Etherington did not take into account the fact that the Universe is homogeneous only in the comoving FR in the expanding Universe, and recklessly made a "mix" of the phenomena and features inherent in two different FRs. It is shown that, according to General Relativity (GR), only the transverse metric distances — the transverse comoving distance and the angular diameter distance similar to it — can obey the Hubble linear dependence. The transverse comoving distance belongs to the comoving FR in the ex-panding Universe and is determined by the redshift z of the emission wavelength. The angular diameter distance belongs to the FR of observer of an expanding Universe and is deter-mined by the redshift of the frequency of the emission wave. The luminosity distance is not the transverse metric distance and therefore its dependence on redshift is nonlinear. It is taken into account that the Hubble constant, like the length standards and the constant of the velocity of light, is a fun-damentally unchangeable quantity in the rigid FRs. Its exact value is empirically found.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solution of the Equations of the Galaxy Gravitational Field

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 6 Pages.

The general solution of the equations of the gravitational field of the galaxy with an additional variable parameter n is found. The additional variable parameter n determines in GR the distribution of the average mass density mainly in the friable galactic nucleus. The velocity of the orbital motion of stars is close to Kepler only for n>2^25. At n<2^15, it is slightly less than the highest possible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. The maximum allowable value of the average mass density of a substance outside the friable galactic nucleus negligibly weakly depends on the parameter n in GR. If the energy-momentum tensor is formed not on the basis of external thermodynamic parameters, but on the basis of intranuclear gravithermodynamic parameters of the substance, then the dependence of the average mass of the substance on the value of the parameter n becomes very significant. The permissible value of the average mass density of matter outside the friable galactic nucleus is determined by the value of the parameter, which is responsible for the curvature of space. And it can be arbitrarily small. Therefore, in relativistic gravithermodynamics, in contrast to GR, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Value of the Cosmological Constant Ʌ from the Cosmological Equations of the Universe: Connection of the Cosmological Constant Ʌ with Fundamental Physical Constants

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 12 Pages.

A mathematical method for obtaining the value of the cosmological constant Ʌ from the cosmological equations of the Universe has been found. The method is based on the revealed connection of the cosmological constant Ʌ with fundamental physical constants. The new large scale numbers 10^140, 10^160 and 10^180 obtained from the scaling law allowed us to obtain cosmological equations linking the cosmological constant Ʌ with the fine structure constant "alpha", Planck's constant, the speed of light and the electron constants. The approximate Eddington equation Ʌ≈[(me/αћ)^4][(2Gmp/π)^2] is refined to an exact equation. A large number of new cosmological equations are derived, which include the cosmological constant Ʌ. The value of the constant Ʌ is obtained by different methods: from the finalized Eddington equations; from the coincidence of large numbers; from the cosmological equations of the universe and the speed of light; from the cosmological equations of the universe and Planck's constant; from the experimental value of the Pioneer anomaly; from the Kepler relation for the universe. All methods give the same value of the cosmological constant Ʌ (Ʌ = 1.36285...x 10^(-52) m^(-2) ). The theory based on the law of scaling of large numbers predicts a value of the constant Ʌ close to the experimental one. The accuracy of the calculated value of Ʌ is close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. The reason for the large number of equivalent equations that include the cosmological constant Ʌ remains a mystery.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Systems of Cosmological Equations of the Universe: The Fine Structure Constant "Alpha" in a New Capacity as the Main Constant of Cosmology

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 10 Pages.

A mathematical method for obtaining the parameters of the Universe is found. New cosmological equations linking the parameters of the Universe with the fine structure constant "alpha" are derived. The appearance of the constant "alpha" in cosmological equations opens new possibilities in cosmology. In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of the appearance of the microcosm constant "alpha" in cosmological equations. Cosmological equations are combined into systems of cosmological equations. This makes it possible to obtain the parameters of the universe as the solution of the system of algebraic equations of the universe. The theory based on the law of scaling of large numbers allows us to obtain the parameters of the observed Universe with an accuracy close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. It is shown that all the main parameters of the Universe and large numbers of scales 10^20 - 10^180 are composite quantities and include the fine structure constant "alpha". The fine structure constant "alpha" shows itself not only as a fundamental constant of the microworld, but also as the main constant of cosmology. The "alpha" constant makes it possible to obtain the values of the parameters of the Universe by a mathematical method from the electron constants. The fundamental connection between the parameters of the Universe and electron constants is revealed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Large Numbers of Scales 10^140, 10^160, 10^180, New Cosmological Equations and a Mathematical Method for Obtaining the Parameters of the Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 9 Pages.

Measurements of the parameters of the observed Universe is a very difficult task and does not give the necessary accuracy. A mathematical method for obtaining the parameters of the Universe has been found. The method is based on the revealed relationship between the parameters of the Universe and the dependence of their values on the fundamental physical constants. New large numbers on the previously unknown scales 10^140, 10^160 and 10^180 were derived. The new large numbers allowed us to obtain new cosmological equations linking the parameters of the Universe with fundamental physical constants. The number of new cosmological equations and their constituent parmeters was sufficient to unite the equations into a system of cosmological equations. This made it possible to form a system of algebraic equations containing all parameters of the Universe. As a result, it became possible to obtain the parameters of the Universe by mathematical method. The parameters of the Universe are the roots of the system of algebraic equations of the Universe. The theory based on the law of scaling of large numbers allows us to obtain the parameters of the observed Universe with an accuracy close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. The results obtained show that the Universe is tuned with high mathematical accuracy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Kepler's Third Law in Celestial Mechanics, in Electromagnetism and in Cosmology: the Universe Formula

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 8 Pages.

From the coincidence of large numbers on a scale of 10^180, an unusual equation is obtained that combines the parameters of the Universe in the form of Kepler's Third Law. The equation combines 4 parameters of the universe: mass, radius, time and Newtonian constant of gravitation G. Instead of the parameters of the planet orbit, the equation includes the parameters of the universe in the form of Kepler ratio R^3/T^2. From the coincidence of large numbers on scales of 10^160, 10^120, 10^40, an equation is obtained that combines the parameters of the electron in the form of Kepler's Third Law. The equation unifies the 4 parameters of the electron: mass, classical radius, time, and electric charge. These equations show that the limits of applicability of Kepler's Third Law extend far beyond the mechanics of planets. The description of the mechanism of planetary motion is only a special case of the application of Kepler's law. Kepler's Third Law in the cosmological equation and Kepler's Third Law in the equation of electromagnetism reveal the universal character of this law. Kepler's Law applies not only to the planets, but also to the universe and even to the electron. Kepler's Third Law acquires the status of the most important law of physics and cosmology. Full disclosure of its role and place in electromagnetism and cosmology will provide answers to many unsolved problems of physics and cosmology. Kepler's Third Law is a major contender for a basic law for the new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reducing Approximate Cosmological Equations to Exact Equations

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

At different times, famous scientists have proposed equations that demonstrate the relationship between cosmological parameters and fundamental physical constants. Some equations are approximate and the coincidences in them are estimated only by order of magnitude. The new large numbers on scales 10^140, 10^160, and 10^180 derived from the scaling law allow us to bring the approximate cosmological equations to exact equations. The approximate Dirac, Teller, Eddington-Weinberg, and Rice equations are reduced to exact equations. The exact equations are obtained from the coincidence of large numbers on the scale 10^60 and on the previously unknown scales 10^140, 10^160 and 10^180.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unexpected Connection of the Parameters of the Observed Universe with the Fine Structure Constant "Alpha"

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 10 Pages.

The paper demonstrates a new method of obtaining values of the Universe parameters. The method is based on the revealed relationship between the parameters of the Universe and fundamental physical constants. New ratios of the dimensional parameters of the observable Universe are derived, which give the fine structure constant alpha. This is an unexpected result, since the fine structure constant refers to the microcosm, but not to the Universe. There are many of these equations. They have no explanation. There is no answer as to why, on such enormous scales, the ratios of the dimensional parameters of the universe give the alpha constant. Despite the lack of explanation, the new equations open up new possibilities in cosmology. The constant "alpha" and the parameters of the Universe are present together in one equation. This makes it possible to use the high precision of the alpha constant to calculate the values of the parameters of the observable Universe. This provides a high accuracy of the parameters of the observable Universe close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. New cosmological equations are derived, from which the value of the cosmological acceleration is obtained. This result allows us to solve the long-standing Pioneer-anomaly problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Parameters of the Observable Universe and Planck's Constant in One Equation: a the Strange and Useful Unity of the Constants of the Microcosm and the Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 4 Pages.

Many relations of the parameters of the Universe equal to Planck's constant are revealed. The equations show that Planck's constant and the parameters of the Universe are related. The results obtained have no explanation. There is no answer why the equations, along with the parameters of the observable Universe, include the constants of the microcosm. A large number of cosmological equations have been revealed, in which constants very distant in physical meaning are combined. Despite the lack of explanation, such equations open new possibilities in cosmology. It is possible to use the high precision of Planck's constant to calculate the values of the parameters of the observable Universe with an accuracy close to that of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. This is an important result for practice, since experimental methods for determining the parameters of the observable Universe are very complicated and do not give sufficient accuracy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Law of Scaling for Large Numbers: Origin of Large Numbers From the Primary Large Number D20 = 1.74349...x 10^20

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 24 Pages.

The paper solves the problem of mathematical inference of large numbers, which was formulated in 1985 by P. C. W. Davies [1]. The law of scaling of large numbers is derived. The law of scaling gives a new method of obtaining large numbers from dimensionless constants. It complements the known method based on relations of dimensional physical quantities. The law of scaling of large numbers shows that large numbers of scale 10^39, 10^40, 10^61, 10^122 are only part of the complete family of large numbers. The large numbers are supplemented by new large numbers of scales 10^140, 10^160, 10^180, which are naturally derived from the fundamental parameters of the observable Universe. New coincidences of relations of dimensional quantities on scales 10^140, 10^160, 10^180 are found. It is shown that large numbers of different scales are functionally related to each other. The primary large number D20 =(αDo)^(1/2) = 1.74349...x 10^20, from which large numbers of other scales are formed according to a uniform law, is chosen on the scale of 10^20. The primary large number D20 = 1.74349...x 10^20 consists of two dimensionless constants: the fine structure constant alpha and the Weyl number Do = 4.16561...x 10^42. The coincidences of the relations of the dimensional quantities with large numbers on scales 10^160 and 10^180 allowed us to derive simple and beautiful formulas for calculating the Hubble constant H and the cosmological constant Ʌ. An equation is derived which shows that the constants H and Ʌ are related. The origin of H and Ʌ from the fundamental physical constants of the electron is proved. The law of scaling of large numbers makes it possible to calculate analytically the parameters of the observable Universe with high accuracy.A new equation is derived, which unites the 5 most important parameters of the observable Universe: MuRuGɅ^2 = H^2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Herbert Dingle and "Science at the Crossroads"

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this article we pay tribute to Herbert Dingle for his early call to re-assess special relativity from philosophical and logical perspectives. However, we disagree with Dingle about a number of issues particularly his failure to distinguish between the scientific essence of special relativity (as represented by the experimentally-supported Lorentz transformations and their formal implications and consequences which we call "the mechanics of Lorentz transformations") and the logically inconsistent interpretation of Einstein (which is largely based on the philosophical and epistemological views of Poincare). We also disagree with him about his manner and attitude which he adopted in his campaign against special relativity although we generally agree with him about the necessity of impartiality of the scientific community and the scientific press towards scientific theories and opinions as well as the necessity of total respect to the ethics of science and the rules of moral conduct in general.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Electron and the Universe: How Are Their Parameters Related?

