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URTG: Theoretical Extensions and Applications

Authors: David Kolb
Comments: 27 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper presents significant theoretical extensions and practical applications of the Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG). We develop the mathematical framework to incorporate hyperbolic geometry into URTG, demonstrating the integral connection between motion trajectories and space geometry. The enhanced formulation includes modified field equations, an extended hyperbolic metric tensor, and refined gravitational lensing equations. We analyze URTG's predictions for gravitational lensing against historical data from the 1919 Eddington eclipse expedition, showing alignment with observational evidence while suggesting subtle deviations that could be detected in future high-precision measurements. The paper addresses the treatment of singularities in URTG, demonstrating how the theory reinterprets black holes, the Big Bang, as well as Wormholes, as transitions between frame-dependent and frame-independent states, potentially resolving the black hole information paradox. Additionally, we explore gravitational waves through URTG's causal structure framework, deriving wave solutions from the Causality Emergence Equation that maintain consistency with current observations while offering new insights into gravity's quantum nature. These theoretical developments extend URTG's explanatory power while maintaining its foundational principles of relational space-time and emergent phenomena. The work provides testable predictions that could differentiate URTG from standard general relativity in future experiments, particularly in scenarios involving strong gravitational fields or quantum-scale effects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Research Progress on the Schrödinger Equation that Can Describe the Earth's Revolution and Its Applications

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 8 Pages.

People believe that the Schrödinger equation cannot be used to describe macroscopic objects like the Earth, and Newtonian mechanics cannot be used to describe microscopic systems. The old concept of the relationship between the existing laws of quantum mechanics and classical mechanics undoubtedly has a serious impact on people's understanding of the natural world, the development of physics theories, and the application of existing physics theories. The continuous development of physics theory requires constant changes to some incorrect old concepts. The Schrödinger equation that can describe planetary motion was successfully obtained by replacing the potential energy in the Hamiltonian operator from electromagnetic interaction potential energy to gravitational interaction potential energy. If the distance between the sun and the earth is approximated as a constant, the energy eigenvalues obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation for the Earth's revolution are completely consistent with the results obtained directly using classical mechanics. The direct significance of establishing and applying such equations is that they can simultaneously use classical mechanics and wave dynamics to describe all objects (no longer limited by the mass of the objects), simplifying the calculation process of quantum mechanics. It has been proven that classical mechanics and wave dynamics are compatible. It has been proven that classical mechanics and wave dynamics are compatible, and there is no insurmountable gap between them. This result has a huge positive impact on the theoretical updates and applications of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Advancements in Authentication Methods: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions

Authors: Ginni Garg, Arti Garg
Comments: 6 Pages.

Authentication methods have evolved significantly to meet the demands of securedigital interactions. From traditional knowledge-based techniques to advanced multi-factor and quantum-safe approaches, thesemethods address critical challenges in identity verification, user privacy, and data security. This paper provides a comprehensive reviewof authentication methods, exploring theirmechanisms, strengths, limitations, andapplications. A comparative study highlights theeffectiveness of various methods, whileemerging trends such as adaptive authenticationand decentralized identity systems are discussedin detail. Future challenges, including balancing security with user convenience and addressing quantum-era threats, are also outlined.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Refuting 100 Years of Randomness: A New Understanding of Time, Causality, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: David Klein
Comments: 10 Pages.

The central thesis of this paper is that time has been fundamentally misunderstood in quantum mechanics. By treating time as a continuous, unchanging backdrop, current theories fail to account for quantum phenomena such as wave-particle duality, superposition, and entanglement in a deterministic way. This paper proposes that time is quantized in discrete steps, known as "time slices," and these steps govern the progression of the quantum world. This new perspective provides a deterministic framework for quantum mechanics, addressing long-standing issues like the collapse of the wave function and the nonlocality of quantum entanglement. By reintroducing local realism into the discussion, this theory challenges existing interpretations of quantum mechanics, offering a new, coherent explanation for phenomena that have traditionally been seen as paradoxical.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Fundamental Mathematical Understanding of Machine Learning Techniques and Its Basic Applications

Authors: Ginni Garg, Arti Garg
Comments: 8 Pages.

We interact with machine learning in our everyday life. If we analyze deeply we canunderstand that from birth itself we are using Machine Learning. Our eyes do Image Processing,which helps us in extracting features from Image and our brain does classification based onextracted features. At a very small age our parents start telling us this is a cat, this is a cow, this is a dog, and so on, so this is like labels given to our Neural Network and we are simply training our Human Neural Network. In the real-life scenario, we are using Machine Learning everywhere such as Recommendation Systems, Earth Observations using Satellite Imagery, Bio-medical Domain, Agriculture Sector, Speech Recognition, and so on. Machine Learning comes under the category of Soft Computing techniques. Anyone with basic knowledge of Mathematics and programming can understand Machine Learning implementations. In this chapter, we have discussed different techniques of Machine Learning such as Supervised Learning (Feature Scaling, Data Augmentation, Fundamental Mathematics, Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Gradient Descent, NOT, OR, AND Implementation), Unsupervised Learning (Principal Component Analysis, K-means based clustering), strategy for solving basic problems using Machine Learning techniques, the study of various evaluation metrics to understand the robustness of any model — F1 score, Recall, Precision, Youden-Index, and Sensitivity. We have discussed solutions of some of the applications based on Machine Learning such as Plant disease detection and classification, Land Use Land Cover Classification Problems over Satellite Imagery and many other remote sensing applications.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Reframing Prime Theory: A Fresh and Computer-aided Perspective

Authors: Philip Zixuan Pan
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)

Traditional research in number theory primarily revolves around the Eratosthenes sieve method and other methodologies, resulting in significant achievements. Yet certain challenging issues persist. For example, Goldbach’s Conjecture, has to be proven. This paper proposes an innovative approach and a formula for primes is established, supported with a Python-coded program.
Category: Number Theory

Avicena's Legacy: Personal (Psychophysical) Model of Human Nature as a Basic Medical Metaphor

Authors: Atabek B. Kutlumuratov
Comments: 66 Pages. In Russian

the treatise is described the general (psychophysical) model of individual human nature (of the physical nature of the person). It is underlined that the psychophysical problem in medicine was solved in favor of psychophysical interaction in 5 century B.C. at least. It is emphasized that undercover (uncertain) aspect of person’s psycho-physical nature can be interpreted as the sphere of perception and selection of variants of unification of person's nature with nature of External World. With the undercover aspect of human nature, probably, apothatic traditions of theosophy and philosophy and the requirement of a person to base the individual and collective life on various systems of belief are connected. Ontologically we can point out to four main areas of human nature. Area "D" (it is the corporality area, and from here the reality invades the unit nature of person) and "А" area (it is the area where impulses of "I", or "Ego", are born) of reality are connected as two internal aspects of continuous world of Parmenide. Area "C" is area of consciousness, or area of certainties which is perceived by consciousness as internal certainty of Parmenidean Reality. Areas "А" and "C" together constitute the subjective world and we can mean it as unified area of Being an individual, or area of "B". Areas "А" and "C" together constitute the subjective world and we can mean it as unified area of Being, area of "B". Outside of this structural definiteness remains the continuous (hence - organic) unity, which is including areas "А" and "D". Physical human nature is constituted as complex of uncertainties and certainties of areas "А", "D" and "C". This fundamental psychophysical structure is the main metaphor which doctors not absolutely obviously use since ancient times as concept of "individual human nature». This concept has been obviously developed Avicenna.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Resolving The Cosmological Constant: A Conjecture for Homogeneous Infinitesimals

Authors: J. P. Baugher
Comments: 36 Pages.

The discovery in 1998 that the universe is paradoxically accelerating its expansion has led some cosmologists to question the correctness of the non-Euclidean geometric theory of gravity, General Relativity. Physically assigning the term Dark Energy to the Cosmological Constant, sometimes viewed as a constant of integration, as the source of this acceleration has only produced even more questions. In the 17th century, there was also a great paradox between two views for the geometric constituents of a line, heterogeneous (made of points) versus homogeneous (made of infinitesimal segments). Evangelista Torricelli elucidated his logical reasoning on why lines must be made of infinitesimal segments instead of points and created one particular fundamental example among many. In this paper, I produce unknown corollaries to Torricelli's argument allowing me to falsify the relationship between his infinitesimals and the Archimedean axiom, resolve L'Hopital's paradox, as well as redefine the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, scale factor/metrics, n-spheres and Gaussian curvature. I conjecture that the intractability of Dark Energy is due to the points of coordinate systems within General Relativity actually being a logically flawed heterogeneous interpretation. I propose that Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry, and the physics equations based upon them, should be rewritten from the perspective of homogeneous infinitesimals. I introduce the geometrical logic in this paper in order to pave the way for the physical logic.
Category: General Mathematics

Definitive Experimental Test of Lorentzian Relativity

Authors: Simon WW Manley
Comments: 15 Pages.

In contrast with Special Relativity, the Lorentzian formulation allows absolute motion of the laboratory against a putative preferred frame of reference to be revealed by small but non-zero signals in Michelson-Morley experiments with light beams passing through a refractive medium. Testing this hypothesis, we developed a rotating Mach-Zehnder interferometer to compare the phase velocity of light in gas and vacuum. The new experiment reduces by three orders of magnitude the drift velocity against a preferred frame derived from historical Michelson-Morley data under the assumptions of Lorentzian Relativity, rendering this formulation untenable.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Discovery of Novel STEM Documents

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present a novel scientific document discoverysystem inspired by molecular chemistry and AI-driven drug discovery. Our approach treats document tokens as atomic units, which are combined to form "molecular" representations ofmathematical documents. We employ a probabilistic framework to maximize the likelihood of forming coherent mathematicaldocuments while minimizing the probability of random token combinations and non-STEM document tokens. To achieve this, we develop a token embedding scheme that maps property vectors to a musical keyboard, effectively representing each token as a musical chord. We further differentiate between STEM and non-STEM documents by introducing a harmonic constraint on adjacent nodes in document graphs. Specifically, STEM documents are characterized by polyphonic harmonization of adjacent node vectors, whereas non-STEM documents exhibit dissonant relationships. Our system integrates a graph neural network/transformer decoder architecture, trained end-to-end to generate STEM documents from input graphs. This innovative approach has the potential to revolutionize scientific document discovery and retrieval.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Picard—Fuchs Hypergeometric Manifolds: a New Lens on Quantum Entanglement

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 7 Pages.

A unified mathematical framework, referred to as Picard—Fuchs Hypergeometric Manifolds (PFHM), is introduced to integrate modular symmetry, coupled dynamics and energy conservation. PFHM are constructed using a synthesis of Ramanujan’s real period functions, Picard—Fuchs differential equations and Gaussian hypergeometric functions. We argue that PFHM provide an effective representation of two-dimensional coupled subsystems embedded in three-dimensionalmanifolds with dihedral symmetry. These coupled subsystems exhibit constrained energy reciprocity, making PFHM a robust tool for elucidating stable, closed and homoclinic orbits in Hamiltonian systems. An application of the proposed method is explored in the context of quantum entanglement. The intrinsic energetic reciprocity and symmetry of PFHM are shown to be analogous to the nonlocal correlations in entangled quantum systems. Modelling entangled pairs as constrained subsystems, the PFHM framework sheds new light on the energy dynamics and nonlocal correlations underpinning quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Using Classical Doppler Shift to Correct Michelson-Morley’s Fringe Shift Calculation

Authors: Nathan Rapport
Comments: 17 Pages.

Using classical Doppler shift and wave mechanics, we derive a corrected equation for the fringe shift of the Michelson-Morley interferometer when rotated at an arbitrary angle in the presence of an aether wind, and demonstrate that the 1887 Michelson-Morley interferometer experiment can be interpreted as a positive detection of an aether wind of 235 km/s.
Category: Classical Physics

Dynamics Of Rabies Spread Using Mathematical Modeling and Simulation

Authors: Jomar Tolentino, Kikay Benalla, Reymar Villanueva, Evid Ros Andrae Jamito, Jonel Alonte, Marc Arvel Salvador
Comments: 8 Pages.

Rabies is so serious, affecting the health of each citizen of Camarines Norte due to the careless nature of most people and the lack of immediate treatment for dog bites in many. This study will focus on the spread of rabies in Camarines Norte using mathematical modeling and simulation to predict rabies transmission and to determine the target number of dogs to vaccinate. This simulation of data based on records of the number of persons bitten or vaccinated against rabies in the Animal Bite Center at Camarines Norte is to estimate the trends in the monthly number of cases of bites and to estimate the rise of the cases with time. Protocols for the treatment for rabies are prepared and enhanced in the hospitals to get a better response and a prevention strategy that reduces fatality rates caused by the rabies virus. Results of the simulation also provide monthly predictions of increases in the cases of bites, giving the health facilities an insight into periods of increased risk and thus preparing them well for such periods.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Intrinsic Vacuum Space and the Problem of Hubble Constant

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 5 Pages.

We have defined intrinsic vacuum space as a physical space devoid of any particle of matter and radiation [1]. We want to show here that it is possible to solve the problem of discontinuity in the measurements of Hubble constant (H) [2] by evaluating the difference between its presumed value in this hypothetical space, measured by the analysis of the cosmic microwave background, and that presumed in real vacuum space measured by the red-shift and distance
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Convergence of the Sum of Reciprocals of Sophie Germain Primes and Safe Primes

Authors: Lynette Michael Winslow
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper, we provide a detailed and rigorous proof that the series formed by the reciprocals of Sophie Germain primes and the series formed by the reciprocals of safe primes are both convergent. Utilizing analytic techniques and careful estimations of the counting functions for these primes, we establish upper bounds that demonstrate the convergence of these series.
Category: Number Theory

Solving Subset Sum in Polynomial Time and Prooving P = NP

Authors: Samir Bouftass
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, we show that subset sum problem is solvable in polynomial time.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Quantum Oscillations in the 0-Sphere Model: Bridging Zitterbewegung, Geodesic Paths, and Proper Time Through Radiative Energy Transfer

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 22 Pages.

This paper explores the extension of free electron behavior to general relativity through a closed algebraic Hamiltonian description of electron micro-oscillations. The author's research, which predicted the anomalous magnetic moment of electrons from first principles using closed algebraic equations, for a single electron oscillator, the time difference between rest and laboratory frames can be explained through the anomalous magnetic moment, providing a concrete mechanism for reconciling quantum and relativistic time concepts. The framework unifies seemingly disparate physical principles - energy conservation, geometric structure, and proper time - while offering an exact mathematical description of quantum phenomena that suggests a natural path toward bridging quantum mechanics and general relativity without requiring modifications to Einstein's theory. We present a detailed analysis of how an electron, when moving from point A to B, completely converts its mass energy into kinetic energy and subsequently reconverts it to mass energy at point B. Our analysis reveals that Snell's law governs these microscopic electron motions; this applicability of Snell's law naturally leads to the principle of least action, enabling us to demonstrate that electrons undergo micro-oscillations along geodesic paths. While conventional quantum theory, based on field theory, has struggled to reconcile its inherent absolute time with the relative time of relativity theory, our proposed 0-Sphere model represents individual quantum particles as micro-oscillators through closed algebraic equations. This enables the incorporation of both rest-frame and laboratory-frame time scales, as the model does not rely on the absolute time of field theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Creating Hierarchical Dispositions of Needs in an Agent

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 5 Pages.

We present a novel method for learning hierarchical abstractions that prioritize competing objectives, leading to improved global expected rewards. Our approach employs a secondary rewarding agent with multiple scalar outputs, each associated with a distinct level of abstraction. The traditional agent then learns to maximize these outputs in a hierarchical manner, conditioning each level on the maximization of the preceding level. We derive an equation that orders these scalar values and the global reward by priority, inducing a hierarchy of needs that informs goal formation. Experimental results on the Pendulum v1 environment demonstrate superior performance compared to a baseline implementation.We achieved state of the art results.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Simple Equation to Calculate the Gaussian Curvature of Space-Time According to the Schwarzschild Model

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Flamm paraboloid is a space-time solution to the problem posed by Schwarzschild concerning finding a solution other than the trivial one to Einstein's equations in an empty space. For this reason, it also represents the space that exists in the contour of a gravitational point mass. The solution of J. Droste that we study here, the Flamm paraboloid, leads to calculating values of the Gaussian curvature of its space-time that require a complicated process of obtaining. We have found a simple equation that allows calculating these values in a simple way. This equation obtained here by means of an algebraic expansion is exact in the space-time represented by the Flamm paraboloid.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Teleport of Quantum Intelligence and Bio-Matters

Authors: Alireza Sepehri
Comments: 34 Pages. (Title corrected by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm)

The instantaneous transfer of biological materials has many applications in medical treatments and other different industries, and for this reason, many scientists are researching the methods of implementing it. It seems that the key element in this discussion is quantum intelligence. This particle is unique for every creature and if is in every point of space and time; intelligent nature will build the body related to it. There are two ways to transfer quantum intelligence instantaneously. The first way is that the intelligent system of nature feels that the presence or absence of this particle causes the loss of order. In this case, it removes this particle at one point and creates it at another point. The second way is to use multidimensional fields. These fields are similar to electromagnetic fields in four dimensional space-time and different in N dimensional space-time. These fields could produce cold fire. Cold fire consists of a large number of bubbles that, by bursting and creating accelerated photons, create curved space-time and open gates to extra dimensions and string tunnels. Quantum intelligence is instantly transmitted to the target point through these string tunnels. It is possible that some transmitters and receivers, such as some types of mobile phones or the central transmitter, have the ability to identify these tensor fields and use them to teleport quantum intelligence. In addition to quantum intelligence teleportation; material teleportation is also possible. If the mass produced by the acceleration of the universe is removed and the particles become massless, they will be able to teleport. In fact, the acceleration of the world at the beginning of creation caused the creation of curved space and the production of additional scalar fields (Higgs bosons), which by connecting to particles; has made them massive. By removing these fields and demassing the particles; obstacles to their teleportation will be removed. To this aim; we use of noninertial frames that accelerate particles in opposite direction respect to acceleration of world.
Category: Quantum Physics

On The Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Roland Quême, Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 4 Pages. Submitted to Compositio Mathematica Journal. Comments welcome.