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

The connection between the parameters of the Universe and fundamental physical constants is disclosed. It is shown that three constants G, c, Ʌ are sufficient to obtain all the parameters of the Universe. The parameters of the Universe and the parameters of the electron are mathematically precisely related to each other by scale transformations. The scaling factors are formed by the large Weyl number and the fine structure constant "alpha". The scaling factors are derived from the law of scaling of large numbers. The appearance of the fine structure constant "alpha" and electron constants in the cosmological equations is evidence of the fundamental connection between microphysics and cosmology. The disclosure of the origin of the parameters of the Universe from the fundamental physical constants of the electron provides new possibilities. By studying the electron, one can unravel the mysteries of the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Infinitesimal Change to General Relativity Consistent with the Expansion Behaviour of Intergalactic Voids plus Charge Parity Symmetry and the Matter Antimatter Imbalance

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 105 Pages.

This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass, always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. In order to maintain the invariance of kmin action density, the metric undergoes changes around mass concentrations, consistent with Einstein’s equations. However, infinitesimal differences arise when the mass density of intergalactic voids falls below the cosmic average. This results in these voids exhibiting negative space-time curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature observed in galactic filaments. Gravitational binding only occurs in galactic filaments and the opposite in voids. Over large regions of space this difference also makes the values of the Einstein tensor components that the Freidman equation is derived from average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths, with halo radii approximately proportional to cosmic time. They have spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed MOND-like behviour. The ratio of (massive graviton mass plus baryonic mass) / (baryonic mass) is proportional to the Hubble flow horizon velocity, and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion with no need for dark energy
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introduction to the Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Tai Cho Lai
Comments: 69 Pages.

This paper explores the basic principles of the special theory of relativity, formulated and developed mainly by physicists including but not only Albert Einstein, Hendrik Lorentz, Hermann Minkowski, and Henri Poincaré. Concepts such as Galilean transformations, Lorentz transformations, time dilation, length contraction, and tensors will be explored. This paper also discusses Maxwell’s equations and their implications for special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Anomalies Resolved

Authors: James R. Arnold
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please remove line numbers)

A model of the universe is offered that can derive the Hubble Constant independent of empirical measurement, using just a midline estimate of the age of the universe and simple arithmetic calculations. It can explain the JWST discoveries of apparent anomalous early galaxy formations without need of substantial revisions to established astrophysical theories, as the new findings have seemed to require. Concepts of "Dark energy", cosmic flatness, cosmic inflation, and an accelerating expansion of the universe are rendered unnecessary or at least partly misinterpreted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Discovery of Present Space Universe Reveals Ultimate Physical and Spiritual Reality

Authors: Ralph B. Hill
Comments: 39 Pages.

I introduce the discovery of ultimate reality of an invisible fundamental realm I refer to as the Present Space Universe. The discovery of the Present Space Universe (PSU) has unprecedented transformational consequences for fundamental physical sciences and humanity. The PSU is the realm of a universal present. The mysterious nature of the present time is the phenomenon of its existence. The new understanding of Present Space Reality (PSR) provides unprecedented scientific insight into hidden structure, mechanisms, and the stunning nature of ultimate reality from one principle. The fundamental principle works as a logical lens through which answers for an abundance of our most fundamental questions in science suddenly emerge. It provides stunningly direct insights into who we are and what our existence in our apparent physical universe is about. The fundamental principle is shown as the direct logical consequence of the two fundamentally distinct ways in which our physical universe presents itself to us. They are propagation of physical effects under the cosmic speed limit and simultaneous effects in quantum phenomena. I demonstrate how PSR leads to solutions for an abundance of our most fundamental questions of quantum physics, cosmology, thermodynamics, biology, consciousness and beyond. As the PSU is ultimate reality, our apparent physical universe is not. It is an effective but ultimately virtual projection. PSR identifies the fundamental nature of consciousness in its specific physical context. Our fundamental conscious existence is part of the ultimate reality of the PSU. Continuation of consciousness beyond our physical lifetimes is a natural logical consequence. PSR identifies a mechanism in Present Space Causality (PSC) for the generation of laws of physics and the origin of our apparent physical universe. The presence of a higher order entity of consciousness is identified. PSR identifies an operational mechanism for select differentiation of undifferentiated states in the simultaneously evolving PSC. The quantum measurement problem is resolved. Characteristics of quantum behavior finally make and reveal sense. Their functional relationship with classical behavior is determined. Mechanisms of differentiation and undifferentiation project phenomena we associate with randomness and entropy in thermodynamics. PSR suggests a black hole shell model that removes paradoxes arising in central singularity models. It points to real-world relevance of AdS/CFT correspondence. The universal pathway for answers for seemingly unrelated ultimate questions is extraordinary evidence for a crucially missing keystone in prior scientific understanding. Profoundly meaningful insights for all of humanity extend to questions of purpose.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Revisiting the Michelson-Morley Paradox

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper I propose an equivalent relativistic experiment involving a single-source interferometer having infinite arms. Further, we debate the possible outcomes from such an experiment and in doing so uncover a conflict between special relativity and the symmetry of nature. I demonstrate this conflictby the method of reductio ad absurdum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Origin of the Big Bang' Singularity (Entangled Dawn Model)

Authors: Michael Prince
Comments: 7 Pages.

This model postulates that the origin of the big bang’ singularity is as a result of the collision of quantum fluctuations. In the beginning, from eternity, the have always been quantum vacuum (A place seeming to be nothing but it’s actually not nothing but a stateof minimum energy where quantum fields still exist and fluctuate). At a point in time, quantum fluctuations acting photon-like (massless) popped out of this quantum vacuum travelling at the speed of light from oppositedirections and with extreme force collided together releasing an enormous amount of energy that potentially created a highly energetic and dense point. The energy density was so high that it lead to gravitational collapse making space-time curve infinitely, leading to the formation of the big bang’ singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Development of Hypersphere World-Universe Model Narrative Part IX: Basic Notions of Classical Physics

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 59 Pages.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model is consistent with all Concepts of the World. The Model successfully describes primary cosmological parameters and their relationships. WUM allows for precise calculation of values that were only measured experimentally earlier and makes verifiable predictions. The remarkable agreement of calculated values with the observational data gives us considerable confidence in the Model. Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in last decades should be analyzed through the prism of WUM. Considering the JWST discoveries, successes of WUM, and 86 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is high time to make a Paradigm Shift for Cosmology and Classical Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Foundations of Relativistic Gravithermodynamics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 119 Pages.

The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of nonbarionic dark matter in the Universe in principle. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. It was proved that total energy of matter of inertially moving body is equal in all global gravithermodynamic frames of references of spatial coordinates and time (GT-FR) that are also inertially moving relatively to matter. Conformal relativistic transformations of increments of metrical spatial segments and metrical temporal intervals (instead of increments of coordinates and coordinate time of SR) were received. Exactly this fact allows avoid not only the twins paradox when twins are inertially moving but also the necessity of the dark energy in the Universe. Clocks that fall free are inertially moving and, therefore, continue to count time at the same rate as when they were in the state of rest. Similarly, the rate of time of astronomical body is not changed in the process of its motion in elliptical orbit. The dilatation of intrinsic time of distant galaxies is also absent. For the collective gravithermodynamic Gibbs microstates the connection between all thermodynamic potentials and parameters of matter have been found. This connection is realized with the help of several wave functions that can take arbitrary values with certain probability. The quantum equation of gravitational field have been found, the solutions of which set the spatial distribution of gravitational radius of matter in its every new gravithermodynamic state with the polynomial function with the next more high degree. That is why the process of cooling down matter is the quantum process that is caused by its spontaneous transition to the function with more degree and, therefore, to the next quantum collective state.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Reformulation of Special Relativity

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper presents a reformulation of special relativity, whose kinematic and dynamic magnitudes are invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in massive and non-massive particles, and where the relationship between net force and special acceleration is as in Newton’s second law. Additionally, new universal forces are proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[an Attempt To] go Beyond Einstein’s Constant Light Speed

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 14 Pages.

"Constancy light speed referenced to any initial frame" is one of the basic assumptions in Einstein special theory of relativity; provided with a physical mechanism will change it from just an assumption to a real natural phenomenon. Then what we got from the improving is that we could understand physical mechanism of "relativistic effect" which gives rise to relativistic mechanics. Indeed, improving physics theory by adding an appropriate mechanism is far-reaching; it could extend to Einstein general theory of relativity and quantum mechanical theory, which is then able to answer questions such as dark energy/matter, quantum entanglement, including Higgs. Finally it would pave the way to the theory of everything!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Misconceptions and Imaginary Entities in Astronomy, Cosmology and Physics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 53 Pages.

The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy, cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension of physical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena and objects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special and General Relativity. Author have analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and have shown the possible ways to overcome them. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonic dark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The current usage of exponential scale instead of metrically homogeneous scale of cosmological time in cosmology is shown. Therefore, the ignorance of the fact that only the infinitely far cosmological past on the event horizon and infinitely far cosmological future on Schwarzschild sphere are simultaneous with any event in people’s world is shown. The ignorance of the fact that this pseudo-horizon covers the past of all infinite Universe is also shown. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron stars and quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The big redshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of the gravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The absence of gravitational fields in the Universe up to the moment of discontinuity of its uniform gas continuum is shown. The origination of the gravity phenomenon is related to the formation of spatially inhomogeneous thermodynamic states by the matter and to the tendency of the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter to reach the minimum of the integral values of its inert free energy and Gibbs free energy. The temporal invariance of not only all thermodynamic parameters and potentials of matter and its momentum but also of Lagrangian of ordinary internal energy and of equivalent to it gravitational mass of matter (to which the inertial mass is identical only in intrinsic time of this matter) is justified. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead of luminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It is concluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of the presence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Gravitational Nature of Time

Authors: A.C. Mueller
Comments: 8 Pages.

A novel geometry is presented which yields several observed quantities that are not accounted for by classical relativistic models. Relative motion is re-examined under which a numerically equivalent function is applied. This function dictates that velocities should remain equivalent across reference frames, which in turn implies that it is not time alone that dilates, but rather the time elapsed between two points in space for a given velocity as space itself dilates.A peculiar velocity of $bar{v} approx 526.6 ~ text{km} ~ text{s}^{-1}$ is presented and briefly compared with studies carried out through direct observation via supernovae luminosity and CMB research. A velocity proportional spatial dilation of $frac{ds}{dx} = Phi approx 1.618$ is also presented with an error of $0.002%$. This model predicts a mechanism of gravity which can, with further research, offer an explanation for the bullet cluster's varied mass effects, the apparent lack of gravitational aberration, and potentially excess galactic rotation curves without the need for CDM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A note on Hubble's law

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 9 Pages.

Hubble's Law, with its linear relationship between velocity and distance, is often used to support the idea of an isotropic homogeneous Universe. However, a non-isotropic non-homogeneous Universe, made up of regions having random sizes and random expansion speeds, will also show a Hubble-type Law, with a linear relationship between velocity and distance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Just One Big Bang? Chance, Causality and c2-Inertia

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 24 Pages.

In science history the conflict between Einstein and the Copenhagen school (quantum mechanics) is well known. On the one hand, Einstein's strict determinism, on the other, Heisenberg's uncertainty relations, the collapse of the wave function and the chance at the micro level, regardless of the macroscopic explanations of the postulate cmax = const, regardless of the initial mass. At the time when our Galaxy was the whole world and the mutual velocities in it were negligible according to the speed of light, Einstein held that the mass of the world was one and unique. In 1985, in a lecture on quantum electrodynamics—QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter—Feynman says that he only describes how nature behaves without being able to explain why it behaves like that because no one understands this; and Laughlin in 2005 says, already with the title of his book—A DIFFERENT UNIVERSE: Reinventing Physics From The Bottom Down—that an effort on understanding this fact to humanity is yet to come. This article shows that one should start from the very postulate cmax = const, rethinking this experimental fact—because Einstein's explanation from 1916 is insufficient and in fact wrong: he tacitly takes the coordinate system of the railway embankment as absolute, and to the train speed adds to or subtracts the light speed. And rethinking will lead us to the necessary Heisenberg relations of uncertainty, c2-inertia and new insights into the property of relativity and symmetry of the vacuum itself, to the explanation of the EPR paradox and the so-called the twin paradox. And all together to one Universe, really different from how we imagine it today with a Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solitons in a 3D Lattice: A Model for the Underlying Structure of Reality

Authors: Peter C. M. Hahn
Comments: 16 Pages.

This article introduces Foamy Ether Theory (FET) [1], which is a physical model that describes the underlying structure of reality at its most fundamental, quantum level. FET is based on a 3D nonlinear lattice model [2], which replaces the current paradigm of particles existing in space with a model containing solitons that move in a tightly stretched 3D lattice. A foamy ether, with its various activities and structures, offers alternate explanations for phenomena such as gravity, electromagnetic waves, and gravitational waves. FET negates the need for metaphors or analogies, like the frequently used one describing bowling balls on a stretched sheet of rubber. FET offers an actual physical model of reality. It provides a framework for the development of a unified quantum theory of gravity which will negate the need for explanations, such as wave-particle duality, and will eliminate the need for dark matter. A series of images and snapshots, taken from simulations, demonstrate how this model works.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is General Relativity Machian

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 9 Pages. In Chinese

Mach proposed a question, "Try to fix Newton's bucket and rotate the heaven of fixed stars and then prove the absence of centrifugal forces." The Lense-Thirring effect answered Mach's question, which meant that a rotating object would affect the space-time near it. If an object itself did not rotate, but the entire universe revolved around it in the opposite direction, the same effect cannot be produced. Is general relativity Machian? There were divergent opinions on this issue, and the two sides had roughly divided opinions. The existing research on Mach principle was mostly about the slow rotation of small mass objects, or considering the object was not a singularity and did not form an event horizon. Therefore, this article proposed the fact that: Kerr metric cannot be transformed into Schwarzschild metric by the conversion of the coordinate system. This fact overthrew Mach's thought, so the structure of space-time cannot be connected by simply transforming the rotation perspective.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Time, Space, and Gravity Emerge From Microscopic Quantum Waves: A New Interpretation of Relativity

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 11 Pages. Essay written for Gravity Research Foundation 2024 Awards for Essays on Gravitation

Einstein explained special and general relativity in terms of abstract four-dimensional spacetime, and that interpretation remains universally accepted. I suggest that on the microscopic level, both relativity and gravity can be understood as emerging from oscillating quantum wave-packets of elementary particles. These localized quantum oscillators act as clocks and rulers, reproducing the standard relations for time dilation and length contraction due to both speed and gravity. Gravity can be regarded as a frequency-modulation of quantum oscillators by everyother quantum oscillator in the universe. Gravitational trajectories can be computed using a quasi-classical Hamiltonian formalism. This interpretation suggests a simple unified picture of relativity and quantum mechanics, which has been missing for the past 100 years. This also has implications for the structure of black holes and the early universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Alternative Explanation for Dark Matter in Physical Cosmology

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 28 Pages.

We show that neither dark matter nor dark energy is needed for physical cosmology. We use our previous conjecture that, for a distribution of normal baryonic matter, the dynamical mass can be different from the baryonic mass. This simple idea enables us to explain the main results of physical cosmology: the expansion of the Universe; the cosmic microwave background (CMB); the acoustic peaks in the CMB power spectrum; the formation of structure; the apparent accelerated expansion. We suggest the Universe is not accelerating but rather moving from one decelerating track with a low Hubble parameter to its current decelerating track with a higher Hubble parameter. This also provides us with a solution to the Hubble tension. Our explanations make no use of cold dark matter (CDM) and no use of the cosmological constant (?), and we conclude neither exists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Transformation of a Singular "Event Horizon" to any Radius Value: Reductio Ad Absurdum of Transformation Covariance Being More than a Dynamic Symmetry

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 3 Pages.

Due to David Hilbert's 1918 promotional efforts, J. Droste's May 27, 1916 metric solution of the Einstein equation for a static point mass fixed to the origin is universally featured by gravity textbooks, but is seriously misrepresented by those textbooks as the work of Karl Schwarzschild: Droste's metric solution has a well-known singular "event horizon" at the Schwarzschild radius, but Schwarzschild's January 13, 1916 metric solution is singular only at the origin. Here we present a simple family of transformations of Droste's singular "event horizon" to any radius value whatsoever. The blatant absurdity of, say, the earth's gravitational field having a singular "event horizon" at some arbitrary height above the earth's surface establishes beyond all doubt that gravitational general coordinate transformation covariance is, exactly like electromagnetic gauge transformation covariance, merely a dynamic symmetry which is unavoidably broken by the unique physical metric solution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Great Precursors, Creators and Propagators of Relativity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak, Margaret Osiak
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this poster, measuring 140 cm by 100 cm, we have included, in chronological order, 126 portraits of the great precursors, creators and propagators of the theory of relativity. The poster was first presented in 2005 on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Theory of Relativity. The portraits were made by Margaret Osiak.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Creators of Relativity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak, Margaret Osiak
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this poster, measuring 140 cm by 100 cm, we included 143 portraits of famous relativists in chronological order. The poster was first presented in 2005 on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Theory of Relativity. The portraits were made by Margaret Osiak.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About Dark Energy

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 4 Pages.

We have considered the physical space filled by a quantum fluid made up of discrete elements organized into several coexisting phases. In this model, what we call "dark energy" appears as main phase of the Vacuum, we propose here that it is the phase associated with the fundamental level of this quantum fluid. After an examination of its main properties, we show that the refractive index of the real vacuum, which is consisting largely of dark energy and fossil radiation, has an "abnormal" value compared to it. We thus verify that the inverse of the fine structure constant associated with the dark energy is indeed the integer 137.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Investigation of a Modified Alcubierre Warp Drive: Considerations on the Use of an Analytic or Discrete Function

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system. Computation of the density energy and energy case discrete.In addition, in the conclusion, the consequences and comparison of two types of solutions have been discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energies of Vacuum: Energy-Moment Pseudotensor and the Lamda

Authors: Tibor Grajczki
Comments: 21 Pages.

Since the formation of the general theory of relativity, there are disputed questions. Levi-Civita and Schrödinger also criticized the non covariant energy-moment pseudotensor. The cosmological constant was known as a beauty flaw in theory. In both case the empty space contents energy. The origin and role of these concepts and quantities are not well known and are the source of many misconceptions. Through a few simple examples, we can see why.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Structure Formation and Fractal Spacetime

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

Matter structures in cosmology include large-scale objects such as galaxies, galaxy clusters and Dark Matter halos. It is widely accepted that the formation of cosmic structures in the early Universe follows from the gravitational collapse of density perturbations. Here we argue that the genesis of cosmic structures is tied to the fractal topology of spacetime near the Big Bang singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comment on Alan Macdonald’s Articles About the "World’s Fastest Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation"

Authors: Peter M. Enders, Romano Rupp
Comments: 3 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

In his 1981 till today papers about the "World’s Fastest Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation", Alan Macdonald has published ingenious thoughts on the Lorentz transformation. However, contrary to his explicit statement in footnote 3, he implicitly does assume that the transformation sought for is linear. For this, we propose a small addition to his text.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Thought Experiments that [Critically Explore the Theory of Relativity]

Authors: Lars Frølund Jensen
Comments: 12 Pages.

Special and general relativity are apparently both extremely well proven — by their 'consistent' mathematics, and by many physical experiments and astronomical observations! But the theory of relativity contains several inconsistencies, and furthermore it predicts a physical reality that is impossible, which I will show several examples of in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Completed Einstein General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 24 Pages.

Einstein general theory of relativity (GTR) has been criticized for their philosophic problems (both which came from STR and its own problems), despite of their predictability and accuracy. Indeed all the problems could be eliminated by using "Vacuum Mechanics" i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Completed Einstein Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 18 Pages.

Einstein special theory of relativity (STR) has been criticized for lacking of its philosophical idea (mechanism which explain how the theory works), despite of their predictability and accuracy. Indeed the problems could be eliminated by using a new concept of "Vacuum Mechanics".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Possible to Arbitrarily Slow Down Time in a Limited Volume With an Energy-Impulse Tensor Whose Components Can be Reduced Arbitrarily? Part II: Summary of Introduction and Computations of Density and Energy in Warped Region

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 9 Pages.