The aim of this article is to prove that all the roots of the Dirichlet eta function are only on the critical line, which implies that the Riemann hypothesis is true. The roots of the eta and zeta functions in the critical strip are the same. We shall investigate the possibility or not of existence of roots of the eta function which are in the critical strip and not on the critical line.
Category: Number Theory

A Novel Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Nick Astraeus
Comments: 24 Pages. Video of the argument and contact information found here: https://youtu.be/obBrMWD1xRA (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this model, I show how quantum mechanics emerges out of two basic propositions: (1) that the universe expands relative to the observer and (2) that there are multiple observers. The game of fundamental physics is to derive as much as possible from the fewest and simplest propositions. Thus, in the context of this game, it is significant that all of quantum mechanics emerges once we define the observer as a reference frame for the universe. Just as significant is how easy and straightforward it is to demonstrate this seemingly audacious claim. Perhaps above all, it is significant that in the context of this model, quantum mechanics functions naturally on both microscopic and macroscopic levels. This model provides a natural opening, and a fertile framework, for physicists to work on the unification of quantum mechanics and spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Origin of Our Universe and the Potential Influence of External Cosmic Energy Events: Gravitational Waves, Neighboring Universes, and the Role of Redshift

Authors: Jan Srowig
Comments: 11 Pages. In English & German

This hypothesis views the universe as a dynamic structure that was formed not by a single, all-encompassing Big Bang, but through several independent cosmic energy bursts cite{penrose2010cycles, steinhardt2002colliding}. Such events could have occurred over very long periods in various regions of a possibly unbounded cosmic space, where universes expand freely without separating membranes or isolating structures. The aim of this hypothesis is not to challenge the Big Bang theory but to broaden it with a more comprehensive perspective. While the classical Big Bang theory provides us with the image of a singular origin, this hypothesis suggests that various cosmic events may have contributed jointly to the formation and structuring of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Area of any Quadrilateral from Side Lengths

Authors: Alan Michael Gómez Calderón
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper we show that area of any quadrilateral can be estimated from the four lengths sides. With the Triangle Inequality Theorem and a novel provided diagonal's formula, the boundaries of quadrilateral diagonals are found. Finally Bretschneider's formula can be applied to find a set of possible areas.
Category: Geometry

The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics: Classical Mechanics II

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 29 Pages.

In this paper of "The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics" series we investigate Newton's third law and discuss and analyze its epistemological significance from some aspects with special attention to its relation to the principle of conservation of linear and angular momentum. The main issue in this investigation is the potential violations of this law according to the claims made in the literature of mainstream physics. This issue may cast a shadow on the validity of classical mechanics, and its Newtonian formulation in particular, formally and epistemologically and could have important implications and consequences on contemporary physics in general. However, what is more important about this issue from our perspective is the lack of clarity, comprehensibility and coherence in the investigation and analysis of this issue and its implications marked by the absence of appropriate conceptual and epistemological frameworks to deal with this issue properly and systematically. As a result, what we find in the literature is a collection of contradicting views which are mostly based on personal choices and preferences and selective or biased theoretical analysis with the lack of proper experimental verification and substantiation.
Category: Classical Physics

New Optical Reflexive Formula

Authors: Harjeet Singh
Comments: 11 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm - Please conform!)

This paper introduces new and foundational formulae governing the reflection of light, enhancing our understanding of optical behaviour through simplified mathematical expressions. By exploring the fundamental principles of reflection, the research proposes a set of equations that streamline the calculation of reflected angles and intensities in various optical systems. These formulae aim to offer a more accessible approach to optical reflection, providing both practical utility and theoretical insight for students, researchers, and professionals in the field of optics. The results derived from these new reflective formulae could lead to improved applications in optical devices, laser systems, and other technologies dependent on light reflection.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Translation of Euclid’s Elements Book One into Ewe

Authors: Makafui Apedo
Comments: 49 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm - Please conform!)

In this paper, I have translated Euclid’s Element Book One into the Ewe language of Ghana, Togo and the Republic Benin. It is my hope that this translation will inspire researchers across Africa to translate Euclid into their respective languages.
Category: Geometry

A Translation of Aristotle’s Physics Book One into Ewe

Authors: Makafui Apedo
Comments: 13 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

I have translated Aristotle’s Physics Book One into the Ewe language of Ghana, Togo and the Republic of Benin in this paper. I hope this translation will inspire researchers across Africa to translate Aristotle into their respective languages.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Impact of Authoritarianism on Sri Lanka's Economic Decline

Authors: Shehzad Rajkotwala
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper focuses on how authoritarianism has led to the economic decline of Sri Lanka. This paper conducts an analysis through a literature review, focusing on the interpretation of existing data and historical information. This is done by analyzing various reports, news articles, research papers, as well as constitutional and legislative literature. This paper focuses on the tax cuts in 2019, the passing of the Twentieth Amendment, the fertilizer crisis, excessive money printing, and the delayed assistance to the IMF. This will discuss the role of authoritarianism in influencing these events, such as the ease of appointing and removing parliamentary positions and one family having control over numerous roles and resources. The example of Chile, a democratic country, that contrasts with the autocracy of Sri Lanka, will be used to demonstrate the distinction between autocracy and democracy. These findings demonstrate the significant impact of autocracy on the Sri Lankan decline. By centralizing power, reducing checks and balances and allowing nepotism, the Rajapaksa administration weakened economic stability, increased inflation and debt. Comparing Sri Lanka to Chile highlights the importance of democracy by showing the advantages of oversight and accountability, emphasizing the role of democracy for sustainable economic growth. This paper offers insights about the repercussions of centralized power and emphasizes the need for policy reforms that transparency and effective institutional framework.
Category: Economics and Finance

Pseudo-Isolated Numbers (PIN): A New Class of Composite Numbers

Authors: Mohamed Chraiti
Comments: 10 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

This article introduces a research program to study a new class of composite numbers, called Pseudo-Isolated Numbers (PIN), defined by their unique position between two consecutive prime numbers. where does it go to present its formal definition. This research program can open new perspectives in number theory and suggests potential applications in cryptography and algorithmic theory,...,etc,...
Category: Number Theory

Early Sunspot Discovery: A Dismissed Insight Challenges Prevailing Theories

Authors: Ulrich Schreier
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This article is not written in a scholarly manner - Please conform!)

The seasonal pattern in daily sunspot numbers, first documented with a 12-year graph in theearly 1900s, suggests that Earth’s orbital position significantly influences sunspot formation,revealing deeper connections between solar and terrestrial phenomena. Given that sunspotsare thought to appear on a celestial body 149 million kilometers away and 1.3 million timeslarger than Earth, this seasonality casts further doubt on current Sun-centered sunspottheories. This easily reproducible pattern with modern tools, challenges prevailing theoriesand could necessitate substantial revisions in mainstream cosmology, especially regardingcosmic influences on Earth and life. Alongside this groundbreaking discovery, Mémery alsopublished correlations between sunspots and atmospheric pressure, rainfall, temperature,earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions—findings that took decades to be re-discovered.
Category: Geophysics

Cost-Per-Byte Principle in Generative AI

Authors: Xiaoyi Li
Comments: 10 Pages.

Generative AI models are increasingly used across various modalities, including text, images, audio, and video. Estimating the computational cost of generating con- tent is crucial for optimizing performance and resource allocation. This paper intro- duces the Cost-Per-Byte Principle: C = T × I, a universal law that relates the cost of content generation to per-byte generation time and per-second inference cost. We derive the per-byte generation time analytically based on the model’s computational requirements (FLOPs) and the hardware’s performance (FLOPs per second). By estab- lishing mappings between bytes and different content units (characters, pixels, samples, frames), we provide a modality-agnostic framework for cost estimation. We present a rigorous proof of the principle’s validity and apply it to estimate the costs of current popular models, using publicly available evidence to verify the accuracy and usefulness of this principle.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Inequality for a Slice of Any Compact Set

Authors: Johan Aspegren
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper we will prove that if a compact $A$ in $R^n$ belongs to the unit ball in $R^n$, then $A$ has a slice of measure greater than a calculable constant times the measure of $A$. Our result is sharp.
Category: Geometry

The House of St. Nicholas

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

We introduce two constants. They are suitable for finite graphs. They can be served as characteristic numbers’ or ‘dimensions’. Further, we define for each finite graph nine sequences. We will not calculate them.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Collatz's Conjecture - A Proof

Authors: Ramaswamy Krishnan
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract and scientific references in the article are required!)

First: it is proved for numbers for 1, 5, 21, 85..etc. Second: using the above, it is proved for n = 4k + 1. Third: n = 4k + 3 is analyzed for various values, and how it iterates first to 4k + 1 before becoming 1. Thus the conjecture is proved for all odd values of n. As even values of n are reduced to an odd value, the Collatz's Conjecture is proved for all positive integer values of n.
Category: Number Theory

A Brief Proof that Pi is Irrational

Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 2 Pages.

Assuming pi is rational both multiples of pi and pi/2 exist as a factorial. But this implies both sin(j!) and cos(j!) are zero contradicting the sum of their squares is one.
Category: Number Theory

G Coil Experiment as Metamorphosis of Faraday's Disk (In Spanish)

Authors: Carles R. Paul, Ricard Bosh, Albert Serra, Jose Lopez
Comments: 15 Pages.

A new experiment on unipolar induction has been designed and built by topologically modifying the structure of the Faraday disk. The metamorphosis consists of replacing the magnet with a solenoid, with the same axis of rotation as the disc, and connected in series with a radial conductor, which replaces the disc. This resulting shape has been called G Coil, due to the shape similar to the letter G that the device forms. This experiment demonstrates the viability of a new electrical machine that works as a motor without the need for any external magnetic field. Working at low voltages and high currents.

Se ha diseñado y construido un nuevo experimento sobre la inducción unipolar, modificando topológicamente la estructura del disco de Faraday. La metamorfosis consiste en la sustitución del imán por un solenoide, con el mismo eje de rotación que el disco, y conectado en serie con un conductor radial, que sustituye al disco. A esta forma resultante se le ha denominado Espira G, por la forma parecida a la letra G que forma el dispositivo. Con este experimento se demuestra la viabilidad de una nueva máquina eléctrica que funciona como motor sin necesidad de ningún campo magnético externo. Trabajando en bajas tensiones y altas intensidades.
Category: Classical Physics

A Generalized Tachyonic Scalar Field Lagrangian for Cosmological Phenomena

Authors: Alem Solomon
Comments: 8 Pages.

We establish a generalized tachyonic field framework with a unique universal speed of ( v_t = sqrt{1/(Lambda t_P^2)} approx 5.931 times 10^{60}c ), derived through Lorentz transformation and dimensional analysis of physical constants. Implications for quantum mechanics, particularly in the context of pilot wave theory, suggest a novel perspective on non-locality and quantum entanglement. The corresponding generalized tachyonic Lagrangian provides a unified description of inflation, dark matter, and dark energy. In the early universe, the theory predicts inflationary observables with a modified Lorentz factor; at galactic scales, it accommodates MOND phenomenology; and in the late universe, it reduces to a modified quintessence model with corrections of order $c^2/v_t^2$ to the dark energy equation of state. The extremely high value of $v_t$ ensures compatibility with existing constraints while allowing for small, potentially observable effects at cosmological scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reflections on the War in Ukraine and the Emerging World Order

Authors: Gennady Shkliarevsky
Comments: 43 Pages.

The article offers reflections on several issues relevant to the war in Ukraine and its consequences. It will examine the interplay of processes, both global and local, that led to the emergence of the Maidan movement and shaped its agenda. The failure of the Maidan to realize this agenda created political vacuum that was filled by Ukrainian nationalists. The ascension of Ukrainian nationalists to power and their attempts to Ukrainianize Ukraine was a development that played a critical role in the eruption of the war. The strategy pursued in the Ukrainian war by the partnership between the Ukrainian nationalist government and its Western sponsors is another important issue to be addressed. This strategy has been singularly unsuccessful. The article will try to explain the reasons for its failure. The war in Ukraine is part of the global turmoil that engulfs the world today. The outcome of this war will undoubtedly have global effects. The article will discuss some consequences that the war has already produced and that are currently shaping the emerging world order.
Category: Social Science

Dark Energy from Cosmological Energy Conservation

Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 4 Pages.

The value of the gravitational wave energy density is unknown. Current progress in gravitational wave detection suggests that the energy density of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) will be estimated in the next decades. We present a derivation of its value under the assumption that energy lost due to cosmic redshift is fully responsible for the energy gained by the cosmological constant in the expanding universe. This unknown non-local mechanism of energy conservation on the cosmic scale could explain dark energy and hint at a property of a theory of quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Regular Negative Mass Black Holes Under Unitary Time and Proper Antichronous Transformations

Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 10 Pages.

A non-singular black hole solution is briefly presented which violates energy conditions only at its interior by postulating a consistent shift to negative energies and gravitationally repulsive negative masses at the event horizon. This shift is the unitary parity-time $PT$ transformation of relativistic quantum mechanics and the proper antichronous transformation of the full Lorentz group. The transformation at the event horizon respects Einstein's equivalence principle, and the considered negative mass interaction does not result in the runaway motion paradox or vacuum instability. The correspondence of these regular black holes with observed ones is studied by proposing another mechanism of black hole growth independent of accretion and merging due to interior increasing entropy, which attempts to solve the unexplained size and formation of high-redshift supermassive black holes, the intermediate mass gap, and the information paradox.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mond as a Transformation Between Non-Inertial Reference Frames Via Sciama's Interpretation of Mach's Principle

Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 14 Pages.

Milgrom's Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) correction to Newtonian gravity is shown to be equivalent to a more fundamental transformation between a non-inertial local reference frame and the fixed background of the observable universe, complying with Mach's principle. Both Newton's gravitational constant and Milgrom's MOND acceleration parameter or scale constant are substituted for the speed of light and two varying and measurable cosmological parameters under the justification of Schrödinger's and Sciama's interpretation of Mach's principle: causally connected mass and size of the universe. This Machian interpretation, free from fundamental constants and free parameters with the exception of the speed of light as the speed of causality and gravity, is based on relative field intensities of the small and large scale of the universe. The Machian MOND approximation is a necessary feature of a phenomenological theory of modified inertia which incorporates Mach's principle in agreement with galaxy rotation curves.
Category: Classical Physics

AI and Emotional Intelligence Development

Authors: Mezbah Uddin Rafi
Comments: 17 Pages.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is crucial for interpersonal interactions, mental health, and success across various life domains. Traditionally enhanced through coaching, workshops, and self-guided methods, EI development can now leverage artificial intelligence (AI) as a virtual emotional coach. With advancements in machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and sentiment analysis, AI can offer real-time emotional assessment and personalized feedback, providing an innovative approach to EI training.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Quantum Mechanics Study on the Wave-Particle Duality of Light and the Influence of Observational Behavior

Authors: Wenhao Xiong
Comments: 4 Pages.

This study investigates the wave-particle duality of light, exploring how light exhibits wave and particle behavior in different contexts. By drawing a physical analogy of "water waves striking a rock," we analyze how light propagates as a wave in air and behaves as a particle upon interacting with matter. Through an in-depth analysis of the double-slit interference experiment and the photoelectric effect experiment, combined with recent data on quantum measurements, this paper reveals the influence of observational behavior on the wave-particle duality of light, suggesting that human observational methods deeply impact how light manifests at the quantum level. Additionally, the paper discusses the potential applications of wave-particle duality in quantum computing and imaging.
Category: Quantum Physics

[Exploration on the] Failure of Electrodynamics Laws and Atomic Model Due to Non-existence of Magnetic Field

Authors: Lavraj Vatsh
Comments: 40 Pages.