A solution is presented that describes a region of space, box or warp bubble, where time gets slowed down by an arbitrary factor, while reducing the components of the energy-impulse tensor by any chosen amount.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of Invariance of Ds^2 from the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: Sanjeev Saxena
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this short note, two elementary proofs of invariance of ds^2 from the speed of light are given. The proofs should be accessible even to school-going students.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unlike Newton's Gravitational Acceleration, Einstein's is Velocity-Dependent; it Repels Sufficiently Near-c Objects, Obviating the Need for "Dark Energy"

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

If a test body radially approaching a static point mass at near-c speed undergoes the same attractive gravitational acceleration as a nonrelativistic test body, its speed soon exceeds c. That doesn't occur because Einstein's gravitational acceleration by a static point mass is velocity-dependent; it counterintuitively repels a test body traveling radially at a speed sufficiently near c. Indeed, a basic feature of the gravitational refraction of light is that a radially-traveling light packet's speed increases monotonically toward c with its increasing radial distance from a static point mass, so a light packet traveling radially away from a static point mass is gravitationally accelerated toward radial speed c in the outward direction of its travel. Likewise, a test body traveling radially away from a static point mass at a speed sufficiently near c is counterintuitively gravitationally accelerated in the outward direction of its travel. The universe expands radially at a speed sufficiently near c to undergo such a counterintuitive gravitational acceleration in the outward direction of its radial expansion, "dark energy" isn't needed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analysis of Mossbauer Rotor Experiment

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 5 Pages. In Spanish

This paper analyzes Mossbauer rotor experiment and possible explanation of GR deviation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Non Conservative Gravity Model

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

I will explore a non-conservative gravity field model with base idea rooted in trying to re-think free-falling observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Derivation of the Current Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since the discovery of the cosmic microwave radiation background in 1965 (CMB) until today, various predictions have been made (before andafter 1965) about the current value of 2.72548 K. It is worth highlighting the one carried out in 1948 by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher and RobertHerman whose reestimation predicted a emperature of 2.8 K. In this work we start from an inflationary model that resides in the fine structure constant and a fluctuation anisotropy) based on information theory (Shanon entropy).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmology and the Uncertainty Principles: A New Road to the Quantum Gravity

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce the ansatz that universe size and age are the maximal spatial and temporal uncertainty, respectively within the uncertainty principles. This allows us to derive a relationship between Planck’s constant and the Hubble’s constant. Accordingly, we obtain numerical value of the minimum momentum and energy uncertainty, which are locally experimentally verifiable. A new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and cosmology/General Relativity, i.e. Quantum Gravity is given.4
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizationsof Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main conclusions of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of Self-Variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and definition of the rest mass of a material particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts an internal structure of the particles, predict and justify particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data, Self-Variation is related to quantum phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Krogh Quantum Gravity Explicitly Predicts Hubble Redshift Curve and JWST Findings Without Expansion

Authors: J. Howard Drake
Comments: 46 Pages.

JWST mature galaxies suggest an older universe. Studies show expansion imperfectly models redshift. Surface brightness and angular diameter distance do not support expansion. The crisis is resolved by replacing GR, while a new cause for redshift is found. We adopt gravity theory of Kris Krogh where gravity changes quantum vacuum rather than geometry. Redshift occurs at emission from earlier time dependent potential. A hot matter creation initiated gravity propagation changing light speed, particle mass, and physical constants. Cooling to CMB temperature achieved by mass change with momentum conservation. Estimated time for galaxy formation is 450 billion atomic years or 49 billion current years since CMB. Using cosmological principle with gravity dependency of terms in governing equation, we solve for time dependent potential since matter creation. We predict wavelength of past spectral lines, which when measured reveal emission time. Using determined variable light speed, we integrate to calculate distance from emission. We predict Hubble curve depending only on matter density without expansion or ad hoc parameters. Krogh gravity as updated remains consistent with successful GR tests and predicts testable new dynamics not predicted by GR. These include observed acceleration anomalies for Earth flybys, JUNO Jupiter orbiter, Pioneer Probe, apparent superluminal galactic jet acceleration, galaxy rotation, and more rapid growth of black holes through faster accretion. New dynamics explains MOND illusion and ring galaxy formation. JWST mature galaxies confirm older universe, while galactic jets confirm predicted higher light speed. Greater baryon mass density supports prolific star formation. Many stars are likely dead or consumed by black holes, so invisible baryon mass is expected to be greater than visible mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Connection Between Mass and Space

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 4 Pages.

We show that an elegant relation R=c^2/G arises describing the size of the universe R in terms of the speed of light c and the gravitational constant G when we treat mass as being made of space instead of in, but separate from, space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is Dark Matter?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 5 Pages.

Article explores the concept of dark matter, a postulate introduced to explain observed anomalies in the motion of cosmic objects, such as stars at the outskirts of galaxies and galaxies within clusters, that do not align with Newton's law of universal gravitation. Traditional gravitational theory, as well as Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, faces challenges in accounting for these discrepancies, including the Pioneer anomaly, the anomalous flyby effect, the behavior of Oumuamua, and the trajectory of asteroid Apophis. This paper posits that these anomalies can be explained by revising the law of universal gravitation itself, rather than introducing the concept of dark matter. By examining instances where the gravitational constant appears variable and the function of distance in gravitational equations deviates from expected values, the paper suggests an alternative approach to understanding cosmic phenomena. The implications of these findings on celestial navigation, the behavior of light in gravitational fields, and the structure of the universe are discussed, challenging prevailing theories and proposing a new direction for gravitational research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fisher-Tully Law Solely with 1915 General Relativity and Dark Energy

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 3 Pages.

Observation of the distribution of the velocity of galactic rotation curves differed from their expected centripetal form and lead to the notion of Dark Matter or modifications to Newtonian and General Relativity, such as MOND, TeVeS and the like and even Quantised Inertia. We aim to show that General Relativity with Dark Energy/the Cosmological Constant is all that is needed, with the proviso that the Cosmological Constant can increase in the presence of a light flux or some other factor from galaxies and become gravitating; the need for Dark Matter may be abated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Constant of GRT as a Radial Function in Dependence of Velocity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Under special circumstances cosmological u201econstant" of GRT can be formulated as a function in dependence of radial term. This calculation will be shown. In fact this system of physical ideas is now described only for local state of Schwarzschild-lineelement with cosmological variable but it can be easily developed to cosmic terms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Gravity Work According to Mach's Principle?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 9 Pages.

Background: Mach's Principle posits that the inertia of a body is inuenced by the sum total of matter in the universe. This paper explores the relationship between gravitational potential energy and rest mass within the framework of Mach's Principle, utilizing a thought experiment involving the elevation of mass on Earth.Methods: The study employs a theoretical approach, beginning with a thought experiment that demonstrates the change in an object's rest mass due to alterations in gravitational potential energy. Subsequently, a mathematical model is developed to express rest mass as a function of distance from a massive central body, incorporating adjustments for observed astronomical phenomena such as the precession of Mercury's orbit.Conclusion: The findings affirm the principle that an object's rest mass is influenced by the gravitational potential of all other masses in the universe, aligning with Mach's Principle. The study underscores the need for revisiting the definitions of fundamental units of measurement such as the second and the meter, in light of gravitational dependency. The implications for astronomical theories, including gravitational redshift and the assessment of quasar emissions, are discussed, suggesting a potential reevaluation of existing models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Beschleunigte Expansion Ein Trugschluß
Accelerated Expansion: a Fallacy [?]

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 75 Pages. In German

Aufgrund von Diskrepanzen beim SN-Ia-Kosmologie-Projekt wurde seinerzeit anstelle der bisher immer als abnehmend angenommenen eine zunehmende Expansion postuliert. Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit wird festgestellt, daß dies ein Trugschluß ist, der aus sich gegenseitig widersprechenden Prämissen resultiert, hauptsächlich die geometrische Dämpfung mit und die EM-Wellenausbreitung ohne Expansion. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß die vorherrschende Ausbreitungsfunktion nur lokal anwendbar ist, da die Maxwellschen Gleichungen die Expansion des Universums weder berücksichtigen, implizieren noch bedingen. In Folge wird eine alternative Ausbreitungsfunktion mit Expansion entwickelt, die sich in der ersten Näherung für z ≤ 0,1 wie die klassische Maxwellsche Lösung verhält. Damit wird der schon früher von mir vorgenommene positive Vergleich mit den Beobachtungsdaten des SN-Ia-Kosmologie-Projekts wiederholt und um die High-z-Daten z ≥ 0,9 ergänzt, wobei das MLE-Modell auch für diesen Bereich bestätigt wird.Unter konsequenter Anwendung dieses Modells wird eine zusätzliche Auswertung mb(r) vorgenommen. Dabei zeigt sich eine neue, unerwartete Abweichung bei r ≥ 0,1R. Die Beobachtungswerte sind dort dunkler als berechnet. Ursache ist der Hubbleparameter, der zeit- und entfernungsabhängig ist. Weiter entfernte Streckenabschnitte expandieren schneller als näher liegende. Je größer die Strecke, umso größer der Wert von H und die Expansions-geschwindigkeit v = Hr. Mit Hilfe des Korrekturfaktors m aus [75] wird eine Funktion mb(r) aufgestellt, die die abweichende Verteilung korrekt nachzeichnet. Dies ist gleichzeitig der Beweis dafür, daß die Expansionsgeschwindigkeit mit der Zeit ab- und nicht zunimmt.

Due to discrepancies in the SN-Ia-cosmology-project, at the time an increasing expansion was postulated instead of the previously assumed decreasing expansion. At the beginning of this work it is stated that this is a fallacy resulting from mutually contradictory premises, mainly geometric damping with and EM wave propagation without expansion. It is shown that the prevalent propagation function applies locally only, since Maxwell's equations neither take into account, imply nor condition the expansion of the universe. In succession, an alternative propagation function with expansion is developed, which behaves like the classic Maxwell solution in the first approximation for z ≤ 0.1. This repeats the positive comparison I made earlier with the observational data of the SN-Ia-cosmology-project supplementing it by the latest high-z data z ≥ 0.9, at which point the MLE model is confirmed for this area too. Applying this model consistently, an additional evaluation mb(r) is carried out. A new, unexpected deviation emerges at r ≥ 0.1R. The observational data there is darker than calculated. The reason is the Hubble parameter, which depends on time and distance. Route sections that are further away expand faster than those that are closer. The greater the distance, the greater the value of H and the expansion speed v = Hr. With the help of a correction factor m from [75], a function mb(r) is set up that correctly traces the deviating distribution. This is also proof that the expansion rate decreases over time and does not increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accelerated Expansion: a Fallacy [?]

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 75 Pages.

Due to discrepancies in the SN-Ia-cosmology-project, at the time an increasing expansion was postulated instead of the previously assumed decreasing expansion. At the beginning of this work it is stated that this is a fallacy resulting from mutually contradictory premises, mainly geometric damping with and EM wave propagation without expansion. It is shown that the prevalent propagation function applies locally only, since Maxwell's equations neither take into account, imply nor condition the expansion of the universe.In succession, an alternative propagation function with expansion is developed, which behaves like the classic Maxwell solution in the first approximation for z ≤ 0.1. This repeats the positive comparison I made earlier with the observational data of the SN-Ia-cosmology-project supplementing it by the latest high-z data z ≥ 0.9, at which point the MLE model is confirmed for this area too.Applying this model consistently, an additional evaluation mb(r) is carried out. A new, unexpected deviation emerges at r ≥ 0.1R. The observational data there is darker than calculated. The reason is the Hubble parameter, which depends on time and distance. Route sections that are further away expand faster than those that are closer. The greater the distance, the greater the value of H and the expansion speed v = Hr. With the help of a correction factor m from [75], a function mb(r) is set up that correctly traces the deviating distribution. This is also proof that the expansion rate decreases over time and does not increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expansion of the Universe in Deceleration and Relativity

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: The file contains two versions of the paper: English, pages 1-22 and Italian, pages 23-44

Light is a wave phenomenon, so it needs a medium to manifest itself, and therefore its speed can only be truly isotropic relative to the medium.However, it also appears that material objects sustain a slowdown in their time and a contraction in length, as a function of their speed relative to the medium, in such a way that it appears to each of them that the speed of light is isotropic.Based on this phenomenon, Einstein formulated the second postulate of special relativity, which states that the speed of light is isotropic relative to all reference frames.However, this phenomenon cannot be real, as Einstein himself recognized by stating that it is a stipulation.However, on the basis of this ingenious stipulation, certain phenomena can be described more simply and the GPS system can be made to work without knowing the precise speed of the Earth relative to the medium, which would be necessary without the stipulation.But the stipulation cannot be used even when results different from the real ones are obtained, as in the case of the speeds and distances of celestial objects as a function of cosmological redshift.But the scientific community has used it anyway, obtaining results incompatible with observations and with special relativity itself. But when she realized this, rather than relying on reality, it considered the cosmological redshift as an indicator of the scale factor of expansion of the Universe and thus obtained more acceptable distances of celestial objects. But they were still lower than those based on their apparent brightness, a phenomenon that it justified with an accelerating expansion of the Universe.But I have shown that the fact that the distances based on apparent brightness are greater than those based on cosmological redshift, only demonstrates that the latter does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe.Instead, considering the speed of light isotropic only relative to the medium in which it occurs, and therefore based on reality and not on stipulation, there are no compatibility problems either with special relativity or with apparent luminosity. And in this way we obtain a model of Universe whose expansion is always decelerating, as is natural to expect after a "big bang".However, to verify this thesis I proposed the observation of the redshift of celestial objects over time: if the expansion is decelerating, it should decrease, otherwise it should increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hamiltonian Chaos and Gravitational Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

The goal of this paper is to analyze the likely transition from integrability to Hamiltonian chaos in the primordial Universe. The transition is driven by curvature fluctuations and favors the onset of a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

GR Tests Solved with Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 20 Pages. In Spanish

This document consolidate all revisated GR tests to date, solved with special relativity of fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Astonishing Conflict of Time Dilation Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 15 Pages.

We show that if we assume the existence of a frame in vacuum where the one-way speed of light is c (c is the measured value of the two-way speed of light in vacuum) than for another frame moving with velocity v_1 in relation to that frame we can have time dilation, time contraction or no difference of proper times change at all. Therefore, the standard formulation is a result of a misinterpretation of the mathematical expression between the relation of the proper time of the moving frame in relation to the difference of times of Lorentzian clocks, the so-called time dilation. This is an astonishing conflict that standard formulation cannot solve. This result is easily obtained if we assume time dilation in relation to Einstein Frame (EF) the frame where the speed of light is isotropic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Averaging Vacuum Solutions

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman, Julian Cruz
Comments: 19 Pages.

This article discusses known and additional solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations without a lambda term and with a lambda term, with signatures (+ — — —) and (— + + +). The possibility of averaging these solutions is investigated. It is shown that the averaging of metrics-solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations can be used as the basis for metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum formations of the corpuscular type. Ways to solve the problems that arose in this case related to spatial singularities and spherical voids are proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Units and Constants: About Their Coherency and Cosmological Consequences

Authors: Helmut Söllinger
Comments: 24 Pages. In German

By his paper "Units and Reality" the author has shown, that the transformation of the fundamental physical constants into systems of units, which differ from the International System of Units (SI), is a powerful tool to uncover correlations - being searched for a long time — between the important dimensionless constants α = 1/137.036 and mp/me =1836.15 on the one hand and the numeric values of the constants with dimensions on the other hand.These numeric value correlations become exact equations if one transfers the physical constants c, h, G etc. into a system with a length unit of 1.0128 m, a time unit of 1.0112 s and a mass unit of 1.1531 kg.During the last years the author consequently continued his previous investigations and discovered a new numeric correlation between the Hubble radius and the number 1836.15.The numeric correlations in combination with an equation, which the author found 2012 through systematic numerical investigations lead to a new cosmological model which is based only on powers of 2π/α = 861,023 and mp/me =1836.15.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unequal Volumetric and Shear Modulus in Einstein Field Equations

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repeated submissions and cancellations))

In the Einstein Field Equations space-time undergoes volumetric and shear deformations due to presence of matter as described by the stress-energy tensor. In the Einstein field equations the modulus associated to those two type of deformations is identical. In this paper we show that, in case this assumption is removed, proper solutions for the space-time metric can still be derived.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Addendum to "The Feynman-Dyson Propagators for Neutral Particles (Locality or Non-Locality)?"*

Authors: Valeriy Dvoeglazov
Comments: 3 Pages.

We answer several questions of the referees and readers arised after publication of the commented article. Moreover, we see that is impossible to consider correct relativistic quantum mechanics without negative energies, tachyons, and without appropriate forms of discrete symmetries.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unication of Electric and Gravitational Interaction in Classical Physics

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

This paper challenges the quantum-focused search for a unified theory of fundamental interactions by exploring the potential unification of electric and gravitational forces within classical physics. Highlighting the similarities between Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation, it suggests that signs of unification should be observable on a acroscopic scale. The concept of gravitomagnetic fields, akin to magnetic fields in electromagnetism, is introduced, supported by experimental evidence from rotating masses and a notable experiment with a superconducting disk. This experiment hinted at the generation of a powerful gravitomagnetic field, suggesting a gravitational analogue to electromagnetic phenomena. The discussion extends to gravitational synchrotron radiation, proposing that celestial bodies in orbit emit this radiation, influencing their orbital dynamics. This concept is used to explain the observed mergers of black holes and neutron stars detected by gravitational wave observatories, framing these events as influenced by gravitational waves rather than spacetime vibrations. A central argument for unification is the treatment of rest mass as the true invariant gravitational charge, challenging the current understanding of black holes and suggesting they are states of matter with finite density without traditional event horizons. The paper concludes with a reevaluation of the Schwarzschild radius and event horizons, proposing thought experiments that question established interpretations and advocate for a classical physics approach to unifying gravitational and electric interactions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expanding Universe

Authors: Jörg Schmidt
Comments: 62 Pages.

In this work, the Friedmann equations, which represent the fundamental equations of cosmological models, are derived using a Newtonian and a relativistic approach by solving Einstein's field equations in a high level of detail. The space-time geometry in the form of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is derived and the calculations of the Christoffel symbols, the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar, as well as the solution of the field equations are described in detail. The energy-momentum tensor assumes that matter in the universe behaves like an ideal fluid.The relationship between the different densities in the universe and the scale factor and the resulting three phases in the evolutionary history of the universe are explained. The time-varying ratio of matter density to vacuum density in the universe eventually led to the reversal of expansion, i.e., the change from a decelerated to an accelerated expansion of space. With the help of the second Friedmann equation and an equation for the expansion force, it is demonstrated at which density ratio and at what time this occurred. Assuming a flat universe and neglecting the radiation density, the Friedmann equation is solved and equations for the scale factor and the Hubble parameter are derived.Equations are derived to determine the cosmological horizons, the Hubble radius, and the worldlines of photons (light cones) and of stationary objects moving only within the Hubble flow. Using example calculations and their representations in space-time diagrams, the interrelations of these quantities are particularly elaborated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Fully Conformal Solution of Einstein's Gravitational Equations and the Comparison of Its Implications With Astrophysical Data

Authors: Richard Dvorsky
Comments: 17 Pages.

According to general relativity, the cosmological redshift can be caused also by another mechanism, similar to the gravitational redshift of massive stars - in principle due to differences in the global metric field between a source in the past and an observer in the present. In this paper, we analyse spacetime using a fully conformal metric, where the character of natural physical time is preserved and the scaling factor acts identically on all four spacetime coordinates. Unlike the Robertson-Walker metric, the fully conformal metric preserves the time independence of the speed of light and energy-momentum tensor. The motivation was to test the possibility of the above cosmological redshift mechanism in confrontation with astrophysical data. Probably the most important consequence is the generalized formulation and interpretation of the Hubble-Lemaître law z(r) = (eHr/c — 1), which shows good agreement with astrophysical data even for farthest supernovae. Confronting the model of conformal metric with some astrophysical data shows an interesting agreement with the observed spatial distribution of astrophysical sources such as γ-ray bursts and quasars. On a cosmological scale, the fully conformal metric mentioned above naturally determines global energy density, spatial flatness, and solves the horizon problem and Olbers' paradox in infinite spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometric Foundations: a Unified Field Theory From Hypersphere Rotations

Authors: Jason Robert Leonard
Comments: 50 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI generated contents/results are in general not acceptable)

This paper presents a novel geometric model that derives both quantum mechanical and relativisticphenomena from first principles of nested rotating higher-n fractal hyperspheres. Through a series of mathematical analyses, we establish the fundamental premises, including the stereographic projection of rotating hyperspheres onto the complex plane, tracing out helical worldlines characterized by anangular velocity ω and radii r1, r2. Key results include deriving the velocity of light, gravitational and quantum constants from geometric ω/r ratios, formulating uncertainty principles and wave phenomena from ω/r fluctuations, and scale recursion relations connecting different levels.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[Critical Explorations of the Relativity Theory]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 227 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

[This paper contains a collection of my critical explorations of the relativity theory. The reader is encouraged to check the calculations.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is the Event Horizon of a Black Hole?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 10 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

In this study, the conventional understanding of the event horizon in black holes within the framework of Einstein's general theory of relativity is reevaluated. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that the event horizon acts as a physical barrier from which nothing can escape, it is proposed that it should instead be understood as an abstract mathematical concept, arising from a misinterpretation of escape velocity.Through detailed analysis, it is demonstrated that the gravitational field intensity at the event horizon is significantly lower than previously believed, challenging the existence of phenomena such as Hawking radiation which rely on the traditional concept of the event horizon as a one-waymembrane. Utilizing relativistic formulas for the first and second cosmicvelocities, the study shows that for any black hole, the escape velocities remain below the speed of light, regardless of the black hole's mass or radius. This finding implies that the concept of an insurmountable event horizon is not supported by the equations of general relativity. The paper concludes by suggesting that black holes represent a distinct state ofmatter characterized by high but finite density, and questions the traditional view of black holes within the cosmological narrative. Throughrigorous mathematical analysis, this research challenges established paradigms and opens new avenues for understanding the nature of blackholes and the fabric of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Decay of a Superbradyon Into a Baryonic Particle and Its Antiparticle