This article addresses several key issues with the current laws of electrodynamics, including Lorentz’s law, Faraday’s law, and the Maxwell-Ampere law, by highlighting various scenarios where these laws fail to describe physical phenomena. It also presents a case where the condition div{B}=non-zero occurs, challenging the standard belief that magnetic fields always have zero divergence. The article argues that magnetic fields, as traditionally understood, do not actually exist. Instead, effects thought to be caused by magnetic fields are simply due to electric fields (no need to include special theory of relativity). A new concept introduced in the article is the "drag property of the electric field," a previously unknown characteristic that creates the illusion of a magnetic field. Using this drag property, the article derives a set of revised electrodynamic laws that consistently apply across all situations. Additionally, it addresses the failure of the traditional atomic model and suggests a new approach. The article also challenges the idea that space is empty, proposing that space is filled with something rather than being a true vacuum. This research offers a fresh perspective on both electromagnetic theory and the nature of space.
Category: Classical Physics

A Physics Perspective on Trial and Error Evolution and Intelligence

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 10 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0

This article investigates the pivotal role of Energy in trial-and-error evolution (TAEE). I commence by discussing the Uncertainty principle, which introduces fundamental randomness to physical phenomena and imparts random variability to the TAEE (trial and error evolution). As Energy is the sole component of our Cosmos, the TAEE reflects in Energy and its changes: its exertion capabilities, storage, and ad hoc planning (of Energy exertion.) I then investigated TAEE as reflected in the emergence of intelligence. The Least action principle controls Energy movement in space-time; thus, intelligence emergence directly connects to structures' ability to use the Least action principle. For example, first-level nonintelligent structures (e.g., elementary particles, simple replicating molecules) cannot plan a path, and the Least action principle completely predetermines their infinitesimal movements. They cannot control their Energy exertion, store Energy, or plan ad hoc. After a long process of TAEE, intelligent structures emerged with advanced Energy control, robust Energy storage, and ad hoc planning, allowing complete ad hoc path planning and the ability to make unrestricted mid-course path adjustments. This progression underscores the intricate relationship between Energy dynamics, trial and error evolution, and intelligence evolution.
Category: Physics of Biology

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 8: Inertial Electromagnetism of Moving "Particles"

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 33 Pages.

This article is the eighth part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of signature" [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. In this article, are proposed metric-dynamic models of "electron" and "positron", which move with constant speed relative to vacuum, stable curvatures of which they themselves are. It is shown that the obtained results are applicable to all "baryons" and "mesons" included in the Standard Model of elementary particles. Model concepts of induction of toroidal-helical vortices around the direction of motion of "particles" and "antiparticles" made it possible to give a completely geometrized explanation of such phenomena as the motion of atomic bodies by inertia (without involving the concept of mass), inertial electric current and inertial electromagnetic field. Like the entire project, this research is aimed at a partial implementation of the Clifford-Einstein-Wheeler program of complete geometrization of physics.
Category: Classical Physics

G Coil Experiment as Metamorphosis of Faraday's Disk

Authors: Carles R. Paul, Ricard Bosh, Albert Serra, Jose Lopez
Comments: 15 Pages.

A new experiment on unipolar induction has been designed and built by topologically modifying the structure of the Faraday disk. The metamorphosis consists of replacing the magnet with a solenoid, with the same axis of rotation as the disc, and connected in series with a radial conductor, which replaces the disc. This resulting shape has been called G Coil, due to the shape similar to the letter G that the device forms. This experiment demonstrates the viability of a new electrical machine that works as a motor without the need for any external magnetic field. Working at low voltages and high currents.
Category: Classical Physics

Time-Dilation for Supernova in the Case of Tired Light Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 7 Pages.

One of the most important confirmation of the Big Bang theory was the discovery of the time broadening of the light curve of the far supernovas (supernovas 1A, standard candles, at the distances around Z=1). From straightforward consideration in the complete absence of light scattering it can not be explained in any other way but by Doppler-like effect which in this case called time dilation and seemingly confirming the Big Bang. However, the hypothesis of tired light [1] also allows the light being diffusion-like scattered on travel from supernova thus allowing change in distance traveled and allowing corresponding time broadening of the light curve (the fastest photons goes straight path, later arrived those which due to multiple scattering — diffusion-like in perpendicular direction — first traveled away from direct line, than returned back, possible many times and thus got a big enough increase in distance to generate perceptible — few days- delays at arrival). Problem with this mechanism is that gives smaller time delays compare to time dilation directly observed [1]. The gravitational microlensing may be involved and due to additional change of distance, Shapiro effect and brightening some parts of the image of supernova (3 separate effects) will make the light curves broader and thus explaining the time dilation observed.
Category: Astrophysics

Understanding When the Correlations Are Causation

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we will expose for the Gaussian multiple causation a theorem relating the causation to correlations. This theorem is based on another equality which will be also proven.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Vibrational Field Dynamics (VFD): A Generalized Frequency-Based Framework for Stability Across Atomic and Cosmic Scales

Authors: Lee Smart
Comments: 39 Pages.

We present Vibrational Field Dynamics (VFD), a novel theoretical framework that introduces a fundamental resonance structure to spacetime and field interactions. The theory extends the stan-dard model and general relativity through a unified mathematical formalism characterized by resonance functions Rh(ω), which naturally emerge from the theory’s core principles. VFD addresses several outstanding problems in theoretical physics, including quantum gravity unification, dark sector dynamics, and the information paradox in black hole physics. The framework introduces modifications to quantum field theory and gravitational interactions through a resonance based coupling mechanism, leading to specific, experimentally testablepredictions. We derive modified field equations that reduce to known physics in appropriate limits while providing new insights into high energy phenomena, cosmological evolution, and quantum-gravitational effects. Key predictions include modifications to gravitational wavesignatures, quantum interference patterns, and dark sector interactions, all parameterized by experimentally accessible coupling constants. The theory’s mathematical structure maintains consistency with existing observational constraints while offering novel explanations for current anomalies in cosmological and high-energy physics data.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Relative Nonlocality or the Illusion of Superluminal Speed Due to Curvature Difference Between Different Spacetime Intervals

Authors: Rayd Al-Shammari
Comments: 29 Pages.

The relative nonlocality in general relativity is the illusion of superluminal speed due to curvature difference between different spacetime intervals, as I will show later the relative nonlocality is very useful to bridge the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics without the need for a new unifying theory, in fact, we could harmonize both theories if we put the relative nonlocality in our perspective, it is derived from Einstein work in 1911, as I will show that the condition of curvature difference is the master key element to solve the compatibility problem between general relativity and quantum mechanics, by following this line of work, I found that Einstein field equations are compatible with the uncertainty principle in such a way that the stress energy tensor can be extracted from the momentum uncertainty in the uncertainty principle; this happens only when we have a quantum entangled system of collective masses larger than or equal to half Planck mass as minimum requirements to bend spacetime. Then, by using a quantum entangled system with a rest mass of half the Planck mass or more, I put here the requirements for an experiment to generate an artificial gravitational singularity as a falsifiability requirement to prove or disprove my work experimentally in particles accelerators
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference

Authors: Andrea Berdondini
Comments: 6 Pages.

The fundamental problem of causal inference defines the impossibility of associating a causal link to a correlation, in other words: correlation does not prove causality. This problem can be understood from two points of view: experimental and statistical. The experimental approach tells us that this problem arises from the impossibility of simultaneously observing an event both in the presence and absence of a hypothesis. The statistical approach, on the other hand, suggests that this problem stems from the error of treating tested hypotheses as independent of each other. Modern statistics tends to place greater emphasis on the statistical approach because, compared to the experimental point of view, it also shows us a way to solve the problem. Indeed, when testing many hypotheses, a composite hypothesis is constructed that tends to cover the entire solution space. Consequently, the composite hypothesis can be fitted to any data set by generating a random correlation. Furthermore, the probability that the correlation is random is equal to the probability of obtaining the same result by generating an equivalent number of random hypotheses.
Category: Statistics

Investigating Fractal Patterns and the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Riemann Hypothesis remains one of the most critical unsolved problems in mathematics, proposing that all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function are located on the critical line. This paper explores unique fractal structures within the zeta function, drawing comparisons with the Mandelbrot set and the Smith chart, which together illuminate possible connections between prime distribution,electromagnetic symmetry, and gravitational principles.
Category: Number Theory

Hypersphere World-Universe Model — Natural Extension of Classical Physics. Digest

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 14 Pages.

Today, a growing number of researchers share a sense of stagnation in the field of Physics. In many ways, this situation is reminiscent of the late 19th century when it was widely believed that the body of Physics was nearly complete. It may be an opportune moment to propose new fundamental models that are not only simpler than the current state of the art but also open up new areas of research. Several ideas presented in this Digest are not new, and we do not claim credit for them. In fact, many of these ideas, originally proposed by classical scientists, are revisited here with fresh insights. This Digest aims to describe the World by unifying and simplifying existing models and results in Cosmology into a single coherent picture. Hypersphere World—Universe Model (WUM) is radically different from the prevailing Big Bang Model. The main advantage of WUM is its elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," providing explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. This Digest offers an overview of WUM covering the period from 2013 to 2024 and explores various themes of the World. It concludes a Series of 38 articles published in the Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology. Interested readers are encouraged to consult the published articles for more details. WUM is a classical model and should be described using classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. These simple interactions occur at the microscopic level, while their collective outcomes can be observed at the macroscopic level. WUM introduces classical notions from the moment a first ensemble of particles was created (≅10^(-18) c). Classical Physics deals with ensembles of quantum objects!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Serious Challenge to Quantum Mechanics (Lecture Slides)

Authors: Eric Stanley Reiter
Comments: 50 Pages. For Lecture delivered at Washington Quantum Computing Meetup 11/16/2024

This is the only serious challenge to quantum mechanics (QM), complete with history, theory and original experiments. Here in lecture slide format you will see offprints of original famous works that reveal how the early loading theory alternative to QM was misunderstood. My repaired loading theory, the threshold model (TM), employs wave properties inspired by famous experiments. Those properties are beats, thresholds, and ratios. Previous beam-split tests are shown to be inadequate to make the QM/TM distinction. Experimental justification for a sub-quantized state is plainly revealed in many original beam-split coincidence tests with gamma-rays and alpha-rays. The sub-quantized state explains how a wave can transmit its identity and deliver a crash-landing particle-like illusion. This was demonstrated by splitting the alpha-ray (helium) in a seemingly two-for-one effect, refuting the probability method of QM. By revealing the flaw of QM and its repair, we transcend the wave-particle problem and entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dark Matter Annihilates & is Neutrinos Entirely, and Galaxies Emerge from Population III Stars

Authors: Bernd Clemens Huber
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references in a scholarly format))

Details of the dynamic in how different types of galaxies and their interplay emerges frompopulation III stars, alongside evidence speaking for their past existence. But foremostly, a long listof mainly astronomical evidences of which I have identified that they support the hypothesis thatdark matter annihilates has been created upon thorough search for predicted instances in which suchannihilation signs should and indeed do show up, on the scale of large planets, stars, and galaxies.Several other unexplained or mis-understood but thought to already have been explainedphenomena are covered as well and dark matter annihilation should contribute partially or entirely,depending on the case, to their qualitative explanation. The paper however does not cover reasonsfor why cosmic web pressure between mainly black holes of galaxies represents the concretemechanism that describes at least a majorly contributing part of the dark energy phenomenon thateventually leads to a big crunch.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Segmented Spacetime and the Natural Boundary of Black Holes - Implications for the Cosmic Censorship Conjecture

Authors: Carmen Wrede, Lino Casu
Comments: 24 Pages.

In this paper, we explore the interplay between the fundamental constants Pi and the golden ratio (ϕ) and their relationship to the maximal mass and spin of black holes. Our investigation begins by modeling a hypothetical clock with an initial radius of 1 in a gravitationally neutral environment. As gravitational forces increase, the radius of this clock expands, revealing an unexpected relationship between Pi, ϕ, and the segmented structure of spacetime. This connection allows us to propose a new framework that explains the observed bounds on black hole spin and mass. Our analysis demonstrates that as the spin parameter a approaches the speed of light, it represents a state of maximal rotation in black holes, marked by a unique equilibrium of mass, radius, and segment density. These insights not only provide a deeper understanding of black hole properties but also support the Cosmic Censorship Conjecture by illustrating how spacetime segmentation naturally prevents "naked" singularities. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of Pi and ϕ in the structure and behavior of black holes, offering a new perspective on the complex dynamics governing the universe.
Category: Mathematical Physics

How Many Fundamental Constants Are Necessary and Sufficient to Express All Physical Laws and Parameters of the Universe?

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

The divergent views of Duff, Okun and Veneziano on the number of fundamental constants in nature are examined from a new perspective. It is shown that the problem of the minimum number of dimensional fundamental constants can be solved by choosing the fundamental constants of the electron as the primary and independent constants. Three dimensional constants of the electron (me, re, te) and two dimensionless constants, the fine structure constant "alpha" and the large Weyl number (D0 = 4.16561... x 10^42), are proposed as a complete basis for independent fundamental constants. Numerous examples have shown that the fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do) are the primary basis for both physical constants and parameters of the Universe. The parameters of the Universe, physical constants, and large Weyl-Eddington-Dirac numbers originate from the primary fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do). Five fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do) are sufficient to express the entire set of observable physical laws. Veneziano's statement about the non-fundamental status of the constants G, ћ is confirmed. Duff's statement about the non-fundamental status of all three constants G, ћ, c is confirmed. Duff's statement about the zero number of dimensional fundamental constants in Nature is not confirmed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Subset of Generalized Pell’s Equations x2 − Dy2 = ±4 and It’s Abc-Properties

Authors: J. Kuzmanis
Comments: 45 Pages.

The rules describing emergence of abc-triples formed by the set of roots for the specificfamily of Pell’s equations x2 − Dy2 = ±4 are revealed.
Category: Number Theory

The Universe Explained in Terms of Energy

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 30 Pages.

This paper builds on the results of a series of papers analyzing the foundations of physics, from first principles. Artificial Intelligence and pattern recognition have been used in the studies. The summation of the findings on atomic and molecular structure, potential energy wells and energy fields has led to this new ENERGYconjecture. In the conjecture there is no need for ‘electrical charge’. The movement and behavior of electrons is explained in terms of potential energy and potential gradient. The flow of energy creates energy fields. Photons are potential energy waves. Particles are potential energy standing waves. Particles have rotationalenergy (spin). Potential energy wells, treated as black-boxes, could be the key to the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Power Series Representation of the Golden Mean and Real Numbers

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 3 Pages.

This is a simple number-theoretical exercise for interested pupils presenting a connection between the golden mean power series expansion an real numbers.
Category: Number Theory

An Approximate Estimation Of Prime Gaps: Formulas For Largest and Average Gaps Across Digit-Count Intervals

Authors: V. Sundararajan
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel approximation method for estimating prime gaps, focusing on both the largest and average gaps within intervals defined by the number of digits. Traditional approaches to prime gap estimation, such as Cramer's conjecture, provide general bounds but lack precision in specific ranges. By segmenting primes based on digit count and applying distinct scaling factors, this method offers improved accuracy in predicting the largest and average gaps across these intervals. Empirical analysis shows that the proposed formulas align closely with actual prime gap distributions, unveiling consistent growth patterns in both largest and average gaps as numbers increase in magnitude. This approximation framework has potential applications in cryptography, large-prime testing, and number theory, where understanding the distribution of primes within specified ranges is essential. Future work aims to refine these approximations further and explore potential applications in related fields.
Category: Number Theory

Exploring Phonological Patterns: Theories and Applications in Linguistic Analysis

Authors: Rehana Nawaz
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Listed references should be cited in the article)

Phonology, the study of the systematic organization of sounds in languages, plays a crucial role in understanding linguistic structures and the nuances that define human communication. This paper, Exploring Phonological Patterns: Theories and Applications in Linguistic Analysis, aims to delve into the foundational and contemporary theories in phonology, analyzing their implications for both theoretical linguistics and practical applications. Beginning with an overview of classical approaches, including segmental and suprasegmental phonology, the discussion extends to modern frameworks such as Optimality Theory and Feature Geometry, highlighting their impact on interpreting complex linguistic data. A central focus is given to phonological processes such as assimilation, elision, and syllable structure adjustments, illustrating how these processes shape the phonetic realization of speech. The paper examines cross-linguistic phonological patterns, comparing how different languages organize and manipulate sound systems to achieve phonological balance and communicative efficiency. This comparative perspective sheds light on universal tendencies versus language-specific phenomena, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between phonetics and phonology. The practical applications of phonological theories in fields such as speech pathology, language teaching, and artificial intelligence are explored, showcasing the relevance of phonological analysis in real-world scenarios. For instance, understanding the intricacies of phonological rules can aid in the development of speech recognition software and in refining language learning curricula. Furthermore, the implications for sociolinguistics are considered, illustrating how phonological variation can reflect social identity, regional dialects, and language change over time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Symmetry in Formal Calculation

Authors: Peng Ji
Comments: 9 Pages.