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 Figures

Superbradyons are hypothetical elementary particles that can travel faster than light keeping real values of their mass and energy. They were suggested by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres. Superbradyons do not fit Einstein’s theory of relativity. But they do fit the new theory of gravity which is called the 3D-brane universe model. Within the framework of this new theory we study the decay of a superbradyon into a baryonic particle and its antiparticle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Knot in Low Heat Schwarzschild Black Hole

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a topological object, a gravitational knot, could exist in low heat Schwarzschild black hole (Newton's theory of gravitation) by assuming that the Ricci curvature tensor especially the metric tensor consists of a scalar field i.e. a subset of the Ricci curvature tensor. The Chern-Simons action is interpreted as such a knot.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Analogy of Black Hole and Phase Singularities

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. Black hole singularity is considered as the extremely high speed changing of the eikonal. We investigate the analogy of a black hole singularity and the phase singularity in optics known as optical vortex.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two Totally Connected Superluminal Natario Warp Drive Spacetimes with Variable Velocities

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 34 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions:The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causallydisconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the $1+1$ spacetime with variable velocities and with or without lapse functions using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and we provide here the step by step mathematicalcalculations in order to outline the final results found in our work which are the following ones: For both cases with variablevelocities and with or without the lapse function the Horizon do not exists at all.Due to the extra terms in the lapse function andin the variable velocities that affects the whole spacetime geometry these solutions allows to circumvent the problem of the Horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Nature of Space, Time and the Infinity in Physics or the Real World

Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper logically explains in details that space and time in physics or the real world is of 3 types: the absolute physical space, the relative physical space, the relative psychological space, the absolute physical time, the relative physical time and the relative psychological time and explains the distinct qualities and their interrelationship. We also prove that Consciousness or Pure Existence is the only infinity in physics or the real world from which the whole universe has sprung up and which is present everywhere all the time. We use logic rather than any metaphysics or belief to prove this because we believe that "what is the truth can never be illogical and what is illogical can never be the truth!"
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Superluminal Photons

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 4 Pages.

The properties of dynamic space-matter are considered, a special case of its fixed state is the Euclidean space-time of modern theories. Such dynamic space-matter is already represented in the quantum coordinate system. And already under such conditions the possibility of the presence and detection of superluminal photons is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Origins of Supermassive Black Holes

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra admin - Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted)

Based on Bekenstein-Hawking formula, the black hole maximal entropy , the maximum amount of information bits that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). Since any sphere is limited to the amount of information bits it can contain within its volume of space, up to the limit of the information within a black hole with an event horizon at the radius of this sphere, the Bekenstein-Hawking formula is the upper limit for information contained within any sphere (or volume) of space. This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits that are concealed in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit onto its surrounding surface area. This can lead to the idea that the fabric of spacetime is a fabric of entangled information units at the size of Planck length (for each information unit). Due to entanglement, the information in a volume of space is entangled to the information on its surrounding sphere and is limited by the surrounding sphere area divided by Planck area, just as Bekenstein-Hawking calculated for the black hole entropy. The best candidate to carry the entangled information quantum bits in empty space, will be the virtual particles quantum fluctuations in the vacuum, that pop in and out of existence due to The Heisenberg uncertainty principle . Some of these virtual particles that pop in and out of existence in empty space are non-correlated random noise fluctuations that cancel each other, and some are correlated information fluctuations. The correlated information fluctuations on the surface of the sphere represent information regarding the energy and mass within the volume of this sphere. As the information carrying, correlated virtual particle pairs pop in and out of existence, they define the pulse of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Instanton: a Conspicuous Case of Scale Transition

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 261 Pages.

Light is the only physical phenomenon of our experience that transits all three scales of the world we inhabit: infrafinite, finite, as well as transfinite. The concept of instanton accomodates the transition of thesescales in space and time. This fact indicates that the quantization might be in fact, the only true law of nature. In this respect the world we inhabit is unique: the Planck’s quantization procedure asks for a special fundamentalstructure of the universe as an optical medium, which must be a Maxwell fish-eye. In order to apply the Planck’s procedure of quantization to matter, one needs to extend the electromagnetic properties of the light fields to matterfields. At this juncture, the special relativity aroused a thesis which acts implicitly in all initiatives of theoretical physics: the length — which is a differentia of the concept of matter — is identical to the distance, which is aproperty of the vacuum concept, and can be revealed only by light. A proper usage of this thesis leads to the idea of Yang-Mills fields: the equivalents in matter of the electromagnetic fields from vacuum. The planetary atomicmodel, as the fundamental structure of the physical world is considered from this point of view. Consequences are suggested and/or described; some of them are pursued up to their conclusions, some remain at the level oflogical speculations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is Mass?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages.

Mass should be understood in terms of potential energy arising from vector potentials of force elds. It reevaluates Einstein's famousequation E = mc2 and suggests that rest mass (denoted as mr) is essentially a form of potential energy. The text challenges traditional views by proposing that the rest mass of subatomic particles is not con- stant but varies with the potential of the elds in which they are located. Through a series of theoretical discussions and thought experiments, the author explores the implications of this view for understanding the uni- verse, including the additivity of rest mass, the variability of subatomic particle masses, and the principle of minimum potential energy (or rest mass) governing all interactions and processes in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Are the James Webb Space Telescope's Data so Surprising?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages.

The implications of recent astronomical observations made by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and compares them with thosefrom the Hubble Space Telescope. Specically, it discusses the discovery of galaxies such as GN-z11 and JADES-GS-z13-0, which appear to have formed at very early stages of the universe, challenging previous assumptions about galaxy formation and the age of the universe.The author uses a thought experiment involving relativistic speeds and redshift calculations to question the current estimates of the universe'sage, suggesting that the universe might be older than widely accepted. The piece critically examines the methodologies used in determiningthe age of distant galaxies and the universe, proposing that new data from JWST could necessitate a revision of cosmological models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hubble Force and Vacuum Energy

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please only submit finalized work)

It is common knowledge that vacuum has an intrinsic energy and exerts negative pressure (force), one which acts against gravity to drive and accelerate the expansion of the Universe. Little is known, however, about the force it causing this pressure. Indeed it is controversial whether there is any force at all behind this phenomenon so the situation must be carefully weighed. Here I shall venture to argue briefly that there does exist a force driving the expansion, the force I call the `Hubble Force'. Then, with an explicit force at hand, the whole machinery of continuum mechanics would be at our service to analyze the expansion thoroughly.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity — Alternative Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein's theory of special relativity, SR, is a generally accepted theory that analyses, for instance, relationships between two inertial reference systems moving at a constant speed against each other. This relationship between the coordinates of an event in the two inertial reference systems is made using so-called Lorentz Transformations, LT. These transformations constitute the most central concept within SR. We will build an alternative theory to SR. We will derive new transformations between the two reference systems. It will be easy to compare these two theories. We will show that if all the steps taken during the derivation apply the existing mathematics, logic and physics, our transformations will be flawless, contradiction free! We follow the same steps, the same way of thinking as one do in [B1].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Time Frames: Variable Speed of Light

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 19 Pages.

Within the framework of the Theory of Time Frames, we have revealed an intuitive explanation for the longstanding enigma surrounding the constancy of light speed in a vacuum. This was achieved through the astonishingly straightforward logic that acknowledges a photon's speed varies in proportion to the flow of time and the established fact that photons do not possess rest mass. Consequently, our research indicates that the speed of light is not constant but variable. However, this insight does not contradict the laws of physics or empirical evidence. Moreover, we propose a new dimensionless constant,nc = 299,792,458, to replace the traditional constant of light speed, c. This novel constant is consistent with all observed measurements of light speed conducted within the observer's local time flow. Although this interpretation of light speed deviates from Einstein's theory, it is grounded in solid theoretical and empirical evidence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Field Theoretic Thrust of an Accelerating Frame

Authors: Kevin Player
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider the field theoretic picture where Unruh radiation was initially uncovered. We demonstrate how thrust serves as a more accurate and direct explanation of the Unruh effect and hence Hawing radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Eikonal and Black Hole Entropy

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. We assume that the mass is the mass of a black hole and it is related to a black hole entropy through its area.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Vectorial Lorentz Transformation Formulas for Spacetimes of Arbitrary Dimensions

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please list scientific references in the future!)

The article presents generalized vectorial Lorentz transformation formulas applicable to spacetimes of arbitrary dimensions within the framework of special relativity. It introduces a novel notation to differentiate between temporal coordinates and proper time, and assumes the speed of light as dimensionless and set to 1. This approach results in a homogeneous metric space, termed U-space, facilitating the extension of Lorentz transformations beyond the conventional four-dimensional spacetime to spaces with any number of dimensions. The transformations are derived and detailed for velocities, accelerations, and other vectors in U-space, highlighting their universality and ease of application compared to traditional methods.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof for Localized Energy or Inertia in Curved Spacetime

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 13 Pages.

General Relativity is known for its local character; unlike the omnipresence, i.e., instancy/immediacy of Einstein's ``spookyaction'' while Quantum Entanglement. Hence, it is expected that a local observer can measure/harvest the energy. This means that the famous problem of energy localization should have a positive solution. I introduce an inertial coordinate system (a local inertial tetrad) and derive conservation laws from the covariant four-dimensional divergence of the energy-momentum tensor. As an introduction to the revealing power of such tetrads, different mathematical methods have coincided in showing that Black Holes can start shrinking and, in the finale, completely vanish the falling test objects; the annual pointing of the rotational axis of Earth on the North Star area is also explained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Expressions for Gravitational Time Dilation

Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 5 Pages. Edits were made to add citations and conform with format guidelines given by admin

Schwarzschild’s gravitational time dilation expression is derived assuming a ~flat Minkowski spacetime. This time dilation effect is spherically symmetric, occurring in all radial directions for a gravitational source. A way to derive Schwarzschild’s expression is with a model that assumes a mass starting from rest at some distance from a gravitational field source (such as Earth). One can use Newtonian Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy to create an energy balance. This is then used to derive escape velocity: the mass steadily starts moving through the gravitational potential field, gaining speed until it hits escape velocity upon reaching the gravitational field source. This document explores the derivation using escape velocity. Moreover, this document modifies the approach by using relativistic mass to derive a slightly different expression for gravitational time dilation. Finally, alternative interpretation of gravitational time dilation is also explored, using the concept of relativistic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Relation Between Linear Speed and Angular Speed

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Newtonian formula for the relationship between linear motion and rotational motion is not suitable for application in the theory of relativity. Therefore, the relativistic relationship between linear speed and angular speed must be derived. This can be done by taking advantage of the rules of summing speeds in special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Have They Got it Wrong About Black Holes?

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 9 Pages.

By recognising that Newtonian gravity is a manifestation of the time curvature in a curved four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold such asin Einstein's general theory of relativity(GR), it can be shown that space and time are completely regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass, and therefore a black hole and event horizon are just mathematical artefacts. In addition, this also leads to the conclusion that superluminal velocities do not occur in reality and that gravity does notdiverge to infinity as masses approach each other, which also removes the non-physical singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ricci Flow Techniques in General Relativity and Quantum Gravity: A Perelman-Inspired Approach to Spacetime Dynamics

Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 70 Pages.