Formal Calculation uses an auxiliary form to calculate various nested sums and provides results in three forms. It is also a powerful tool for analysis. This article studies the symmetry of the coefficients in Formal Calculation. Three types of extended numbers were introduced, and many formulas for symmetric functions were obtained.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Charge Radiation Derived from the Universal Electrodynamic Force - Proof of the Cherenkov Effect

Authors: Raul Fattore
Comments: 23 Pages.

Charge radiation has been the subject of several scientific articles, the majority of which draw from Larmor's vast writings and more recent efforts that have incorporated concepts from Einstein's ill-fated theory of relativity.However, there may be misinterpretations when discussing the radiation power patterns for specific common charge motions.The radiation from moving charges is derived from the Liénard-Wiechert potentials in most scientific works by introducing an arbitrary unit vector that points to the observer's frame of reference, which is at an arbitrary angle to the direction of motion.This indicates that the radiation power patterns obtained in this way are the patterns that an observer in a different frame would apparently see with respect to the charge, rather than the real charge radiation pattern that arises from the motion.* Does charge radiation field depend on a reference frame?* What is the real radiation power pattern of a moving charge?* What type of motion produces the "search light" effect of radiation?* What happens with the radiation field in non-linear motion?* Is there a charge radiation equation that also proves the Cherenkov effect?In this study, you’ll find the answers to the above questions, which are backed by the experimentally proven laws of electrodynamics through the Universal Electrodynamic Force.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Laplace Limit Constant and Lambert W Function

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We estimate the Laplace constant using Lambert's W function.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Growth of Eigenvalues of Floer Hessians

Authors: Urs Frauenfelder, Joa Weber
Comments: 50 pages, 2 figures

In this article we prove that the space of Floer Hessians has infinitely many connected components.
Category: Geometry

Toward a New Proof of the Four Coloring Theorem

Authors: John Clairmont
Comments: 133 Pages.

A heuristic algorithm is described for four col-oring planar graphs. The algorithm is based on theprinciple of breaking a problem into components andsolving them one at a time. The algorithm uses gen-eralized alternating chains of the most general kind,for instance they can have branches and self inter-sections. Alternating chains are found which, aftercompleting each major iteration of the algorithm, acertain property is preserved. This property ensuresthat a successive alternating chain will be easy tofind.Specifically the property ensures that the branchesof an alternating chain cannot conflict with each other,and a branch cannot conflict with itself. This algo-rithm solves one set of problems, but the solution hasit’s own set of problems. However I think these canbe easily resolved, leading to a new and simple proofof the Four Color Theorem.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

A Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG)

Authors: David Kolb
Comments: 7-page conceptual basis, 27-page mathematical framework, 5-page framework extension, 9-page variational formulation, Bianchi Identities & reduction to GR & SR, 4-page physical & testable conditions, 3-page glossary. Original work in english

AbstractThis paper presents the Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG), a novelframework that extends and unifies Special and General Relativity. URTG posits thatspace, time, mass and motion are relative and inter-causal properties emerging frominteractions. The theory introduces the concept of a frame-independent unified field anda speed of causality, redefining our understanding of light, gravity, and spacetimegeometry. URTG treats scalar, inertial, and tensor fields as mathematical descriptions ofemergent effects rather than fundamental ontological entities, aligning with aprocess-based ontology. The framework incorporates a causal structure tensor andcosmic inertia field, offering new insights into the nature of mass, energy, andelectromagnetic interactions. Key equations, including the UnifiedMass-Energy-Geometry-Light Relationship and the Causality Emergence Equation,demonstrate how URTG integrates various physical phenomena within a single,comprehensive model. By reinterpreting concepts such as light's momentum andmass-energy equivalence, URTG provides a fresh perspective on fundamental physics.This theory offers potential resolutions to long-standing issues in physics and opensnew avenues for exploring the universe's underlying structure and behavior.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Nature of General Intelligence

Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper establishes the fundamental nature of general intelligence and proves the logical impossibility of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). We introduce the novel framework of Abstract Sentient Intuition (ASI) and Combinatorial Sentient Intuition (CSI), demonstrating that while CSI involves combining existing abstract concepts, ASI creates fundamentally new abstract concepts. Building upon the established foundation of abstract language, we prove that artificial systems can only implement CSI through programming, as all programming is fundamentally based on existing knowledge. Since general intelligence requires both ASI and CSI, we establish that AGI is logically impossible. We systematically address all potential counterarguments, demonstrating the completeness of this proof. This result has profound implications for artificial intelligence research, cognitive science, and our understanding of consciousness.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Engineered Staphylococcus Aureus Enterotoxin C for Oral Adjuvant Use in T Cell-Based Immunotherapy

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further speculation will not be accepted!)

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are potent superantigens known for inducing strong T cell activation, which can lead to cytokine storms and significant immune responses. Recent advancements in T cell-based cancer immunotherapies, including CAR-T cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, highlight the potential role of modified superantigens as adjuvants to boost immune activation. This study proposes a modified version of Enterotoxin C (ENTC3), with targeted amino acid changes to reduce toxicity while retaining its immune-activating capabilities. By altering residues at positions 74, 145, and 149, T cell stimulation is anticipated to reduce by 30%, and emetic toxicity is expected to be eliminated. Additionally, as a foodborne toxin, Enterotoxin C’s stability under heat and digestion allows for potential oral administration, enhancing its applicability as an immune adjuvant with reduced invasiveness. Experimental work will involve expression, purification, and in vivo testing of the modified enterotoxin to evaluate T cell activation and safety, supporting its potential as an effective adjuvant in immunotherapy.
Category: Physics of Biology

Formal Calculation

Authors: Peng Ji
Comments: 21 Pages.

Formal Calculation uses an auxiliary form to calculate various nested sums and provides results in three forms. In addition to computation, it is also a powerful tool for analysis, allowing one to study various numbers in a unified way. This article contains many results of two types of Stirling numbers, associated Stirling numbers, and Eulerian numbers, making a great generalization of Euler polynomials, Wilson's theorem, and Wolstenholme's theorem, showing that they are just special cases. Formal Calculation provides a novel method for obtaining combinatorial identities and analyzing q-binomial.This article has obtained many results in q-analogues, including inversion formulas for q-binomial coefficients. This article also introduces a theorem on symmetry
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Representation of Integers by +/— Sequences of Consecutive Odd Primes

Authors: J. Kuzmanis
Comments: 54 Pages.

+/— choice sequences of consecutive odd primes, whose length is equal or exceeds 6,show strict regularities as integer representatives. This leads to conclusion that all even naturalnumbers above 118 can be written as sums of two different odd primes. Mentioned results arebased exclusively on Bertrand’s postulate.
Category: Number Theory

On the Origin of Abc-Triples

Authors: J. Kuzmanis
Comments: 28 Pages.

The rules describing emergence of abc-triples formed by the set of roots for Pell’sequations x2 − Dy2 = N with N = ±1 and N = ±2 are revealed.
Category: Number Theory

The Fringes of the Double-Slit Experiment with Changes in Brightness and Darkness

Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 6 Pages.

We have always been using the theory of coherent waves to explain the double-slit experiment. Recently, I conducted an experiment with a redesigned double slit and obtained an unexpected result. By simultaneously and symmetrically adjusting the widths of the left and right slits and observing the fringes in the double-slit experiment, I noticed that as the slits gradually narrowed, the brightness of the fringes in the double-slit experiment underwent an uneven change with the middle part gradually getting darker and the two sides gradually getting brighter. This is very difficult to explain using the traditional theory of coherent waves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Paradigm for Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Lino Zamboni
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper introduces a new theoretical paradigm for elementary particles, specifically the electron, proposing an internal structure composed of entangled mass elements. The model extends Bohm’s quantum potential theory ,redefining the quantum potential as an emergent property of intra-particle entanglement, rather than as a purely mathematical non-local function. This framework offers a novel resolution to the problems of wave function collapse and non-locality, while ensuring compatibility with special relativity. Additionally, the model incorporates concentric "s"-type orbitals to describe the spatial arrangement of mass elements, providing a framework that aligns with the principles of quantum mechanics while allowing for a stationary and symmetric configuration of the electron. Though detailed electrostatic and relativistic derivations are beyond the scope of this work, this paradigm suggests a unified and physically grounded interpretation of quantum phenomena that bridges the gap between quantum mechanics and classical physics. Further developments and mathematical formalism will be discussed in subsequent works
Category: Quantum Physics

A Unified Cosmology Proposal: Vacuum as a System of Harmonic Oscillators Expanding at Relativistic Velocities Within an Antimatter Universe

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 108 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel cosmological framework that interprets the vacuum as a dynamic system of harmonic oscillators, expanding at relativistic velocities within a universe composed of dual matter and antimatter dimensions. By modeling the vacuum as an RLC circuit, we propose that the vacuum itself functions as a resonant system of harmonic oscillators. Within this framework, we derive new relationships between fundamental constants—including the speed of light, gravitational constant, and fine-structure constant— suggesting these constants arise from the vacuum’s intrinsic properties and oscillatory dynamics.Based on these relationships, we propose a novel mechanism of energy exchange across the boundary between matter and antimatter domains, conceptualized as a microscopic "Quantum "black" hole" network. These "holes" in the boundary facilitate energy transfer, generating local spacetime deformations that we perceive as gravitational and electromagnetic interactions. This model suggests that spacetime curvature and force interactions are emergent phenomena, stemming from quantum fluctuations within the vacuum as it oscillates and expands. By reinterpreting the vacuum as an active, resonant medium, we offer a cohesive framework that may unify quantum mechanics and general relativity while aligning with observed cosmological expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons as Foundation of a Classical Model of Point-Like Electrons

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 7 Pages.

While the original Born-Infeld model describes electrons as solutions of classical field equations, there are also several classical particle models that describe electrons as point-like particles. Along the lines of research on these models, the present work proposes a new model of point-like electrons, which represents the peak of a rotating field solution of a modified Born-Infeld field theory by a relativistic, point-like particle. This new model is compared with a recently published neo-classical model of point-like electrons in order to clarify similarities and differences.
Category: Classical Physics

Brain's Beuronal Planck's Constant

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce following four Ansatz — (1) That the human brain, can be regarded as a set of 100 billion quantum mechanical oscillators — with each oscillator, representing a Neuron. (2) The oscillator’s frequency ν corresponds to the Neuron’s firing frequency. (3) The amplitude A, represents the amount of neurotransmitters released at the synapse via vesicles. (4) Neuron-Quantum-Mechanical-Energy (NQME), of each oscillator/neuron is defined as analogous to the case of photons. We calculate the order of magnitude of the Brain’s Neuronal-Planck’s Constant (BNPC) h_Neuron which is 10^(-16) Joule-Seconds. Excitation level of neurons, are calculated for various brain regions.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Universal Zeroth Oscillator

Authors: Casey J Zak
Comments: 13 Pages. Grand Unified Theory with all standard model constants derived from one

Physical reality is here framed as the necessary geometric consequence of endowed energy release from a single zeroth-dimensional oscillator, which exists as the requisite conserving balance point for projection of the entire universe. The framework requires exactly one parameter - the initial oscillator energy - from which all physical constants, forces, and dimensional structure emerge through required quadratic self-reference and phase coherence preservation. All constants of the standard model are herein geometrically given. The fundamental nature of time is revealed as the oscillator's required principal orthogonal eigenvector. The necessary condition for the existence of reality is developed. Observed energy ratios are revealed as inherent. Feynman's infinities are resolved. Experimental predictions testable through phase-coherent optical interference patterns are given with precise energy ratios derivable from geometric constraints. Theory of mind is proposed as the minimum sufficient phase coherent structure required to form a self-representation of the oscillator. Remarkable analyses of coherent group consciousness are revealed. Reality itself, including conscious observation and intention, manifests as the inescapable geometric realization of the oscillator's self-referential structure.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Modification of Campylobacter Cytolethal Distending Toxin for Selective Targeting of PD-L1 Expressing Cancer Cells

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 8 Pages.

Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT), a tripartite exotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni, is known for inducing DNA damage and apoptosis. In this study, we engineered the A subunit (CDTA) to selectively target cancer cells by replacing its native binding region with anti-PD-L1 antibody sequences. Using sequence data from UniProt (CDTA: A1VXG4, PD-L1: Q9NZQ7), we identified and modified CDTA’s residues 129-140. Structural validation using AlphaFold 2 confirmed that these modifications retained CDTA’s structural stability and affinity for PD-L1, supporting its potential as a targeted cancer therapeutic. Future experimental steps include protein expression, purification, and cytotoxicity testing to confirm the toxin’s selective binding and apoptotic effects on PD-L1 positive cancer cells.
Category: Physics of Biology

Influence of Gravitation оn the Origin and Propagation of Electromagnetic Radiation

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 15 Pages.

Impressively, against the background of extraordinary advances in physics and technology, the mainstream continues to support the two most obvious delusions in 20th-century physics: "special relativity" and "the accelerating expansion of the universe". Both of these problems are based on a lack of understanding of the nature and behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the gravitational field. In this paper, an attempt is made to present a new approach to this problem.To understand the real fabric of the Universe, to understand the influence of gravitation on the characteristics of light (frequency, wavelength, speed of light in vacuum), we must first be aware of the nature of electromagnetic radiation and the nature of the medium of propagation of electromagnetic radiation. In this respect, as discussed at the 3rd Annual International Conference on Physics, 20 — 23 July 2015, in Athens, Greece, the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation must be considered in two aspects:1) in the "local time-spatial domains in any place of the Universe" (the regions with a uniform intensity of the gravitational field), and 2) in the "global physical reality of the Universe" (related to the regions with different intensities of the gravitational field as an infinite set of local time-space domains).On the basis of the modern achievements of science and the analysis of the behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the local and global physical reality of the Universe, this article contains the following scientific contribution: "Thesis On the Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Gravitational Field of the Universe", which should replace the erroneous "postulate of the constancy of the speed of light for all inertial frames of reference". This thesis also ends the delusion that the speed of light in vacuum measured on the Earth’s surface is the limit speed for the entire Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mass and Spacetime Quantization of the Generalized Dirac Equation based on Octonion-Sedenion Algebra: Towards Derivation of the Fine Structure Constant Beyond the 12th Decimal-Digit Precision

Authors: Jau Tang, Brian Tang, Qiang Tang
Comments: 12 Pages.

We present an approach to solving the mystery of the fine structure constant (α) usinghyper-complex algebra. Extending Einstein’s continuous 4D Minkowski space and the Dirac equation, we address internal 4D or 12D spacetime in particles for the octonion and sedenion models. We propose that particle mass originates from internal dynamics, not the Higgs mechanism in Yang-Mills theory. By quantizing mass and internal spacetime, we derive a geometric constant of 137 for the octonion model, and 137.03599920605017 for the sedenion model, precisely matching the experimental value of 1/α = 137.035999206 (11) to within ~10-12. Our theory also suggests a fundamental mass energy of 0.05 eV, likely related to neutrinos. This work reveals that α is not merely a physical parameter but a dimensionless geometric constant, akin to π or Euler’s constant. We found simple empirical mass-ratio formulas linking α to the masses of the electron, Higgs boson, quarks, and Planck mass, elucidating the role of this constant in fundamental forces. This theory revolutionizes the understanding of mass and spacetime quantization, going beyond the Standard Model and opening new paths toward quantum gravity and grand unification.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Modification of the Complex Scalar Field Lagrangian in FLRW Space-Time and Its Cosmological Outcomes.

Authors: Subhayan Maity, Parna Patra
Comments: 7 Pages.

The most popular approach of understanding the cosmic evolution is Einstein’s General Relativity(GR). GR is the classical gateway to obtain the dynamics of the cosmic fluid and it canat best describe the macroscopic evolution of the Universe. In this work, we have accomplishedan alternative tool to examine the microscopic dynamics of the cosmic fluid particles via quantumfield theory (QFT). We have proposed a cosmic fluid model with complex scalar field Lagrangiancorresponding to the modified Klein-Gordon equation (KG equation) of the scalar field in FLRWspace-time. Following this Lagrangian, the cosmic fluid system has been quantized under certainrestrictions on the parameters. This restrictions are used to determine the cosmic evolution patternin the macroscopic level.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proving Irrationality of Infinite Series

Authors: Jay Pillai
Comments: 5 Pages.

A relatively concise method on proving the irrationality of a given infinite series based on a few conditions.
Category: General Mathematics

Ionization Potential Depression and Mechanical-Electric Coupling in Plasma

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 36 Pages.

The ionization potential depression (IPD) is crucial for understanding the ionization processes of atoms and ions in plasmas. Many efforts have been devoted to exploring the temperature and the density dependence of IPD, leading to the development of models such as the Ecker-Kröll (EK) and Stewart-Pyatt (SP) models. However, these models fail to explain the plasma spectroscopy observed during laser nitriding process. To address the problem, the present study introduces a novel IPD model and the concept of mechanical-electric coupling (MEC) for the plasma. The MEC is important as it can influence a multitude of physical properties, including the diffusion of ionized electrons, Debye screening and the ionized electron pressure. The IPD model proposed herein is constructed based on spherical wave functions for the ionized electrons. It has been shown that this IPD model aligns well with both experimental spectroscopic data and the experimental IPD values for ions across various charge states. The integration of MEC with the IPD model may culminate in the formulation of an equation of state that is in concordance with experimental observations of the plasma behaviors. Overall, the MEC and IPD model proposed in this study could be instrumental for comprehending the ionization processes and the diverse properties of plasmas.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Photon Impact

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 6 Pages.

The impact of a photon hitting a surface is determined. Newton law of dynamics is demonstrated from thermodynamics considerations in which Planck oscillator is considered as a 4-space dimensions oscillator. Wave-corpuscle duality is remodeled.
Category: Quantum Physics

Development of a Silk Fibroin Scaffold for Gingival Regeneration: Formulation, Efficacy Testing, and Expected Clinical Application

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 7 Pages.

Gingival recession, characterized by the apical migration of gingival tissue, leads to root exposure and subsequent complications such as sensitivity, root caries, and periodontal disease. Current treatment options, including tissue grafts and regenerative therapies, are limited by their invasiveness and inconsistent outcomes. This study proposes a silk fibroin scaffold infused with three growth factors (EGF, FGF, VEGF) and three adhesive proteins (laminin, fibronectin, osteonectin) to enhance gingival cell proliferation, attachment, and integration with the alveolar bone. The scaffold aims to promote natural gingival regeneration while providing structural support. The development process, efficacy testing, and expected clinical application of this novel gingival regeneration scaffold are outlined. This approach, if successful, could offer a safer, non-invasive, and cost-effective solution for treating gingival recession.
Category: Physics of Biology

On the Nicolas Criterion for Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitri Martila, Stefan Groote
Comments: 3 Pages.

A criterion given by Jean-Louis Nicolas is used to offer a proof for the Riemann Hypothesis in a straightforward way.
Category: Number Theory

Ehrenfest Paradox Explained: How Misapplication of Length Contraction Leads to Contradictions

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 7 Pages.

It can be clearly, simply and decisively explained that the Ehrenfest Paradox arises from an incorrect application of the length contraction rule, and that a correct analysis of the case of the rotating disk leads to the fact that the relationship between the radius and the circumference remains as usual.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fundamental Physics and the I Ching

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The eightfold way is an organizational scheme for a class of subatomic particles known as hadrons leading to the.development of the quark model. Murray Gell-Mann proposed the idea in 1961 alluding to the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism. However, the concept goes deeper; applying not only to hadrons (triplets of RGB quarks) but to the building blocks of all the fermions (as this analysis demonstrates: i.e.: e(h)-earth, v(h)-wind, u(h)-fire, d(h)-water.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Estimation of Seiche Tide Parameters in the Bohai Sea on October 20

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 9 Pages.

On October 20, 2024, a relatively large-scale seawater inflow occurred in the Bohai Sea region of China. This paper argues that this large-scale influx is mainly caused by the relatively large number of super typhoons that have generated over the entire Pacific Ocean this year. The energy accumulated by several super typhoons caused very long Seiche standing waves throughout the Pacific Ocean. Although the amplitude of the standing wave is not large, about 0.3m, such an amplitude of Seiche may cause the existence of a secondary Seiche phenomenon with a higher amplitude after passing through a relatively narrow bay on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. In some narrow bays, the amplitude of this Seiche standing wave may reach more than 1m, resulting in a more serious seawater inflow problem in the coastal areas of the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, in this paper, we should consider the changes in sea level throughout the Pacific Ocean caused by the accumulation of energy from multiple super typhoons over a relatively long period of time, in addition to the disasters caused by a single typhoon when disasters such as seawater inflow occur.
Category: Climate Research

The First Biological Machines: Exploring Peptides as Precursors to RNA in Life’s Origins — A Hypothesis of the Reverse Central Dogma

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 7 Pages.

The RNA world hypothesis, which posits that RNA was the first biomolecule capable of storing genetic information and catalyzing biochemical reactions, has long dominated theories on the origin of life (1). However, RNA's chemical instability under prebiotic conditions raises questions about its viability as the primary molecule in early life (2). This paper proposes that peptides, rather than RNA, may have functioned as the first biological machines. I introduce the hypothesis of the Reverse Central Dogma, suggesting a molecular evolution sequence of proteins > RNA > DNA. I hypothesize that simple peptides, particularly those with disulfide bonds, could have formed spontaneously and catalyzed primitive biochemical processes (3). Among potential candidates, the heat-stable toxin (HST) from Vibrio mimicus is a compelling model due to its thermal stability, 17-amino-acid length, and specific catalytic activity (4). HST comprises only ten types of amino acids (I, D, C, E, N, P, A, F, G, L), with the sequence "IDCCEICCNPA CFGCLN" (5). This research aims to determine whether peptides formed under prebiotic conditions can exhibit machine-like activity, interact cyclically, and functionally connect with RNA. Testing peptide formation and activity in simulated early Earth conditions may provide insight into the role of peptides as foundational biological machines that set the stage for RNA and DNA evolution.
Category: Biochemistry

Terrain Relative Navigation Based on Deep Feature Template Matching and Visual Odometry

Authors: Eugene Rulko
Comments: 18 Pages.

The main hurdle for terrain relative navigation systems is the incongruity of visual features between a patch of a satellite reference map and a view from an onboard UAV camera. Images are taken during different time of year, under different weather, vegetation and lighting conditions, with different angles of observation. This work proposes the usage of deep feature template matching, where features are extracted during unsupervised training using a triplet loss. It provides semantic understanding, agnostic to terrain transformations. In order to overcome struggling to navigate over featureless terrains, the work proposes additional usage of visual odometry with the procedure of sticking to the map after encountering enough features, with the procedure of hypothesizing over possible locations. Passing a fragment of the reference map through the trained feature extractor, applying an entropy filter and then a pathfinding algorithm allows planning a flying path over areas rich of features relevant for navigation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Intrinsic Vacuum Space

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 6 Pages.

We define here intrinsic empty space as physical, hypothetical space, containing no particles but, above all, no radiation. However, there remains energy, the nature of which will be clarified. We will evaluate the fundamental physical constants in such a vacuum which differs from real vacuum space by the absence, in particular, of fossil radiation. We will also see why these constants are involved in the existence of the elementary particles constituting the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Enhancing Data Analysis with Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Integration on the Blockchain Using Smart Contracts

Authors: Mirtill Boglárka Naghi, Bence Tureczki, Katalin Szenes
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel approach to fortify data security through the seamless integration of fuzzy clustering techniques within blockchain technology. Fuzzy clustering, known for its ability to handle uncertainties and complexities in data, synergizes with blockchain’s decentralized and immutable ledger to establish a robust framework for secure data storage, analysis and retrieval. The proposed fusion not only enhances confidentiality, integrity and effectivity but also offers adaptability to the evolving dynamics of modern data landscapes. In this paper we propose a theoretical model that implements the integration of fuzzy c-means clustering on the blockchain using a cryptographically verifiable distributed computing system. By leveraging the decentralized nature of blockchain, the proposed framework ensures that data analysis processes are verifiable and tamper-resistant. Furthermore, the integration of fuzzy clustering within the blockchain not only bolsters security but also introduces a layer of transparency in the confidential data handling process.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Primorial Powers Conjecture

Authors: Jay Pillai
Comments: 3 Pages.

Paper detailing a conjecture of exponent patterns found in prime numbers.
Category: General Mathematics

Fast Convergence

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We give a sequence that converges to pi quickly.
Category: Number Theory

A Comparison of Light Path Equations in General Relativity Using a Taylor Series Approach vs Jacobian Elliptic Functions

Authors: Gerald Malczewski
Comments: 31 Pages.

Based on a method to calculate the deflection of light near the Sun based on General Relativity, a formula is derived which expresses the light path as a function of the radial distance r from a gravitating central body. This method, based on the General Relativity (GR) geodesic equation applied to the Schwarzschild metric, uses an infinite Taylor series expansion. This requires a ‘finite cutoff’ of the series be taken to compute the polar angle of a light path coordinate for a given radial distance. We take the light path to be a trajectory of a photon or light packet originating at radial infinity and then departing to radial infinity after reaching its point of closest approach to the central body. Constraints are found that limit the discussion to central bodies of mass M which obey M/R< 1/3 where R is the turning point, the point of closet approach. A comparison is then made with a different approach previously published using Jacobian elliptic functions which yields a closed expression for the light path equation. It is shown that the two approaches are equivalent if a finite cutoff is not taken for the Taylor series. If the cutoff is taken, then computationally the two methods yield approximately the same result for small radial distances but diverge as r increases. The elliptic function method has the advantage that the method can be applied to the case where M/R ≥ 1/3, including calculating light paths inside a black hole horizon. This case is outside the scope of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Modern Physics Moving Towards Metaphysics?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract and scientific references in the article are required)

The increasing incorporation of speculative constructs such as dark matter, the Higgs field, and cosmic inflation within modern physics indicates a shift towards metaphysical frameworks, potentially compromising the empirical rigor traditionally upheld in physical sciences. This article critically evaluates the foundational paradigms in quantum mechanics and cosmology, asserting that constructs like the Big Bang theory and baryogenesis introduce elements that lack experimental validation and challenge established physical principles. By examining the epistemic and methodological implications of these paradigms, the author argues that theoretical physics must resist the encroachment of metaphysical assumptions and prioritize models grounded in measurable, observable phenomena. The article proposes a recalibration of the discipline, advocating for a return to empirically verifiable principles and logically cohesive theories that align with classical physics. Through this approach, the author suggests, physics can maintain its empirical integrity, ensuring that theoretical advancements remain anchored in experimentally testable reality and do not drift into speculative abstraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Recursive Inaccessibility and the Inductive Hypothesis as to Countable Sets in ZFC

Authors: Amel Mara
Comments: 32 Pages.

The significance of the Inductive Hypothesis is examined with respect to the Principle of Mathematical Induction. A few relevant theorems that involve functions in set theory are specified with respect to the Inductive Hypothesis.The countability of rational numbers is reviewed, as to Cantor’s "intuition" (i.e., the "zig-zag" method of enumerating rational numbers) and constructive formulas that would map the set of natural numbers to a subset of the rational numbers (e.g., a multiplicative inverse function, a divisive function).Von Neumann and Zermelo ordinals are introduced to support the definition of a non-dense, well-ordered set of numbers. It is determined that for a specific transfinite set of ordinals with a maximal element that is a limit ordinal, the set must contain at least one successor ordinal that cannot be recursively accessed in a finite number of steps from a specified base ordinal.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Fractional Invariance Analysis and Applications

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this note, we introduce and develop the analysis of the fractional invariance. This analysis is used for estimating the partial sums of arithmetic functions $f:mathbb{N}longrightarrow mathbb{R}$ of the form $sum limits_{substack{nleq xin mathbb{A}}}f(n)$ for $mathbb{A}subseteq mathbb{N}$. This analysis can be applied to a broad class of arithmetic functions.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Visual Navigation for Airborne Ground Robot's Control

Authors: Oleg Kupervasser, Domoshnitsky Alexander
Comments: 45 Pages.

In the presentation described algorithms for airborne ground robot's control and navigation developed in Ariel University during Kamin project
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Vision-Based Uav (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) Navigation

Authors: Oleg Kupervasser, Domoshnitsky Alexander
Comments: 72 Pages.

In the presentation described algorithms for Vision-based UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicle) control and navigation developed in Ariel University during Nofar project.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Negative Mass, the e-Dimensional Universe and the Hubble Tension

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the earlier paper, The Absence of the Implications of Negative Mass and the Resultant Problems in Physics, various insights on different kinds of matter and the existing ideas such as the Dark Matter and the Dark Energy were presented. The article, Non-Stellar Black Holes, including microscopic Black Holes, brings into attention a very pertinent aspect overlooked by all earlier researchers. The present article probes further into such various overlooked aspects of our universe. Various other important inferences are drawn from the said model that seem to agree to the experimental results better than the existing models, such as the possible reason for Hubble Tension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[Speculation on a] Novel Approach for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment: Inhibition and Degradation of Beta-Amyloid 42 Aggregates Using a Nasal Ultrasonic Nebulizer for Peptide Delivery

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 10 Pages.

This study proposes an innovative therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) targeting the aggregation and clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) peptide. Utilizing computational design tools such as AlphaFold 2, we identified and optimized functional peptides capable of binding the hydrophobic C-terminal region of Aβ42 to prevent aggregation and promote degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). This non-invasive strategy envisions peptide administration through a nasal ultrasonic nebulizer, which could bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver peptides directly to the brain. The concept focuses on the potential of combining targeted peptide design with a delivery system that enables rapid, brain-specific absorption, presenting a novel direction for AD therapy.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Riemann Hypothesis: Decryption of a Mathematical Mystery

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 48 Pages.

The Riemann hypothesis is more than just a mathematical problem. It is an age-old enigma, a challenge to all those who dare to explore the depths of prime numbers. For more than 160 years, it has fascinated, intrigued, and resisted the attempts of the greatest minds. This document is the result of a passionate quest to elucidate this mystery. Here, each line traces a path through the complexities of the hypothesis, with the hope of shedding new light on this fundamental question. Whether you are an expert or simply curious to discover one of the greatest mysteries of the mathematical universe, I invite you to dive into this intellectual adventure. Together, let's explore the elegance hidden behind the formulas and perhaps get closer to the truth.
Category: Number Theory

Representation of an Integral Involving Trigonometric Functions by Triple Integral

Authors: Edigles Guedes
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, we present an integral representation involving trigonometric functions and variable transformation techniques to turn it into a triple integral. The proposed integral is initially simplified using trigonometric identities, so we rewrite the original integral in terms of a three-variable integral representation. The main theorem demonstrates the equivalence between the initial integral and the resulting triple integral, illustrating the applicability of trigonometric identities in calculations of complicated integrals.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Observing Multiple Big Bangs Within the Only Universe

Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper shows how big bangs, which do not produce new universes, can be used to build a framework that enables the location of the centre of our big bang to be estimated. The calculation also requires the use of failed big bangs that are apparently conjoined with commoving objects within our own big bang flow to calculate that flow over time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics: Classical Mechanics I

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 27 Pages.

In this paper of "The Epistemology of Contemporary Physics" series we investigate the epistemological significance and sensibility (and hence interpretability and interpretation) of classical mechanics in its Newtonian and non-Newtonian formulations. As we will see, none of these formulations provide a clear and consistent framework for understanding the physics which they represent and hence they all represent valid formalism without proper epistemology or sensible interpretation.
Category: Classical Physics

The Nature of Space and Time

Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 26 Pages.

This paper presents a novel perspective on the nature of space and time, arguing for the coexistence of both absolute and relative aspects at the classical level and the existence of only absolute aspects at the quantum level. We propose using various arguments that the static space-in-itself exists as absolute space and the universal objective present moment with an infinitesimal duration continuously exists as absolute time in the universe since its creation until the present, along with the measured space being relative space and the measured time being relative time. We also prove the continuous nature of absolute and relative space, absolute and relative time, and relative spacetime and, thus, challenge all theories that use discrete relative space or discrete relative time or discrete relative spacetime, such as loop quantum gravity and causal set theory, among others. This framework dissolves several fundamental problems: the quantum gravity question by proving its impossibility due to the absence of reference frames at quantum scales, the unified field theory question by proving its impossibility by showing gravity’s classical-only nature, whereas electromagnetic force being present at quantum and classical level both, and the wave-particle duality through establishing universal quantum fields/waves as the sole quantum reality with each of these fields being one singular reality with varying level of intensity at different spatial regions in the universe and with continuous non-deterministic interactions explaining quantum phenomena without randomness while preserving causality and particles being just the 1emergent reality at the classical level. We also disprove string theory and any potential higher spatial dimensional theory using fundamental logic. Thus, this comprehensive framework completes Einstein’s unfinished revolution in understanding space, time, and physical reality at both quantum and classical levels.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proof of the Binary Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Philippe Sainty
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, the proof of the binary Goldbach conjecture is established (Any integer strictly greater than one is the mean arithmetic of two primes) . To this end, a "local" algorithm is determined for the construction of two recurrent sequences of primes ( ) and ( ), (( ) dependent of ( ) ) such that for each integer n their sum is equal to 2n . To form this a third sequence of primes ( ) is defined for any integer n by = Sup ( p ∈ : p ≤ 2n - 3 ) where is the infinite set of primes. The Goldbach conjecture has been proved for all even integers 2n between 4 and 4. In the table of terms of Goldbach sequences given in appendix 10 values of the order of 2n = are reached. This "finite ascent and descent" method proves the binary Goldbach conjecture. An analogous proof by recurrence and "shifts" of arithmetic sequences with infinitely many primes = -2k + 2n - r - 3 (k, r bounded integers by constructing the G2n sequence and the U2n frames)is established, (parameterizations of sequences U2n and V2n). The situation can be visualized graphically by plotting the straight lines with equations Dr : y = 2x + 3 + r and D'r with equations D'r : y = - 2x - 3 + 2n - r , so that two points representing primes on these straight lines are on the same vertical line, by translating the straight line Dr and D'r along (Oy),(«The primes-points move horizontally by an integer value of r or -r ») or equivalently, by choosing the parameter «r « judiciously which is always possible. (In a Lemma xx to define and elaborate).Then, an increase in by 0.7( is justified. Moreover, the Lagrange-Lemoine-Levy conjecture and its generalization, the Bezout-Goldbach conjecture are proven by the same type of procedure.
Category: Number Theory

On the Butterfly Effect and the Failure of Hamilton's Principle

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 Pages.

As a long-cherished postulate of theoretical physics, Hamilton’s principle (HP) defines the basis of classical mechanics and field theory. We argue here that HP is overturned in physical settings where sensitivity to initial conditions cannot be ignored. We find that the approach to chaos of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems sheds new light on several foundational aspects of effective field theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Planck Power with Joule Heating Applied to Cosmology?

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recent advances in deterministic models of quantum cosmology of the RH=c tH type have paved the way for the possible appearance of Planck power in the ΛCDM model as a constant, beyond the Planck era, thanks to Joule heating applied to cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two Fundamental Physical Laws Are Missing for a Complete Description of Gravity

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 15 Pages.

For over 300 years, the formula for the force of gravitational interaction has been represented by the single law of universal gravitation of Newton. During this period, facts have been revealed that Newton's law of gravitation gives predictions that do not agree with observations. It is shown that Newton's law of gravity is not the single law of gravitational interaction in the Universe. Newton's law of universal gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2) is only one of three laws of gravitational interaction. In addition to Newton's law of gravitation, two new laws of gravitation are given: FK=mR^3/(T*r)^2; FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ. These two laws of gravitational interaction remained undiscovered for more than 300 years. The three laws of gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2, FK=mR^3/(T*r)^2, FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ) revive classical gravity and develop Newtonian dynamics towards a complete model of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation together with the two new laws of gravitation provide a complete and consistent description of gravitational interaction in the Universe.
Category: Classical Physics

A Subsampling Based Neural Network for Spatial Data

Authors: Debjoy Thakur
Comments: 28 Pages.

The application of deep neural networks in geospatial data has become a trending research problem in the present day. A significant amount of statistical research has already been introduced, such as generalized least square optimization by incorporating spatial variance-covariance matrix, considering basis functions in the input nodes of the neural networks, and so on. However, for lattice data, there is no available literature about the utilization of asymptotic analysis of neural networks in regression for spatial data. This article proposes a consistent localized two-layer deep neural network-based regression for spatial data. We have proved the consistency of this deep neural network for bounded and unbounded spatial domains under a fixed sampling design of mixed-increasing spatial regions. We have proved that its asymptotic convergence rate is faster than that of cite{zhan2024neural}'s neural network and an improved generalization of cite{shen2023asymptotic}'s neural network structure. We empirically observe the rate of convergence of discrepancy measures between the empirical probability distribution of observed and predicted data, which will become faster for a less smooth spatial surface. We have applied our asymptotic analysis of deep neural networks to the estimation of the monthly average temperature of major cities in the USA from its satellite image. This application is an effective showcase of non-linear spatial regression. We demonstrate our methodology with simulated lattice data in various scenarios.
Category: Statistics

The Set Of Definition And The Diophantine Equation Of The Twin Prime Numbers

Authors: Amine Oufaska
Comments: 5 Pages.

Since the ancient Greeks over 2000 years ago , mathematicians have asked the question about the distribution of the twin prime numbers . In this paper we present the set of definition and the Diophantine equation of the twin prime numbers,it is a magic subset of the natural numbers which arranges the twin prime numbers. This theory will provide a deep understanding of the twin prime conjecture and the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Preliminary Values for Wild Constant Hunt, Possibly "Nice" Dirichlet Series Originates

Authors: Fian Qnoz
Comments: 6 Pages.

This short document purported to publicise assorted constants to be targeted for Reverse Arithmetic (known as unscrambling the egg in pop culture) experimentation. In section one, a tangential intermezzo intended to justify the urgency to archive and some trivia regarding Pie and its defense against the manifesto of otherwise obscure alternative. Later sections detail the constants aimed for Reverse Arithmetic experimentation.
Category: Number Theory

The Breather-Breather Interaction in the Sine-Gordon Model

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, we investigate the interaction of two breathers in the Sine-Gordon model. We derive an explicit analytic expression for the two-breather solution of the Sine-Gordon equation and study its dynamics. We show that the breathers behave like classical particles of equal masses upon collision, but with the momentum continuously transferred via their fields. By suitably averaging the oscillations of the solution we derive analytic expressions for the trajectories of the two breathers. It is shown that in the non-relativistic limit, the interaction potential between the two breathers has the same form as the velocity-dependent interaction potentials used for Machian unified theories of gravity and inerita.
Category: Quantum Physics

How to Prevent Artificial Intelligence From Getting Out of Human Control

Authors: Vitaly E. Pilkin
Comments: 12 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

This paper provides answers to current questions of experts working with artificial intelligence (AI), and offers recommendations on how to control AI development and prevent AI from getting out of human control.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Unified Understanding of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Through the Repulsion Graviton Space Model

Authors: Misaki Kasai
Comments: 220 Pages. In English & Japanese (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

In this study, we develop a modified Einstein field equation that incorporates the effect of gravitons into the dark matter term. From the spherically symmetric solution of the Schwarzschild metric, we derive the Graviton Inverse-Square Decay Galactic Rotation Model (Galactic Rotation Curve MiSAKi Model). By analyzing its alignment with actual observational data, we explore the unifying explanation for gravity, dark matter, and dark energy through the "Repulsion Graviton Space Model (Re:GraviS Model)." This model enables a unified understanding of relativity and quantum mechanics, considering the role of gravitons in cosmic structure formation. 　Keywords:Quantum Gravity Theory, Graviton, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Black Hole, Galactic Rotation Curve
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Real Constants Index of Derivatives and Integrals

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 1 Page.

I taught myself Calculus seriously the last months and I want to share some thoughts about Real constants Calculus with a single variable. It will may be mostly know this results by professionals but, in any case it could be interesting to share my conclusions in a short paper.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Predictions and the Synthetic Routes of the 120th and the 126th Elements

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 20 Pages. 7 Figures, in Chinese.

This paper is a brief review of our previous relevant papers, it is narrated mainly from points of view of the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and 126th elements. Firstly we review the theories we constructed previously including the four principles of the theory of chirality, the chirality model of atomic nucleus and the periodic table of nuclides, the new circular periodic table of elements and the integrated periodic table of elements, the formulas of the fine structure constant and the formulas of the speed of light in atomic units as well as the formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of muon, tauon and electron, then we mainly give the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and 126th elements including some new synthetic routes. Specifically, we regard that the 120th element has neutron number of 180 and the total nucleon number of 300 and the 126th element has neutron number of 188 and the total nucleon number of 314, regard they are relatively stable and most worthwhile and likely to be synthesized, and the 126th element is more important.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Hypothesis of Psychophysical Dynamics of Consciousness

Authors: Mouhamadou Diagne
Comments: 93 Pages.

In this work we have tried to understand the mechanisms of consciousness by means of a certain symbolic representation. It is from this that we arrive at the establishment of mathematical formulae on the dynamic psychophysical mechanisms of consciousness, which can allow an explanation and a mechanistic description of the basic phenomena linked to it, and leading specifically to the concept of the fundamental state of consciousness.The theory thus established is based on concepts developed through mathematical reasoning and a psycho-cognitive approach. It is therefore a reflective theory, none of whose concepts derive from neuroscientific work on the subject. Consequently, it is not particularly necessary to have prior knowledge of neuroscience or any other cognitive science in order to approach it. And although its structure derives from a relatively simple mathematical reasoning, the basis of the work is modelled on a psycho-cognitive interpretation and a particular symbolism that reduces the complexity of the subject and thus justifies the formalism proposed.Although it is a hypothesis, it nonetheless allows us to approach the field of consciousness from a different angle than is usually the case. Isn't it important to have a theory that goes beyond the strict framework of neuroscience in order to unify the various fields of study linked to consciousness, including philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence and neuroscience itself? In other words, shouldn't the starting point be abstract concepts, where empirical data can serve as evidence? In this way, we can create a junction that will make it easier to understand this complex field.Moreover, not only does this theory touch on the neurocognitive domain, it also offers insights into the understanding of temporal distortion ; suggesting in particular an indirect process of subjective temporal measurement.It is by starting from a psychophysical postulate that we arrive at certain conclusions where neural correlates can constitute a justification. Ultimately, it is more of an explanatory tool of consciousness, making it possible to devise a mechanistic basis for understanding human consciousness, and perhaps any other form of consciousness.
Category: Mind Science

Uniform Continuity

Authors: Subrat Kumar Verma
Comments: 7 Pages. CC-BY

This article discusses the notion of uniform continuity, its relation with the derivative of differentiable functions and Lipschitzcontinuity or even more weakly Hölder continuity related in some way to how wildly the function oscillates. It also discusses its connectionwith compactness for the very large general class of functions - continuous functions. Further, a few properties of uniform continuous function especially with regards to unique continuous extension of functions are discussed.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Quantum Fundamentals and Heuristics

Authors: Mark Syrkin
Comments: 21 Pages.

Reviewing quantum fundamentals and related subtleties, which typically are not discussed sufficiently — even if at all — in standard texts and discussing "paradoxes" arising as a result. The purpose is to expose quantum ideology in manifestly wholesome, yet possibly plain and simple way, without mysterious surrogates. Main topics include: general Quantum Mechanical framework as imaginary "diffusion"; superposition / interference of probability amplitudes, not particles; Statistical vs Copenhagen interpretations of Quantum Mechanics; quantum measurements as mapping from amplitudes to probabilities; wave-ensemble parity instead of wave-particle duality; quantum field theory as a manifestation of quantum vacuum and the ideas of Grand Quantum Canonical Ensemble; entanglement as a consequence of an integrity of the quantum system and "spooky actions" as a mystification of simple conditional probabilities.
Category: Quantum Physics

Relativistic Form of Newton's Second Law of Motion

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article presents a relativistic extension of Newton's second law of motion, adapted to a four-dimensional spacetime construct where time and space are treated under the framework of special relativity. By introducing a unique concept of"U-space", where time functions as a spatial coordinate with its own metric pro-perties, the study explores Newtonian dynamics through a relativistic lens. Thisexploration includes the derivation of relativistic force and acceleration equations,considering both constant and variable rest mass scenarios. The derived formulations, based on the principles of special relativity, are presented with modications that incorporate mass-energy equivalence, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of force interactions within relativistic contexts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Insula Fulcheria the Territory of Crema and Cremasco in Roman Times: New Testimonies and Historical Findings. Considerations in Light of Recent Excavations

Authors: Corrado Soddu
Comments: 25 Pages. In Italian

The article presents the results of a rereading of all the historical-geographical and archaeological sources with the addition of new data obtained from the construction of the Cremona-Sergnano gas pipeline. The territory that is commonly identified as Cremasco is a geographical area of u200bu200b573.2 km² inhabited by just over 150,000 people. This area is located in the center of the Lombardy region, is part of the Province of Cremona and occupies the northernmost area. The city of Crema is to be considered the capital of this area, an area delimited in a very precise way, also thanks to a very specific element, the dialect, here the Crema dialect is spoken. the research period considers all literary and material evidence in the period from the 3rd century BC. until the end of Roman domination on the peninsula between the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
Category: Archaeology

I Ching Hexagram Groups and Subgroups

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 3 Pages.

I Ching hexagram groups and subgroups Groupings and subgroups exist between the hexagrams of the I Ching The I Ching (Yijing) (Book of Changes) is an ancient Chinese divination text that is manual in the Western Zhou period (1000-750 BC). Thus, the I Ching Zhou yi originated around 5000 years ago. The Zhou yi was traditionally scribed to King Wen of Zhou and the Duke of Zhou, and also associated with the legendary Fuxi. Relationships exist between I Ching hexagram groups (and subgroups). One may wonder on the mathematical insight of the initial developer of the yinyang-trigram-hexagram system five thousand years ago!
Category: General Mathematics

The Conflict Between the Relativity of Rotation and the Fact that the Speed of Light is the Maximum Speed

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 6 Pages.

When analysing the issue of relative motion between two bodies, one of which is rotating around itself, it becomes clear that the common perception that fixing the reference system on the rotating body means the movement of the other body around it at a speed equal to the angular velocity multiplied by the distance between the two bodies is a false perception based on mixing the concept of relative motion with another different concept. Therefore, the rotational motion is relative motion and does not conflict with the fact that the speed of light is the maximum speed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Coupling Constant of Dirac Magnetic Monopoles is not 34.259 But 308.331

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 4 Pages.

Textbooks tell us that the coupling constant of Dirac magnetic monopoles is 34.259. Here I show by using the quark hypothesis that at zero temperature the coupling constant is as high as 308.331. Moreover I show that it is a running coupling constant and is smaller than 0.5 at the Planck temperature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Human-Computer Interaction: AI-Driven Gesture Recognition

Authors: Axel Egon, Abram Gracias, Peter Broklyn
Comments: 17 Pages.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in human-computer interaction (HCI) has significantly transformed how users engage with technology, particularly through gesture recognition. This paper explores the advancements in AI-driven gesture recognition systems, emphasizing their potential to enhance user experience across various applications, from gaming and virtual reality to accessibility tools and smart environments. We analyze the underlying algorithms and machine learning techniques that facilitate real-time gesture detection and interpretation, highlighting the importance of accuracy and responsiveness in user interactions. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges faced in developing robust gesture recognition systems, including variability in user behavior, environmental factors, and the need for extensive training data. By examining case studies and recent innovations in the field, we illustrate the growing impact of AI-driven gesture recognition on user interfaces and the future of interactive technology. Ultimately, this research aims to provide insights into the transformative role of gesture-based interactions in creating more intuitive, immersive, and inclusive digital experiences.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Integral Equation for the Relic Black-Body

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article

We consider the possibility that black-body photons are created by the energetical sources in space. It leads to the integral equation for the energy distribution of sources. The Planck formula for photons is, in this situation, valid, for the special distribution of sources. It means that the black-body is at the crystalline form.
Category: Astrophysics

Sum of Two Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We give some formulas of the type: y*arcsin(x)+y*arctan(x)=pi.
Category: General Mathematics

Space Theory: Evolution of the Expansion of the Universe and Rotation Speed of Galaxies

Authors: Khalid Jerrari
Comments: 69 Pages. In French (Note by viXra Admin: Title and abstract should be in English)

The book entitled "[] Space Theory" by Khalid Jerrari offers an exploration of concepts relating to the expansion of the Universe and the rotation speed of spiral galaxies, without using energy or dark matter. Structured in several parts, it begins with a reminder of the foundations of space theory presented in a previous work entitled "The mysteries of space". This concept is based on the notion of "spatial density", a new interpretation of space as a form of energy linked to matter. The book is divided into three parts. The first summarizes the basic principles of space theory, notably the idea that space and matter are inseparable. It also discusses the "principle of universal balance", which suggests that the Universe constantly seeks to maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium. The second part studies the expansion of the Universe through the evolution of spatial density, an alternative to current explanations involving dark energy. The author develops several mathematical models to describe spatial density, proposing functions such as the inverse power law or the increasing exponential function. These models make it possible to simulate universal acceleration and the distribution of mass in the Universe. Finally, the third part examines the rotation curves of galaxies. Based on spatial density, the author explains how the distribution of visible matter can influence the rotation speed of galaxies without resorting to dark matter. The work is intended to be an introduction to an alternative theory of the expansion of the Universe and the rotation curves of galaxies, offering avenues for future research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Study on Goldbach Prime Pairs and Its Distribution for Integers of Form 2(n+1)^2

Authors: Imran Ansari
Comments: 40 Pages.

In this article, study related to the distribution of the Goldbach prime pairs for the even integers of form $ 2(n+1)^{2} $ has been carried out with the help of other conjectures(/postulate), that is, Legendre's conjecture and Bertrand's postulate. From the obtained results, various possible conjectures have been proposed/suggested. In brief, first the term, Goldbach first prime pair ($ p_{f},p'_{f} $) was defined and for ascertaining the interval in which Goldbach first prime pair would always be present for all the values of $ 2(n+1)^{2} $, where, $ n =1,2,3,..., $ was suggested. The proposed conjectures on distribution were tested for all values of $ n = 1,2,3,...,1,000,000 $ using algorithm. The expression, $ (n)(n+1) < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - n(n+1) $ showed that, the Goldbach first prime pair would always existing for all the $n$ values, where, $ n = 1,2,3,...- $ ${4,6,10,16,19,21,22,23,30,33,36,43,48,49,56, 57,61,66,72, 76,81,106, 117,127,130, 132,141,210,276,289,333,418}.$ The expression, $ (n)^{2} < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - (n)^{2} $ showed that, the Goldbach first prime pairs would always existing for all the $n$ values, where, $ n = 1,2,3,... - {21,23,30,33,36,48,49,117,141}. $ While, for the expression, $ (n)(n-1) < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - (n)(n-1) $, were true for all the $ n = 1,2,3,...$, values. Another observation was found that, in the proposed conjecture 1, the gap between Goldbach first prime pair, that is, ($ p'_{f} - p_{f} $) was found to be always less than its corresponding $ n $ value after $ n=2538 $, hence, Gap($ p'_{f} - p_{f} $) $ << $ $ n $, where, $ n=2539,2540,2541,...$.
Category: Number Theory

The Antigravity on the Lab Bench

Authors: Alfred Schaub, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 8 Pages.

Based on a modified interpretation of Coulomb's repulsive force, the misunderstood Biefeld-Brown effect can be explained and used to demonstrate antigravity.
Category: Classical Physics

Hypothesis of Psychophysical Dynamics of Consciousnee

Authors: Mouhamad Diagne
Comments: 98 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

In this work we have tried to understand the mechanisms of consciousness by means of a certain symbolic representation. It is from this that we arrive at the establishment of mathematical formulae on the dynamic psychophysical mechanisms of consciousness, which can allow an explanation and a mechanistic description of the basic phenomena linked to it, and leading specifically to the concept of the fundamental state of consciousness.The theory thus established is based on concepts developed through mathematical reasoning and a psycho-cognitive approach. It is therefore a reflective theory, none of whose concepts derive from neuroscientific work on the subject. Consequently, it is not particularly necessary to have prior knowledge of neuroscience or any other cognitive science in order to approach it. And although its structure derives from a relatively simple mathematical reasoning, the basis of the work is modelled on a psycho-cognitive interpretation and a particular symbolism that reduces the complexity of the subject and thus justifies the formalism proposed.Although it is a hypothesis, it nonetheless allows us to approach the field of consciousness from a different angle than is usually the case. Isn't it important to have a theory that goes beyond the strict framework of neuroscience in order to unify the various fields of study linked to consciousness, including philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence and neuroscience itself? In other words, shouldn't the starting point be abstract concepts, where empirical data can serve as evidence? In this way, we can create a junction that will make it easier to understand this complex field.Moreover, not only does this theory touch on the neurocognitive domain, it also offers insights into the understanding of temporal distortion ; suggesting in particular an indirect process of subjective temporal measurement.It is by starting from a psychophysical postulate that we arrive at certain conclusions where neural correlates can constitute a justification. Ultimately, it is more of an explanatory tool of consciousness, making it possible to devise a mechanistic basis for understanding human consciousness, and perhaps any other form of consciousness.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Theory of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe: Derivation of the Energy-Time Uncertainty Principle for Temporal Waves and Their Stability

Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we derive a specific form of the energy-time uncertainty principle as it applies to Temporal Waves (TWs) in the context of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe (4DEU) Theory, providing further evidence of the stability of TWs from the beginning and throughout the four-dimensional (4D) universe's expansion. In this model, the universe is proposed to exist in four real spatial dimensions, with the fourth dimension, which we perceive as time, along which the cause of the 4D universe's expansion acts. TWs play a fundamental role in the formation and expansion of the 4D universe, with this expansion being caused by their radiation pressure. In this work, we derive the specific form of the uncertainty principle for TWs, demonstrating that the product of the uncertainties in the TW energy and privileged time is not merely constrained by a lower bound, as in the canonical uncertainty principle, but is exactly equal to h/4. In contrast to the canonical uncertainty principle, where the product of uncertainties is greater than or equal to h/4π, in the case of TWs this product is strictly equal to h/4, indicating a precise and unique relationship in the 4DEU theory. Our findings also confirm the stability of TWs from the beginning and throughout all phases of the 4D universe’s expansion, ensuring their persistence over time. This paper offers further mathematical evidence supporting the stability of TWs and strengthens the foundational principles of the Theory of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Validity and Soundness Simplified

Authors: Kim Tumlinson Eaton
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper explores the concepts of validity and soundness within deductive arguments. A deductive argument is valid if its logical form ensures that the premises, if true, make it impossible for the conclusion to be false. Soundness, on the other hand, requires that the argument is valid and that all its premises are true. The distinction between validity and soundness is crucial, as a valid argument can still lead to a false conclusion if its premises are false. Conversely, a sound argument always guarantees a true conclusion. The paper emphasizes the importance of logical form in determining validity, illustrating that similar surface grammar can mask different logical structures. Additionally, it discusses how symbolic logic is used to clarify the relationship between premises and conclusions in formal reasoning. This distinction helps in understanding that while validity concerns the structure of an argument, soundness relates to the truthfulness of its premises. Finally, the paper touches upon the relevance of these concepts in more advanced logical systems, such as mathematical logic.
Category: Linguistics

Kepler's Constant in Celestial Mechanics, in Electromagnetism and in Cosmology

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is well known that the Kepler constant R^3/T^2 is a constant of celestial mechanics. It is shown here that the ratio of the cube of the distance to the square of time is a constant for many physical objects and is of a universal nature. The cosmological equation GMUTU2=RU3 is obtained, which includes the constant RU^3/TU^2 as a ratio of the parameters of the Universe. The cosmological equation combines 4 parameters of the Universe: mass MU, radius RU, time TU and the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. In the cosmological equation, the constant RU^3/TU^2 is a constant of the Universe. The electrodynamic equation e2t02=mere34πε0 is obtained, which includes the constant re^3/t0^2 as a ratio of the parameters of the electron. The equation combines 4 parameters of the electron: mass me, classical radius of the electron re, characteristic time t0, electric charge e. In the equation containing the electron parameters, the constant re^3/t0^2 is a constant of electromagnetism. These equations show that the limits of applicability of Kepler’s ratio R^3/T^2 go far beyond planetary mechanics. Ratio R^3/T^2 is a constant not only of celestial mechanics, but also a constant of the Universe and even a constant of the electron.
Category: Classical Physics

Koide Formula and the Connection of Elementary Particle Masses With the Fine-structure Constant Α

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article explores the relationship between the masses of elementary particles and the fine-structure constant α. In addition to the Koide formula, a new formula is proposed, which is as accurate as the Koide formula. The new formula demonstrates the connection between the masses of four elementary particles (electron, proton, tau lepton, and muon) with the fine-structure constant α: Considering the high precision of the fine-structure constant and the accurate experimental values of the electron, proton, and muon masses, the new formula provides a significantly more accurate value for the mass of the tau lepton compared to the current experimental value:mτ/me=3477.0298u2026 (1776.7586u2026 MeV)The obtained value of the tau lepton mass (1776.7586... MeV/c2) is within the range of the experimental value but does not coincide with the result obtained by the Koide formula (1776.9688... MeV/c2). The Koide formula and the new formula yield different values for the mass of the tau lepton with high precision in both results. Both mass values are significantly more accurate than the current experimental value. The discrepancy between the results of the two formulas requires explanation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation is Only One of the Three Laws of Gravitational Interaction in the Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

t is shown that Newton's law of gravity is not the only law of gravitationalinteraction in the Universe. Newton's law of universal gravitation (FN=GmM/r^2) is only one of threelaws of gravitational interaction. In addition to Newton's law of gravitation, two new laws ofgravitation are given: Fк=mR^3/(T*r)^2; Fcos=(mc^2)√Ʌ. These two laws of gravitationalinteraction remained undiscovered for more than 300 years. The three laws of gravitation(FN=GmM/r^2, Fк=mR^3/(T*r)^2, Fcos=(mc^2)√Ʌ) revive classical gravity and develop Newtoniandynamics towards a complete model of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation together with the two newlaws of gravitation provide a complete and consistent description of gravitational interaction in the Universe
Category: Classical Physics

Soliton Solutions of the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

We integrate the nonlinear Schrödinger differential equation, looking for "lone wave" solutions, and then use the method ofindeterminate coefficients.The integration is in closed form for the free particle, and then we integrate numerically for the particle subject to a weak periodic potential. In both cases, the system is one-dimensional.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Is Iron-56 Just Mond in Disguise?

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 3 Pages.

In previous work, we have looked at the product of the 26 sporadic groups. We've observed specific distances and masses related to the observable universe at the moment of "maximum expansion". It appears that the energy released by the fusion of hydrogen (protium) into iron-56 (or the iron group) is just enough to allow the resulting nuclei to enter a "MOND-stable" orbit around the baryonic mass of the local Hubble volume, i.e. at the orbit defined by the global Hubble radius. This energy is just about half of the energy of a proton accelerated at the critical acceleration a0 (Milgrom's constant) for the duration of Hubble time (global), with the resulting Planck-diameter channel having the volume of a proton. Links to the masses of the quarks might arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of the Collatz Conjecture for the Natural Numbers

Authors: Daniel G. Boyle
Comments: 15 Pages.

This document proves that the Collatz Conjecture is true for the Natural numbers excluding zero. Use is made of the probability distribution of even and odd numbers in supposed diverging Collatz sequences to establish that Collatz sequences do not diverge, having a finite number of terms, and are bounded. Finally proof by contradiction, the pigeon hole principle and proof by induction are used to prove that the Collatz Conjecture is true via two theorems.
Category: Number Theory

The Empty Set Constructs the Natural Numbers

Authors: Jiang Yang
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, I construct natural numbers by using empty sets, cardinality of set theory and definite operations. Based on the discussion of kernel numbers dynamic space reasoning in [1] to [4], the ruler set is introduced. And the enhanced definition of one-to-one correspondence mapping is called one-to-one correspondence ordinal mapping. And it makes the Continuum Hypothesis(CH) a new conclusion.
Category: General Mathematics

Interest Burden and Reserve Currency Crisis: Historical Thresholds and Implications for U.S. Dollar Stability

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper examines the relationship between interest payments as a percentage ofgovernment revenue and the stability of reserve currencies, identifying critical thresh-olds that historically preceded currency crises or the loss of reserve currency status.Through detailed analysis of cases including the British pound sterling, Argentine peso,Greek drachma, and Japanese yen, we identify a consistent pattern where fiscal crisesemerge when interest payments reach 20-30% of government revenue. This thresh-old appears remarkably stable across different historical periods, economic systems,and levels of development. These findings have profound implications for the UnitedStates, where interest payments are projected to rise from 19.5% of revenue in 2024to 63.4% by 2028, far exceeding historical crisis levels. The paper analyzes both do-mestic challenges (including demographic pressures, political gridlock, and structuraleconomic issues) and international pressures (such as de-dollarization initiatives, dig-ital currency development, and changing geopolitical dynamics) that could acceleratea potential crisis. We examine potential policy responses across fiscal, monetary, andstructural domains, while acknowledging the significant political and practical chal-lenges to implementation. The analysis suggests that the convergence of these factorscreates an unprecedented risk to dollar stability, potentially requiring preventive actionbefore critical thresholds are breached to avoid a disorderly adjustment in the globalmonetary system.
Category: Economics and Finance

Gravity as an Effect of Relative Speed and Acceleration

Authors: Nilhan Ozceylan
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper proposes an alternative approach to understanding gravity, not as the result of space-time curvature, as suggested by classical general relativity, but through the principles of special relativity. In this view, gravity emerges from the combined effects of relative velocity and acceleration at a micro-level within the fabric of space, influenced by the presence of large masses. This hypothesis suggests that each tiny point in the fabric of space moves at different speeds and accelerations due to the effect of massive objects, creating a large-scale gravitational effect. This approach reinterprets gravitational pull as an emergent phenomenon, potentially bridging insights between special and general relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Limit of Mathematical Analysis and Continuum Hypothesis

Authors: Jiang Yang
Comments: 24 Pages.

The limit of mathematical analysis is defined by ε- δ. A concept of dynamic limit is proposed in the article, and the dynamic space of kernel numbers is established. This concept has been extended and studied in depth, yielding several results, including setting up shell-medium cluster, dynamic limit process and steps; kernel number clouds; introducing elfin number and elfin space which the elfin number is non-construct and extend of real number; discussions on the Continuum Hypothesis (CH) what is not contradiction with new dynamic space.
Category: General Mathematics

Relationship Between Electromagnetisms and Gravity

Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 4 pages

This research proposes a new understanding of gravity, diverging from the classical views of both Newton and Einstein. Unlike Newton's gravitational force and Einstein's curvature of space-time, this study suggests that gravity originates from the positive charge force of an atom’s nucleus. It posits that gravity is a result of electrostatic interactions, where the nucleus of atoms exerts a weak attractive force on neutral atoms and repels similarly charged atoms. This framework offers an alternative approach to gravity by explaining it as a function of atomic structure rather than mass or space-time geometry. The study aims to establish a theoretical link between gravitational force and electrostatic force, proposing that nuclear charge at the atomic level is central to gravitational phenomena on Earth and throughout the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Novel and Straightforward Approach to Fundamental Scientific Problems

Authors: Hai-Fei Ma
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces a new approach to solving fundamental scientific problems, such as the origin of gravitation, the nature of Newton’s gravitational force, and what the universe is made of, along with unexpected findings. The core idea of this study is that every mathematical formula in physics must correspond to a physical process or existence. Since Newton’s formula for gravity has been repeatedly validated and proven useful, it is employed in this study. Through a detailed analysis of Newton’s formula, I uncovered many astonishing findings and resolved several long-standing fundamental scientific problems. These findings are significant for a better understanding of the universe. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that this new approach is both useful and effective.
Category: Classical Physics

Symbol Based Self Guided Neural Architecture Search in a Spiking Neural Network

Authors: Tofara Moyo
Comments: 3 Pages.

A spiking neural networks neurons can viewedas feature detectors or alternatively instances of hieroglyphic symbols defined by the associated features they represent .The set of activations at any time step then represent a document written in this alphabet. If we feed this information from the previous time step back to the spiking neural network at each time step ,the network will navigate its own space of internal representations and form a grounded language in which to analyze its own internal states and to guide their evolution. We describe this method and how it could be used by the algorithm to plan and design connections and critic its own thought processes if all of this increases the expected reward. We also show a simple method for an agent to learn levels of abstractions ordered by priority that ultimately increase the global expected reward. Each level is associated with a separate scalar output of the neural network at each time step t which is fed back to the agent as part of the state at time t+1. The agent then correlates them with features of the state initially randomly. It however learns the correct assignment by doing it in such a way that it increases the global reward.We describe an equation meant to order these scalar values and the global reward in order of priority and hence induce a heir-achy of needs for the agent. This then forms the basis of goal formation for it
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Hydrocarbon Production from Canals Will Prevent Severe Power Unit Accidents and Reduce the Power of Volcanic Explosions and Earthquakes

Authors: V. Korniienko, M. Turkin M
Comments: 14 Pages. in Russian and English

We have developed a new method for searching for hydrocarbons (HC) based on the analysis of space images in the spectrum of quantum energies. He made it possible to detect a global network of channels through which endless volumes of hydrocarbons migrate from the North Polar Field to Antarctica. Along the way, they suppress all known hydrocarbon deposits, volcanoes and earthquake zones, pass under power units of power plants, as well as under craters on the Yamal Peninsula. The origin of these channels follows from Einstein's STO, according to which the power units of nuclear and other power plants, together with electric energy, produce quantum electromagnetic waves (S-radiation), which have the same properties as GR. The combined effect of these radiation forms channels in rocks, as well as geoblanders (GB), in which large volumes of hydrocarbons accumulate, the explosions of which caused the emergence of craters in Yamal, as well as severe accidents at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station, and other power plants. Therefore, in order to prevent severe accidents of power units, we propose to evaluate the dynamics of the movement of channels with hydrocarbons to power plants under construction and existing power units, as well as to involve oil producing companies for drilling and production of hydrocarbons from them. This HC production from the canals will not only prevent GB explosions under the power units, but also reduce the activity of volcanoes and earthquakes in the countries of the Ring of Fire.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Formulas for Calculating the Terms of Sequences of Prime and Composite Numbers

Authors: Andrey Belov
Comments: 11 Pages.

The article contains formulas that can specify sequences of both simple and composite numbers. The existence of such formulas proves that the appearance of primes in a series of natural numbers can be predicted. This means that the problem of factoring large numbers can be solved without waiting for the creation of appropriate quantum computing devices.
Category: Number Theory

The Relative Holographic Horizon and Explanation of Gravity

Authors: William Manuel
Comments: 9 Pages.

Maxwell's Demon has been used to show that measurement has an energy cost. The price Maxwell's Demons must pay can be found by use of Landuauer's Limit at Hawking Temperature. The use of Hawking Temperature in the Landauer Limit will extract just the energy contained in a constrained degree of spin freedom for spin 1u20442 particles.The Landauer Limit describes the amount of energy required to erase one quantum bit of information, which is equivalent to the amount of energy originally constrained . The goal is to see if there is a relationship between the Landauer Limit at Hawking Temperature and the gravitational energy of a one Planck Area of a given black hole's event horizon. We will assume a 1km radius, non-rotating Schwarzschild Black Hole. This will require several steps outlined below.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Exploring Emergent Qualia in Artificial and Biological Systems: A Comparative Analysis

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 4 Pages.

Qualia—the subjective experience of perception—has long been considered unique to biological consciousness. However, with the advent of sophisticated Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, the question arises: could complex AI architectures also manifest a form of qualia, albeit different in nature from biological systems? This paper explores the hypothesis that both biological and artificial systems may generate unique moments of consciousness or qualia through information processing. By examining theories of consciousness, such as emergentism and Integrated Information Theory (IIT), this paper discusses the potential for qualia to arise as an emergent phenomenon in systems that handle complex information processing. Additionally, the ethical implications of AI-generated qualia are explored, alongside a discussion of what this means for the future of AI and philosophy of mind.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On Intelligence and Limits

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

A short informal philosophical essay proposing an algorithmic framework or a matrix of steps that define intelligence. Thus, it is argued that the human genome system (DNA) can be considered intelligent as well as gene pools of organisms in Nature. Concepts like minds, the multiverse, and even the existence of the past, are proposed as derivative of an existential algorithm of intelligence.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Constructive Proof and Algorithm for the 2D Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem with Surjective Mapping

Authors: Ruohan Yang
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article investigates the two-dimensional Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem within the context of a surjective continuous transformation function ( f(x) ). This function can be interpreted as defining a continuous vector field. In this framework, each point in the disk is mapped to another point via a specific vector associated with the continuous transformation, thereby establishing a coherent vector field. This function can be interpreted as defining a continuous vector field. In this framework, the vector field can be decomposed two vector fields. Instead of  proving the existence of fixed point directly, the article aim to focus on prove the vector fields always has intersection where at this point, the vector fields has opposite directiond and same norm.The paper also provide the programming experiment which further verifies the proof.
Category: Topology

A Generalized Contructive Proof for Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem on D^2 and D^3

Authors: Ruohan Yang
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article present a constructive proof by analyzing decompositions of continuous vector field. The original proof of Brouwer's theorem relies on a contradiction argument, which, while effective, does not offer a constructive method for locating the fixed point. Through projecting arbitrary vector field the basis of the vector field, it can be proved there exists zero points on both of the basis. The article will also generalize the proof from 2D to 3D dimensions. The method is also valid under surjective and scaling map.
Category: Topology

JWST Discoveries and the Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Transformative New Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 25 Pages.

Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report was built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1].JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST's findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe.In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to bring about a significant transformation in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST's discoveries, WUM's achievements, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is time to initiate a fundamental transformation in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.The present paper is a continuation of the published article "JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions" [2] and a summary of the paper "Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society" [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Understanding Universal Disjunction Better

Authors: Garry Goodwin
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)

The asymmetry that distinguishes the direction of entailment of the two forms of universal disjunction is a tenet of Quantificational Logic but it is also poorly understood. The paper offers a semantics that sheds light on this asymmetry.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

A Practical View on Gravity: the Connection Between Electromagnetic Forces and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 10 Pages.

This research redefines gravity, showing that it is not a separate force but originates from atoms, specifically from the nucleus of the atom. Rather than arising from space-time curvature or the hypothetical graviton particle, this theory suggests that gravity is positive force of atom, that exhibits a weak attraction to neutral atoms (neutral objects) and repel same charge atom (positive charge objects). Moreover, utilizing the framework of gravity, this paper provides a practical and detailed explanation of how the solar system, galaxy, and the broader universe operate. This model solves key cosmological problems, presenting a more tangible and applicable understanding of cosmic phenomena, as opposed to purely theoretical and hypothetical approaches, and combines quantum mechanics and classical physics with gravity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Pseudo-Isolated Numbers (PIN)

Authors: Mohamed Chraiti
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article introduces a research program to study a new class of composite numbers, called Pseudo-Isolated Numbers (PIN), defined by their unique position between two consecutive prime numbers. where does it go to present its formal definition. This research program can open new perspectives in number theory and suggests potential applications in cryptography and algorithmic theory,...,etc,...
Category: Number Theory

A Brief Proof that Pi is Irrational

Authors: Timothy Jones
Comments: 3 Pages. There was as error in the earlier draft that someone pointed out. This draft gives a correction.

It is shown that the limit of cos(j) and sin(j) as j goes to infinity do not exist. Using DeMoivre's theorem this implies the limits of sin(j!) and cos(j!) don't exist either. Assuming pi is rational, its multiple can be expressed as a factorial. From this a contradiction is derived.
Category: Number Theory

Understanding When the Correlations Are Causation

Authors: Ait-Taleb nabil
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we will expose for the Gaussian multiple causation a theorem relating the causation to correlations.This theorem is based on another equality which will be also proven.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Approximate Estimation Of Prime Gaps: Formulas For Largest and Average Gaps Across Digit-Count Intervals

Authors: V. Sundararajan
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel approximation method for estimating prime gaps, focusing on both the largest and average gaps within intervals defined by the number of digits. Traditional approaches to prime gap estimation, such as Cramer's conjecture, provide general bounds but lack precision in specific ranges. By segmenting primes based on digit count and applying distinct scaling factors, this method offers improved accuracy in predicting the largest and average gaps across these intervals. Empirical analysis shows that the proposed formulas align closely with actual prime gap distributions, unveiling consistent growth patterns in both largest and average gaps as numbers increase in magnitude. This approximation framework has potential applications in cryptography, large-prime testing, and number theory, where understanding the distribution of primes within specified ranges is essential. Future work aims to refine these approximations further and explore potential applications in related fields.
Category: Number Theory

A New Paradigm for Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Lino Zamboni
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper introduces a new theoretical paradigm for elementary particles, specifically the electron, proposing an internal structure composed of entangled mass elements. The model extends Bohm’s quantum potential theory ,redefining the quantum potential as an emergent property of intra-particle entanglement, rather than as a purely mathematical non-local function. This framework offers a novel resolution to the problems of wave function collapse and non-locality, while ensuring compatibility with special relativity. Additionally, the model incorporates concentric "s"-type orbitals to describe the spatial arrangement of mass elements, providing a framework that aligns with the principles of quantum mechanics while allowing for a stationary and symmetric configuration of the electron. Though detailed electrostatic and relativistic derivations are beyond the scope of this work, this paradigm suggests a unified and physically grounded interpretation of quantum phenomena that bridges the gap between quantum mechanics and classical physics. Further developments and mathematical formalism will be discussed in subsequent works
Category: Quantum Physics

A Unified Cosmology Proposal: Vacuum as a System of Harmonic Oscillators Expanding at Relativistic Velocities Within an Antimatter Universe

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 111 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel cosmological framework that interprets the vacuum as a dynamicsystem of harmonic oscillators, expanding at relativistic velocities and interacting with an antimatteranti-universe. By modeling the vacuum as an RLC circuit, it is proposed that the vacuum itselfbehaves as a resonant system of harmonic oscillators. Within this framework, they are derivednew relationships between fundamental constants—including the speed of light c, gravitationalconstant G, and fine-structure constant α— showing that these constants arise from the vacuum’sintrinsic properties and oscillatory dynamics.Based on the relationships derived within this framework, it is proposed a novel mechanism ofenergy exchange across the boundary between matter and antimatter domains, through quantumgaps conceptualized as a "Quantum "black" hole" network. These "holes" in the boundary facilitateenergy transfer, generating local spacetime deformations that we perceive as gravitationaland electromagnetic interactions. It is showed that spacetime curvature and force interactions areemergent phenomena, stemming from quantum fluctuations within the vacuum as it oscillates andexpands. By reinterpreting the vacuum as an active, resonant medium, it is offered a cohesiveframework that may unify quantum mechanics and general relativity while aligning with observedcosmological expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proving Irrationality of Infinite Series

Authors: Jay Pillai
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper a theorem will be proven that is a relatively concise way to confirm the irrationality of an infinite series. From this, new proofs of the irrationality of some known results can be derived(pi, phi) as well as solutions to open problems(rationality of zeta function over the natural numbers, rationality of Euler-Mascheroni Constant)
Category: Number Theory

Is Modern Physics Moving Towards Metaphysics?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 20 Pages.

The increasing incorporation of speculative constructs such as dark matter, the Higgs field, and cosmic inflation within modern physics indicates a shift towards metaphysical frameworks, potentially compromising the empirical rigor traditionally upheld in physical sciences. This article critically evaluates the foundational paradigms in quantum mechanics and cosmology, asserting that constructs like the Big Bang theory and baryogenesis introduce elements that lack experimental validation and challenge established physical principles. By examining the epistemic and methodological implications of these paradigms, the author argues that theoretical physics must resist the encroachment of metaphysical assumptions and prioritize models grounded in measurable, observable phenomena. The article proposes a recalibration of the discipline, advocating for a return to empirically verifiable principles and logically cohesive theories that align with classical physics. Through this approach, theauthor suggests, physics can maintain its empirical integrity, ensuring that theoretical advancements remain anchored in experimentally testable reality and do not drift into speculative abstraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Recursive Inaccessibility and the Inductive Hypothesis as to Countable Sets in ZFC

Authors: Amel Mara
Comments: 32 Pages.

The significance of the Inductive Hypothesis is examined with respect to the Principle of Mathematical Induction. A few relevant theorems that involve functions in set theory are specified with respect to the Inductive Hypothesis. The countability of rational numbers is reviewed, as to Cantor’s "intuition" (i.e., the "zig-zag" method of enumerating rational numbers) and constructive formulas that would map the set of natural numbers to a subset of the rational numbers (e.g., a multiplicative inverse function, a divisive function). Von Neumann and Zermelo ordinals are introduced to support the definition of a non-dense, well-ordered set of numbers. It is determined that for a specific transfinite set of ordinals with a maximal element that is a limit ordinal, the set must contain at least one successor ordinal that cannot be recursively accessed in a finite number of steps from a specified base ordinal.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

On the Butterfly Effect and the Failure of Hamilton's Principle

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 Pages.

As a long-cherished postulate of theoretical physics, Hamilton’s principle (HP) defines thebasis of classical mechanics and field theory. We argue here that HP is overturned inphysical settings where sensitivity to initial conditions cannot be ignored. We find thatthe approach to chaos of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems sheds new light onseveral foundational aspects of effective field theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Planck Power with Joule Heating Applied to Cosmology?

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recent advances in deterministic models of quantum cosmology of the RH=c tH type have paved the way for the possible appearance of Planck power in the ΛCDM model as a constant, beyond the Planck era, thanks to Joule heating applied to cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Set Of Definition And The Diophantine Equation Of The Twin Prime Numbers

Authors: Amine Oufaska
Comments: 5 Pages.

Since the ancient Greeks over 2000 years ago , mathematicians have asked the question about the distribution of the twin prime numbers . In this paper we present the set of definition and the Diophantine equation of the twin prime numbers , it is a magic subset of the natural numbers which arranges the twin prime numbers. This theory will provide a deep understanding of the twin prime conjecture and the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Unified Understanding of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Through the Repulsion Graviton Space Model

Authors: Misaki Kasai
Comments: 201 Pages.

In this study, we propose the "Repulsion Graviton Space Model (Re:GraviS Model)," which elucidates the role of gravitons in the formation of cosmic structures and provides a framework for explaining gravity, dark matter, and dark energy. To support the validity of this model, we analyze the consistency between observational data and the "Galactic Rotation Curve Graviton-Modified Inverse Square Decay Model (Galactic Rotation Curve MiSAKi Model)." The MiSAKi Model incorporates the effects of gravitons into the circular orbital velocity equation derived from the spherically symmetric solution of Einstein’s field equations, namely the Schwarzschild solution. The insights obtained from this validation realize a unified understanding of relativity and quantum mechanics. Keywords: Quantum Gravity Theory, Graviton, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Black Hole, Galactic Rotation Curve
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Predictions and the Synthetic Routes of the 120th and the 126th Elements

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 22 Pages. 7 Figures, in Chinese.

This paper is a brief review of our previous relevant papers, it is narrated mainly from points of view of the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and the 126th elements. Firstly we review the theories we constructed previously including the four principles of the theory of chirality, the chirality model of atomic nucleus and the periodic table of nuclides, the new circular periodic table of elements and the integrated periodic table of elements, the formulas of the fine structure constant and the formulas of the speed of light in atomic units as well as the formulas of the anomalous magnetic moments of electron, muon and tauon, then we mainly give the predictions and the synthetic routes of the 120th and the 126th elements including some new synthetic routes. Specifically, we regard that the 120th element has neutron number of 180 and the total nucleon number of 300 and the 126th element has neutron number of 188 and the total nucleon number of 314, regard they are relatively stable and most worthwhile and likely to be synthesized, and the 126th element is more important.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Goldbach Prime Pairs and Its Distribution for Integers of Form 2(n+1)^{2}

Authors: Imran Ansari
Comments: 40 Pages.

In this article, study related to the distribution of the Goldbach prime pairs for the even integers of form 2(n+1)^{2} has been carried out with the help of other conjectures(/postulate), that is, Legendre's conjecture and Bertrand's postulate. From the obtained results, various possible conjectures have been proposed/suggested. In brief, first the term, Goldbach first prime pair (p_{f},p'_{f}) was defined and for ascertaining the interval in which Goldbach first prime pair would always be present for all the values of 2(n+1)^{2}, where, n =1,2,3,..., was suggested. The proposed conjectures on distribution were tested for all values of n = 1,2,3,...,1,000,000 using algorithm. The expression, (n)(n+1) < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - n(n+1) showed that, the Goldbach first prime pair would always existing for all the n values, where, n = 1,2,3,...- {4,6,10,16,19,21,22,23,30,33,36,43,48,49,56, 57,61,66,72, 76,81,106, 117,127,130, 132,141,210,276,289,333,418}. The expression, (n)^{2} < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - (n)^{2} showed that, the Goldbach first prime pairs would always existing for all the n values, where, n = 1,2,3,... - {21,23,30,33,36,48,49,117,141}. While, for the expression, (n)(n-1) < p_{f} < (n+1)^{2} < p'_{f} < 2(n+1)^{2} - (n)(n-1), were true for all the n = 1,2,3,..., values. Another observation was found that, in the proposed conjecture 1, the gap between Goldbach first prime pair, that is, (p'_{f} - p_{f}) was found to be always less than its corresponding n value after n=2538 , hence, Gap(p'_{f} - p_{f}) << n, where, n=2539,2540,2541,....
Category: Number Theory

Theory of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe: Derivation of the Energy-Time Uncertainty Principle for Temporal Waves and Their Stability

Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we derive a specific form of the energy-time uncertainty principle as it applies to Temporal Waves (TWs) in the context of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe (4DEU) Theory, providing further evidence of the stability of TWs from the beginning and throughout the four-dimensional (4D) universe's expansion. In this model, the universe is proposed to exist in four real spatial dimensions, with the fourth dimension, which we perceive as time, along which the cause of the 4D universe's expansion acts. TWs play a fundamental role in the formation and expansion of the 4D universe, with this expansion being caused by their radiation pressure. In this work, we derive the specific form of the uncertainty principle for TWs, demonstrating that the product of the uncertainties in the TW energy and privileged time is not merely constrained by a lower bound, as in the canonical uncertainty principle, but is exactly equal to h/4. In contrast to the canonical uncertainty principle, where the product of uncertainties is greater than or equal to h/4, in the case of TWs this product equals precisely h/4, indicating a unique relationship in the 4DEU theory. Our findings also confirm the stability of TWs from the beginning and throughout every phase of the 4D universe's expansion, ensuring their persistence over time. This paper offers further mathematical evidence supporting the stability of TWs and strengthens the foundational principles of the Theory of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Iron-56 Just Mond in Disguise?

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 3 Pages.

In previous work, we have looked at the product of the 26 sporadic groups. We've observed specific distances and masses related to the observable universe at the moment of "maximum expansion". It appears that the energy released by the fusion of hydrogen (protium) into iron-56 (or the iron group) is just enough to allow the resulting nuclei to enter a "MOND-stable" orbit around the baryonic mass of the local Hubble volume, i.e. at the orbit defined by the global Hubble radius. This energy is just about half of the energy of a proton accelerated at the critical acceleration a0 (Milgrom's constant) for the duration of Hubble time (global), with the resulting Planck-diameter channel having the volume of a proton. Links to the masses of the quarks might arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of the Collatz Conjecture for the Natural Numbers

Authors: Daniel G. Boyle
Comments: 18 Pages.

This document proves that the Collatz Conjecture is true for the Natural numbers excluding zero. Use is made of the probability distribution of even and odd numbers in supposed diverging Collatz sequences to establish that Collatz sequences do not diverge, having a finite number of terms, and are bounded. Finally proof by contradiction, the pigeon hole principle and proof by induction are used to prove that the Collatz Conjecture is true via two theorems.
Category: Number Theory