This paper presents a novel approach to quantum gravity, extending Perelman’s Ricci flow techniques to Lorentzian manifolds and developing a unified geometric framework that bridges concepts from differential geometry, topology, and quantum field theory. This offers fresh perspectives on fundamental problems in theoretical physics. Our core contribution lies in the formulation of a modified Ricci flowequation tailored for Lorentzian manifolds. This new equation incorporates gauge fields and establishesmeaningful connections with quantum mechanics.In exploring the implications of our framework, we examine singularity analysis in geometric flows and spacetime, proposing a new classification scheme for spacetime singularities. We also delve into thedevelopment of entropy functionals, highlighting their monotonicity properties in Lorentzian contexts. Furthermore, we introduce a "no local collapsing" theorem vital for understanding the long-term behavior of geometric flows, complemented by studies on the long-time existence and convergence results forLorentzian Ricci flow with surgery. The classification of gradient shrinking solitons is explored as models for singularity formation. Additionally, we discuss the framework’s connections to physics, which couldprovide new insights into black hole thermodynamics, cosmic evolution, and the application of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. The paper establishes rigorous mathematical foundations for these concepts and includes detailed proofs and analyses in the appendices. We propose experimental tests and observational strategies tovalidate our theoretical predictions. While this work is highly theoretical, it suggests innovative approaches to longstanding problems in quantum gravity and cosmology, offering a geometric perspective on quantum phenomena and proposing mechanisms for singularity resolution and the emergence of classical spacetime from quantum geometry. Although some aspects of our discussion remain speculative, we emphasize the need for further theoretical development and experimental validation. This frameworkequips researchers with a novel mathematical toolkit to explore the interface between gravity and quantum mechanics, potentially paving new avenues in the quest for a theory of quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Anisotropy of Light Speed Due to Earth's Own Rotation, Refutation of Null Results by Optical Resonator Experiments

Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Sagnac effect can be interpreted as evidence of anisotropy in light speed as a first-order effect (proportional to the ratio of v to c) at the scale of Earth's rotation, but not at higher velocities such as Earth's orbital speed or its speed relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Logically, one would expect that Michelson interferometer-type experiments, which investigate second-order effects (proportional to the ratio of v^2 to c^2), would yield analogous results across different speeds, albeit on a much smaller scale due to squaring. That is, null results would be expected at the CMB and orbital speeds, while a non-null result would emerge at the scale of Earth's rotation. Specifically, interferometer experiments using optical resonators should possess sufficient resolution to verify this. This paper demonstrates that, contrary to expectations, none of the existing experiments account for Earth's rotation, as the data analysis systematically factors it out. A non-null result in first-order experiments, which involve non-inertial reference frames, can be explained by General Relativity. However, second-order experiments are conducted in inertial reference frames, where Special Relativity fails to explain a non-null result. Thus, detecting a second-order effect due to Earth's rotation could provide insights into new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Anisotropy of Light Speed Due to Earth's Own Rotation

Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Sagnac effect can be interpreted to demonstrate an anisotropy of light speed as a first-order effect on the scale of Earth's own rotation, but not for higher velocities such as Earth's orbital speed or its speed relative to the CMB. Following logic reason, experiments investigating the second-order effect should also exhibit this deviation due to Earth's own rotation, but not for higher velocities. Specifically, interferometer experiments with optical resonators would be capable of verifying this matter. This paper shows that none of the existing experiments provide a statement on this issue. The detection of such a second-order effect from Earth's own rotation would provide clues to new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space-Time Torsion as a Manifestation of Magnetism

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 3 Pages.

A Riemannian manifold possesses two fundamental properties: curvature and torsion.[4]. Relativity uses curvatureto explain gravity. We suggest that torsion can explain magnetism.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reconceptualizing Particle Physics: Repulsive Gravity in Cosmic Voids and Charge Parity Asymmetry in the Matter Forming Era

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 109 Pages.

This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass, always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. However, while this is true now, when matter was forming and the cosmic radius was much smaller, infinitesimal masses were much larger, and they produced asymmetry. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. In order to maintain the invariance of kmin action density, the metric undergoes changes around mass concentrations, consistent with Einstein’s equations. However, infinitesimal differences arise when the mass density of intergalactic voids falls below the cosmic average. This results in these voids exhibiting negative space-time curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature observed in galactic filaments. Gravitational binding only occurs in galactic filaments and the opposite in voids. Over large regions of space this difference also makes the values of the Einstein tensor components that the Freidman equation is derived from average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era are similar to Lanbda CDM cosmology, and in the current era consistent with CMB temperatures. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed MOND-like behviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion. This is consistent with deceleration measurements, and with no need for dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reconceptualizing Particle Physics: Repulsive Gravity in Cosmic Voids and Charge Parity Asymmetry in the Matter Forming Era

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 108 Pages.

This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass, always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. However, while this is true now, when matter was forming and the cosmic radius was much smaller, infinitesimal masses were much larger, and therefore producing asymmetry. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. In order to maintain the invariance of kmin action density, the metric undergoes changes around mass concentrations, consistent with Einstein’s equations. However, infinitesimal differences arise when the mass density of intergalactic voids falls below the cosmic average. This results in these voids exhibiting negative space-time curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature observed in galactic filaments. Gravitational binding only occurs in galactic filaments and the opposite in voids. Over large regions of space this difference also makes the values of the Einstein tensor components that the Freidman equation is derived from average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the start of the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed MOND-like behviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion with no need for dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Origin of the Big Bang' Singularity (Entangled Dawn Model)

Authors: Michael Prince
Comments: 14 Pages.

For [a long time], scientists and philosophers have grappled with the enigma of the Big Bang’s singularity, seeking to understand the primordial trigger that ignited the universe’s explosive expansion. Despite significant advances in cosmology, the origins of this singularity remain shrouded in mystery, fueling ongoing debate and research. We all learn that the Big Bang marked the birth of our observable universe from an ultra-hot, ultra-dense singularity of infinite density and zero volume. But if we follow the logic rigorously, this conventional picture turns out to be incomplete and inconsistent with some fundamental premises. For any volumetric increase or growth to occur, there must be pre-existing available space or "room" to expand into initially. This intuitive - things simply cannot begin increasing in size if there is no space to expand into. Now consider the conventional model of the Big Bang - our entire observable universe emerged from an initial state of infinite density called the "singularity" which had zero volume. Zero volume means no dimensions, no space whatsoever. Here’s the key point - if the singularity truly started with zero volume, and yet it expanded rapidly in all directions producing the vast volumes we see today, then there logically had to be some pre-existing space surrounding that singularity to allow for that expansion. Total zero volume couldn’t just grow spontaneously into something with dimension - that violates the premise. But there’s more. In our current understanding, the concepts of space and time are inseparably interlinked through Einstein’s theories. Space and time are woven together into the fabric of spacetime. So if there was pre-existing space before the ingularity, basic logic demands there must also have been some form of pre-existing time dimension as well. I know this may seem contradictory to the standard idea that space and time themselves emerged from the Big Bang event. But follow the logic clearly — if there was room for the expansion, and space implies time, then some sort of primordial space-time must have pre-dated the singularity itself. This doesn’t negate or deny the Big Bang paradigm. The initial inflation could still have propelled the singularity outwards rapidly creating the spacetime we experience today. But it shows that the Big Bang wasn’t the beginning of all existence - some earlier form of space and time had to have preceded and allowed for that expansion in the first place.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Foundations of Relativistic Gravithermodynamics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 119 Pages.

The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of nonbarionic dark matter in the Universe in principle. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. It was proved that total energy of matter of inertially moving body is equal in all global gravithermodynamic frames of references of spatial coordinates and time (GT-FR) that are also inertially moving relatively to matter. Conformal relativistic transformations of increments of metrical spatial segments and metrical temporal intervals (instead of increments of coordinates and coordinate time of SR) were received. Exactly this fact allows avoid not only the twins paradox when twins are inertially moving but also the necessity of the dark energy in the Universe. Clocks that fall free are inertially moving and, therefore, continue to count time at the same rate as when they were in the state of rest. Similarly, the rate of time of astronomical body is not changed in the process of its motion in elliptical orbit. The dilatation of intrinsic time of distant galaxies is also absent. For the collective gravithermodynamic Gibbs microstates the connection between all thermodynamic potentials and parameters of matter have been found. This connection is realized with the help of several wave functions that can take arbitrary values with certain probability. The quantum equation of gravitational field have been found, the solutions of which set the spatial distribution of gravitational radius of matter in its every new gravithermodynamic state with the polynomial function with the next more high degree. That is why the process of cooling down matter is the quantum process that is caused by its spontaneous transition to the function with more degree and, therefore, to the next quantum collective state.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Misconceptions and Imaginary Entities in Astronomy, Cosmology and Physics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 53 Pages.

The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy, cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension of physical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena and objects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special and General Relativity. Author have analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and have shown the possible ways to overcome them. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonic dark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The current usage of exponential scale instead of metrically homogeneous scale of cosmological time in cosmology is shown. Therefore, the ignorance of the fact that only the infinitely far cosmological past on the event horizon and infinitely far cosmological future on Schwarzschild sphere are simultaneous with any event in people’s world is shown. The ignorance of the fact that this pseudo-horizon covers the past of all infinite Universe is also shown. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron stars and quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The big redshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of the gravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The absence of gravitational fields in the Universe up to the moment of discontinuity of its uniform gas continuum is shown. The origination of the gravity phenomenon is related to the formation of spatially inhomogeneous thermodynamic states by the matter and to the tendency of the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter to reach the minimum of the integral values of its inert free energy and Gibbs free energy. The temporal invariance of not only all thermodynamic parameters and potentials of matter and its momentum but also of Lagrangian of ordinary internal energy and of equivalent to it gravitational mass of matter (to which the inertial mass is identical only in intrinsic time of this matter) is justified. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead of luminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It is concluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of the presence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Misconceptions and Imaginary Entities in Astronomy, Cosmology and Physics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 54 Pages.

The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy, cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension of physical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena and objects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special and General Relativity. Author have analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and have shown the possible ways to overcome them. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonic dark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The current usage of exponential scale instead of metrically homogeneous scale of cosmological time in cosmology is shown. Therefore, the ignorance of the fact that only the infinitely far cosmological past on the event horizon and infinitely far cosmological future on Schwarzschild sphere are simultaneous with any event in people’s world is shown. The ignorance of the fact that this pseudo-horizon covers the past of all infinite Universe is also shown. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron stars and quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The big redshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of the gravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The absence of gravitational fields in the Universe up to the moment of discontinuity of its uniform gas continuum is shown. The origination of the gravity phenomenon is related to the formation of spatially inhomogeneous thermodynamic states by the matter and to the tendency of the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter to reach the minimum of the integral values of its inert free energy and Gibbs free energy. The temporal invariance of not only all thermodynamic parameters and potentials of matter and its momentum but also of Lagrangian of ordinary internal energy and of equivalent to it gravitational mass of matter (to which the inertial mass is identical only in intrinsic time of this matter) is justified. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead of luminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It is concluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of the presence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Structure Formation and Fractal Spacetime

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

Matter structures in cosmology include large-scale objects such as galaxies, galaxy clusters and Dark Matter halos. It is widely accepted that the formation of cosmic structures in the early Universe follows from the gravitational collapse of density perturbations. Here we argue that the genesis of cosmic structures is tied to the fractaltopology of spacetime near the Big Bang singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Possible to Arbitrarily Slow Down Time in a Limited Volume With an Energy-Impulse Tensor Whose Components Can be Reduced Arbitrarily? Part II: Summary of Introduction and Computations of Density and Energy in Warped Region

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 9 Pages.

A solution is presented that describes a region of space, box or warp bubble, where time getsslowed down by an arbitrary factor, while reducing the components of the energy-impulse tensor byany chosen amount.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unlike Newton's Gravitational Acceleration, Einstein's is Velocity-Dependent; it Repels Sufficiently Near-c Objects, Obviating the Need for "Dark Energy"

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 Pages.

If a test body radially approaching a static point mass at near-c speed undergoes the same attractive gravitational acceleration as a nonrelativistic test body, its speed soon exceeds c. That doesn't occur because Einstein's gravitational acceleration by a static point mass is velocity-dependent; it counterintuitively repels a test body traveling radially at a speed sufficiently near c. Indeed, a basic feature of the gravitational refraction of light is that a radially-traveling light packet's speed increases monotonically toward c with its increasing radial distance from a static point mass, so a light packet traveling radially away from a static point mass is gravitationally accelerated toward radial speed c in the outward direction of its travel. Likewise, a test body traveling radially away from a static point mass at a speed sufficiently near c is counterintuitively gravitationally accelerated in the outward direction of its travel. The universe expands radially at a speed sufficiently near c to undergo such a counterintuitive gravitational acceleration in the outward direction of its radial expansion, "dark energy" isn't needed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Non Conservative Gravity Model

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

I will explore a non-conservative gravity field model with base idea rooted in trying to re-think free-falling observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmology and the Uncertainty Principles: A New Road to the Quantum Gravity

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce the ansatz that universe size and age are the maximal spatial and temporal uncertainties, respectively - within the uncertainty principles. This allows us to derive a relationship between Planck’s constant and the Hubble’s constant. Accordingly, we obtain numerical value of the minimum momentum and energy uncertainty, which are locally experimentally verifiable. Reciprocally, if one has experimentally verified values of minimum Energy and Momentum, then the Universe’s Age and size can be calculated — independently — i.e., aside from other methods. A new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and cosmology/General Relativity, i.e. Quantum Gravity is given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizations of Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizations of Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-Variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 59 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main consequences of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of self-variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and a definition of the rest mass of a fundamental particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts a structure of the particles, predicts and justifies the particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data and it shows that quantum phenomena are implicit in the Self-Variation Theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-Variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main consequences of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of Self-Variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and the definition of the rest mass of a fundamental particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts an internal structure of the particles, predict and justifies the particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data and proves that Self-Variation is related to quantum phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Connection Between Mass and Space

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper we look at the connection between mass and space. We start with postulating that there is only space. Then we derive what mass stands for. It appears that what we call mass is equal to the surface area of a black hole. The unit kg transforms into m². We find equation R=c²/G describing the size of the universe. Constant G transforms into a ‘universal acceleration’ with units m/s². Rewriting the equation as G=c²/R tells us that the universe has an inherent ‘rotational’ aspect and therefore gives rise to a coriolis force. The latter force might be the reason for galaxies having spiral arms. We show that the universe has an associated time scale T=c/G and that its mass is defined by equation M=cu2074/G². Furthermore we show that the ‘planck length’ and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle are connected to the size of the universe and we argue that energy is quantized with levels defined by equation E(n)=nhG/c where E(1)=hG/c is the zero-point energy. We show that the photon might have a defined volume. And finally we derive a value for the total amount of energy packets in the universe and show that the vacuum energy density is given by the equation P(E)=G.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fisher-Tully Law Solely with 1915 General Relativity and Dark Energy

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 10 Pages. Version 3. Version 4 will have an explicit analytical derivation of the Law.

Observation of the distribution of the velocity of galactic rotation curves differed from their expected centripetal form and lead to the notion of Dark Matter or modifications to Newtonian and General Relativity, such as MOND, TeVeS and the like and even Quantised Inertia. We aim to show that General Relativity with Dark Energy/the Cosmological Constant is all that is needed, with the proviso that the Cosmological Constant can increase in the presence of a gravitational field and become gravitating to account for the hypothesis of Dark Matter Haloes.Keywords: Cosmological Constant, Dark Matter Haloes, Dark Energy, Einstein Field Equations, Fisher-Tully Law, Galactic Rotation Curves, MOND, Quantised Inertia, TeVeS, Virtual Particles
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fisher-Tully Law Solely with 1915 General Relativity and Dark Energy

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 7 Pages.

Observation of the distribution of the velocity of galactic rotation curves differed from their expected centripetal form and lead to the notion of Dark Matter or modifications to Newtonian and General Relativity, such as MOND, TeVeS and the like and even Quantised Inertia. We aim to show that General Relativity with Dark Energy/the Cosmological Constant is all that is needed, with the proviso that the Cosmological Constant can increase in the presence of a gravitational field and become gravitating to account for the hypothesis of Dark Matter Haloes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Constant of GRT as a Radial Function in Dependence of Velocity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Under special circumstances cosmological u201econstant" of GRT can be formulated as a function in dependence of radial term. This calculation will be shown. In fact this system of physical ideas is now described only for local state of Schwarzschild-lineelement with cosmological variable but it can be easily developed to cosmic terms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expansion of the Universe in Deceleration and Relativity

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-23 and Italian, pages 24-46

According to the second postulate of Special Relativity, the speed of light is isotropic relative to every reference frame, which therefore should consider itself stationary and all the others in motion. But, as Einstein himself stated, this is a stipulation and therefore not a real phenomenon. In fact, it is impossible, because light is a wave phenomenon which therefore needs a medium to manifest itself, and therefore its speed can only be isotropic relative to the medium and therefore not also relative to a celestial object, such as the Earth, which moves relative to the medium.However, the scientific community states that there are numerous phenomena and experiments that demonstrate the isotropy of the speed of light relative to the Earth. But it can be refuted by demonstrating that the demonstrated isotropy concerns the average round-trip velocity and not that in just one direction.However, according to stipulation, the GPS system can operate without knowing the precise speed of the Earth relative to the medium.But the fact that the average forward and return speed of light is isotropic does not demonstrate that the Earth is stationary and all celestial objects are in motion, so the Earth should not be considered stationary in the calculation of the speed of move away of celestial objects in cosmological redshift function. Instead the scientific community did it anyway.But when higher redshifts were observed, resulting in speeds and distances incompatible with special relativity itself, they were considered as scale factors of the expansion of the Universe, thus obtaining compatible distances. But celestial objects were subsequently observed which, based on their apparent brightness, were further away than expected based on their redshift. Phenomenon that the scientific community has justified with an accelerating expansion of the Universe.But I have shown that the fact that the distances based on apparent brightness are greater than those based on redshift, only demonstrates that the redshift does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe.Instead, considering the redshift as an indicator of the speed of the Earth move away from the emitter, there are no compatibility problems with special relativity and apparent luminosity. And you obtain a model of the Universe whose expansion results in deceleration. To verify this thesis I proposed the observation over time of the redshift of celestial objects: if the expansion is decelerating, it should decrease, otherwise it should increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hamiltonian Chaos and Gravitational Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages.

The goal of this paper is to analyze the likely transition from integrability to Hamiltonian chaos in the primordial Universe. The transition is driven by curvature fluctuations and favors the onset of a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

GR Tests Solved with Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 24 Pages. In Spanish

This document consolidate all revisated GR tests to date, solved with special relativity of fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Units and Constants: About Their Coherency and Cosmological Consequences

Authors: Helmut Söllinger
Comments: 24 Pages.

By his paper "Units and Reality" the author has shown, that the transformation of the fundamental physical constants into systems of units, which differ from the International System of Units (SI), is a powerful tool to uncover correlations - sought for a long time — between the important dimensionless constants α = 1/137.036 and mp/me =1836.15 on the one hand and the numeric values of the constants with dimensions on the other hand.These numeric value correlations become exact equations if one transfers the physical constants c, h, G etc. into a system with a length unit of 1.0128 m, a time unit of 1.0112 s and a mass unit of 1.1531 kg.During the last years the author consequently continued his previous investigations and discovered a new numeric correlation between the Hubble radius and the number 1836.15.The numeric correlations in combination with an equation, which the author found 2012 through systematic numerical investigations lead to a new cosmological model which is based only on powers of 2π/α = 861,023 and mp/me =1836.15.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expanding Universe - Derivation and Solution of the Friedmann Expansion Equation

Authors: Jörg Schmidt
Comments: 62 Pages.

In this work, the Friedmann equations, which represent the fundamental equations of cosmological models, are derived using a Newtonian and a relativistic approach by solving Einstein's field equations in a high level of detail. The space-time geometry in the form of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is derived and the calculations of the Christoffel symbols, the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar, as well as the solution of the field equations are described in detail. The energy-momentum tensor assumes that matter in the universe behaves like an ideal fluid.The relationship between the different densities in the universe and the scale factor and the resulting three phases in the evolutionary history of the universe are explained. The time-varying ratio of matter density to vacuum density in the universe eventually led to the reversal of expansion, i.e., the change from a decelerated to an accelerated expansion of space. With the help of the second Friedmann equation and an equation for the expansion force, it is demonstrated at which density ratio and at what time this occurred. Assuming a flat universe and neglecting the radiation density, the Friedmann equation is solved and equations for the scale factor and the Hubble parameter are derived.Equations are derived to determine the cosmological horizons, the Hubble radius, and the worldlines of photons (light cones) and of stationary objects moving only within the Hubble flow. Using example calculations and their representations in space-time diagrams, the interrelations of these quantities are particularly elaborated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

­Special Relativity and Length Contraction

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 3 Pages.

The special theory of relativity, SR, is based on two so-called postulates/axioms:1) The constancy of the speed of light The special theory of relativity postulates that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant equal to c for all observers in uniform relative motion.2) Principle of relativityAll systems, where observers move at constant speed, inertial systems, are equivalent and therefore the laws of physics must give the same result for all of them.As a consequence of SR comes two concepts/physical phenomena: - time dilation- length contraction.In this article we take a look at length contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology