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[2147] viXra:2409.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-16 23:57:54
Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 10 Pages.
In quantum mechanics, particles have a new type of probabilistic property, which is quantum wave probability. Corresponding to this new probability, the particle has the property of quantum wave entropy, and it has the property of quantum wave temperature. Based on the quantum wave entropy, the Unruh formula, the black hole entropy formula, and the Verlinde entropy gravitational formula can be easily derived. It proves that these three formulas are not independent of each other, but are related to each other. These three formulas have the same physical origin, which is quantum wave entropy. The quantum wave temperature has similar properties to the Unruh temperature. The quantum wave temperature is not only directly proportional to acceleration, but also inversely proportional to velocity. The Unruh temperature is just a light speed case of quantum wave temperatures. Compared to the Unruh temperature, the quantum wave temperature is significantly larger and easier to test experimentally. All experiments to test the Unruh effect can be used to test the theory of quantum wave entropy. We can use experiments to test whether the theory is true.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2146] viXra:2409.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-14 05:36:41
Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 9 Pages.
The paper reveals the essence of the Planck length and its relevance to quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2145] viXra:2409.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-11 05:53:25
Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 31 Pages.
This paper proposes a new Theory of Everything (TOE) based on two-dimensional photons. The theory assumes that 2D photons exist as a medium throughout the universe, aiming to explain all matter and physical phenomena through this concept. Protons and electrons are formed as 2D photons fold into 3D structures, while dark matter, black holes, and space outside the universe are explained as photons transformed into a 1D state. The paper also points out limitations in existing quantum mechanical interpretations and presents a new perspective on the fixed form of matter. It suggests methods to experimentally verify the role of photons as a medium and offers a new viewpoint on the creation of the universe. This research attempts to explain the essence of matter and the universe through a simple and intuitive approach rather than complex mathematical structures, seeking to overcome the limitations of existing physics theories.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2144] viXra:2409.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-11 13:01:12
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 5 Pages.
Nature knows no zero. On a fundamental level there is a minimal length. If there has to be a sort of quantum-spacetime it can not include fourvectors but must be described in tensor-form from first principles. Every coordinate, even in tangential spacetime without gravity-force has constant components in other dimensional directions, which can‘t be set to zero but must be defined over Planck-lenghts. In this case tangential spacetime has to be rewritten in a corrected form. This rewriting will be done. Maybe, from this calculation there can later derived a consistent version of quantum gravity, which leads to finite physical states in this theory. In , there is ergo constructed a Frobenius-scalarproduct of matrices and therefore a finite Hilbert-space. A Hilbert space is a real or complex vector space with a dot product, which is complete with respect to the norm induced by the dot product, i.e. in which every Cauchy sequence converges. A Hilbert space is therefore a complete pre-Hilbert space. Therefore the matrix space K (m × n) of the real or complex matrices with the Frobenius -scalar product is a Hilbertspace.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2143] viXra:2409.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-07 22:18:58
Authors: Fatih Hodzic
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
According to the perseverance theory of energy, physical empty space (vacuum) is a field of low probability density of energy, and quantum gravity is perseverance of energy of low probability density in the field of a quantum particle, graviton. Energy quanta (dark energy) and quantum particles (dark matter, galactic matter) are forms of energy of high probable energy. For energy, emanation in singularity, it is true that it is of immeasurably huge density. The perseverance of energy of different probable densities is a permanent effort, an aspiration towards an immensely huge density, to the state of energy that preceded the Big Bang.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2142] viXra:2408.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-22 23:33:51
Authors: khoruzhenko Vadim
Comments: 11 Pages.
My work represents a macroscopic generalization of the Kaluza-Klein theories for quantum systems, concerning the existence of an additional fifth dimension in our space. This allowed Kaluza to unify the descriptions of gravity and electromagnetism within a single mathematical structure. Later, Oskar Klein added a crucial element to Kaluza's theory by proposing that the fifth dimension is compactified into a very small circle with a radius on the order of the Planck length. Due to its minuteness, this dimension remains invisible at ordinary scales. Additionally, I drew upon ideas proposed by Feynman, who suggested using the concept of energy density in space to describe electromagnetic interactions at the quantum level within the framework of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). This theory helps explain how, at short distances, charge screening and renormalization occur due to interactions with virtual particles in the vacuum.In my work, I attempt to describe the observable effects at the macroscopic level, such as the electric interaction of charges and the gravitational interaction of massive bodies, through an intuitively understandable process of spatial disturbance. This disturbance is first expressed in the disruption of the uniform distribution of spatial density and then in the curvature of the spherically symmetric structure of the disturbance. In formulating my theory at a macroscopic level, which implies a statistical averaging of the processes described by Kaluza, Klein, and Feynman at the quantum level, I was primarily inspired by the ideas proposed by these scientists. I aimed to formalize their mathematical concepts into simple and intuitively understandable postulates, which lead to observable effects in macro-objects. One such effect is the attenuation of the electric field at short distances between charges, similar to the processes occurring at the quantum level. Based on innovative theoretical insights, this work provides yet another alternative confirmation of the Theory of Relativity regarding the equivalence of energy and mass of elementary particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2141] viXra:2408.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-18 12:43:55
Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: 14 Pages.
In this paper I propose that the 'Hubble expansion' phenomenon is universal and isotropic and countered by space absorption as an activity of central massess. With mass sucking in space on the one hand and space expanding isotropically with the Hubble rate on the other hand, we get a continuous drift of space towards the central mass. We can define a critical distance from the central mass as the distance where the two effects are balanced. The cosmic density parameter is given a different, more local, interpretation because it now devides space into regions where absorption of space is dominant and regions where space creation is dominant. I add to this that at elementary particle level, the space absorption process is quantized and periodic, with the de Broglie internal frequency as the quantized space volume absorption frequency. This then leads to a mass independend quantized volume of space of approximately the size of the largest nuclei. De Broglie's subquantum gas is identified with space that is thus quantized. Nuclei occupy at most one single quantum bubble of space. Inside these quantized space bubbles, we have the physics of the weak and strong nuclear forces. In between quantizes space bubbles we have the physics of wave mechanics and gravity. The same process of quantized space cell absorption by elementary particles lies at the basis of both gravity on the macro level and wave mechanics on the meso level. It also produces inertia in a way that is, conceptually at least, somewhat similar to the Higgs mechanism by which elementary particles of the weak and strong interactions acquire mass. The concept of stochastic drift of quantized bubbles of space is a refined version of earlier 'velocity of space' approaches towards gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2140] viXra:2408.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-16 09:17:30
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 19 Pages.
Recently we have argued [1] that the noncommutativity of the spacetime coordinates is the answer to the question : Why is area, mass, entropy quantized ? Furthermore, it casts light into a deep interplay among black hole entropy, discrete calculus, number theory, theory of partitions, random matrix theory, fuzzy spheres, ..... We extend our previous construction of Schwarzschild black holes and derive the corrections to the Kerr-Newman temperature and black hole entropy, to all orders, from the discrete mass transitions taken place among different mass states. The mass spectrum for Kerr, Kerr-Newman, and Reissner-Nordstrom black holes is explicitly obtained which reduces to the Schwarzschild case when the angular momentum and charge is set to zero. One of the most salient features in the expansion of the $modified$ temperature $ {cal T } = T + c_1{ T over N } + c_2 { T over N^2 } + ldots $ is that it spells a correspondence between the loop expansion in QFT in powers of $ hbar$, after setting $ hbar leftrightarrow ( 1/ N)$. $ N $ is the principal quantum number labeling the spectrum of mass states and which is given by $ N = l_3 ( l_3 + 2 ) - l_2 ( l_2 + 1) + l_1^2$, with $ l_3 ge l_2 ge | l_1|$ being the quantum numbers associated with the hyper-spherical harmonics of the three-sphere $ S^3$. These results can be extended to higher dimensions. To finalize, we should add that the deviation from a full thermal spectrum and the corrections to the Hawking temperature might be relevant to the solution of the Black Hole Information paradox.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2139] viXra:2408.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-16 15:02:13
Authors: Martín Fuertes Oliva
Comments: 22 Pages.
This paper presents a novel Quantum Gravity Theory (QGT) that reinterprets thegravitational field as being derived from the Higgs field within a flat spacetime frame-work. Unlike General Relativity (GR), which attributes gravity to spacetime curvature,QGT integrates quantum corrections, nonlinear dynamics, and a variable speed of lightto describe gravitational phenomena [1]. The theory successfully predicts key cosmic phe-nomena such as the expansion of the universe [6], gravitational time dilation, and lightdeflection, while addressing discrepancies in observational data, such as the perihelion pre-cession of Mercury and the nature of gravitational waves [4]. By calibrating the couplingconstant λ, QGT shows potential as a bridge between quantum mechanics and cosmol-ogy, offering a new perspective on gravity that does not rely on dark energy or spacetimecurvature.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2138] viXra:2408.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-12 13:49:21
Authors: Vadim Khoruzhenko
Comments: 20 Pages.
This paper proposes a novel theoretical framework that introduces a fifth spatial dimension, termed "space density," as a fundamental aspect influencing both gravitational and electric fields. While the properties of electromagnetic and gravitational interactions are well-studied empirically, the underlying nature of these forces, their interrelation, and the physical substance that constitutes them remain elusive. This research explores the concept of "space density" within a five-dimensional space, hypothesizing that variations in this dimension can lead to phenomena analogous to gravitational and electric fields. Through a series of mathematical models, we demonstrate how space density distribution behaves around spherical objects and discuss the implications for classical field theories. Our findings suggest a need to reconsider traditional views on space as merely a metric-bound entity, proposing instead that space itself possesses inherent properties and degrees of freedom. This hypothesis opens new avenues for understanding fundamental interactions in the universe from both physical and philosophical perspectives.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2137] viXra:2408.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-12 17:07:34
Authors: John Madocks
Comments: 45 Pages.
This paper presents a Theory of Everything (TOE). This theory aims to be a true TOE, one that accounts for all verified physical and human phenomenon. This theory shows our universe to be composed of several self-similar copies at scales descending in a logarithmic spiral sequence. As different as it is, this TOE is actually a grand simplification over current theories. Rather than different laws of physics applying to the atomic, human and cosmic scales, this TOE shows one set of laws applies to all scales. In doing this, incongruities between quantum physics and gravity are resolved and open fundamental questions are answered. For instance, this TOE successfully explains the flat rotation profiles of spiral galaxies, the fine structure constant and the long term stability and negative energy of the Bohr atom model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2136] viXra:2408.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-05 21:00:52
Authors: Vadim Khoruzhenko
Comments: 20 Pages. khoruzhenkova@gmail.com (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
In this paper, we explore a hypothetical model based on five-dimensional space, where we introduce the concept of "space density" (ho(r)), which plays a key role in the formation and understanding of the fifth dimension of space. We assume that changes in the fifth dimension, which we interpret as "space density," can lead to effects analogous to gravitational and electric fields. The paper discusses the fundamental postulates, the derivation of formulas for density distribution around one and two spheres, and their interpretation in the context of classical physical theories.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2135] viXra:2407.0163 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-27 00:33:27
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.
Despite years of sustained research on multiple avenues, unification of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and General Relativity (GR) appears to be heading towards a dead end. There are by now dozens of review articles, blog entries, conference proceedings and reference books explaining the challenges of unification and debating the status of this presumptive failure. Yet no consensus exists on what the next steps are and on whether the whole unification effort is to be abandoned. The (modest) goal of this short review is to go over the main conceptual limitations of Quantum Gravity (QG) programs. This tutorial reflects a personal viewpoint, likely to stand at odds with the wide spectrum of opinions of those working in this field.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2134] viXra:2407.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-27 21:32:09
Authors: Gilad Laredo
Comments: 17 Pages. Published also on ResearchGate.
This study presents an extension to the classical theory of electromagnetism to include quantum phenomena and proposed as a ‘bridge’ between Maxwell’s equations and quantum mechanics. This bridge is facilitated through a mathematical formalism that covers Maxwell equations, Dirac equation and the Proca equation. One outcome of this study is a new Lagrangian that maintains the same fermionic field dynamics generated by the Dirac Lagrangian while being more symmetric. Additionally, this work introduces a ‘quantum’ stress-energy tensor that can be integrated into Einstein’s field equations as source of spacetime curvature, thereby connceting quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2133] viXra:2407.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-23 08:22:43
Authors: Yandong Yang
Comments: 8 Pages.
In this paper, the author first reviews the essential contradictions of general relativity(GR) and quantum mechanics(QM) from the perspective of background manifolds,while pointing out a fundamental principle that both must be satisfied. Schrodinger's cat experiment, Yang's double slit interference experiment, and the ERP paradox are discussed based on this principle. The author proposes to unify GR and QM in a mathematical context by introducing the concept of virtual potential field and virtual mass. A model of black hole is given under the inspiration of this discussion, and a possible explanation for black hole information paradox is offered under this scheme, which may also provide some hints for the mystery of the antimatter. The author analyzes the possible applications of virtual particles to quantum field theory, including the treatment of divergent terms in the quantization of real scalar field and the physical implications of the Pauli-Villars renormalization method, while giving an estimate of the Lamb movement. Finally, the author suggests a plausible approach for the quantization of the gravitational field.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2132] viXra:2407.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-22 01:31:46
Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 11 Pages.
In 5-dimensional space-time, the Planck quantum gravity theory can be constructed based on standard quantum field theory methods. The 4-dimensional space-time observed by humans is a mapping of the 5-dimensional space-time. The mapping from 5-dimensional space-time to 4-dimensional space-time satisfies the path integration rule. By using the path integration method, the space-time mapping can be deduced and calculated, so as to transform the Planck quantum gravity theory of 5-dimensional space-time into Planck gravity theory in 4-dimensional space-time, and then calculate and explain the gravitational phenomena in 4-dimensional space-time, which is consistent with the experimental results in 4-dimensional space-time. Physically, the mapping from high-dimensional space-time to low-dimensional space-time requires the use of path integration rules, which is the spacetime mapping principle. The gravitational mass in 4-dimensional space-time comes from the space-time mapping, and the gravitational mass is just the inertial mass, and there is no independent gravitational mass. The physical meaning of mass in gravity is to denote a new type of probability density. In the 4-dimensional space-time, Planck quantum gravity theory has different calculation results from other gravitational theories in five aspects, and whether Planck quantum gravity theory is consistent with the real universe can be tested experimentally.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2131] viXra:2407.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-22 01:28:27
Authors: Viktar Yatskevich
Comments: 9 Pages.
This paper presents a novel technological advancement for Earth-to-Space rocket launches, utilizing gravity shielding implemented at the launch pad. The gravity shield, positioned at the base of the launch pad, mitigates the influence of Earth's gravitational forces on the rocket during its ascent phase. This innovation holds particular significance during the critical initial moments of launch when the rocket must overcome gravitational resistance to achieve liftoff. The proposed technology is grounded in the principles of gravitational physics, which elucidate the generation of gravitational fields and the dynamics of gravitational interactions among celestial bodies, incorporating established scientific insights into the fundamental structure of matter. By leveraging the physical theory of gravitation, this approach not only elucidates a plethora of experimental data and observational phenomena but also facilitates the reconciliation of gravitational theory with quantum mechanics, offering theoretical explanations for various gravitational anomalies across micro and macroscopic scales. These advancements bear profound practical and economic implications. The development of gravity shielding technology and its integration into missile systems represent a pioneering frontier in space exploration, promising to revolutionize sectors such as energy, transportation, and defense. Consequently, this trajectory offers unprecedented opportunities for commercial monopolization in high-tech markets, thereby shaping the future landscape of technological innovation and industrial competitiveness.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2130] viXra:2407.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-19 23:39:17
Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted!)
Matter wave has been generalized on a planetary scale as a quantum gravity theory, and applied to solar science. It was found that celestial size is the consequence of interference of the generalized matter waves, the sunspot cycle 11 years represents the beat-period of the interference. By the quantum gravity theory, the mean density of convection zone is determined as 3.3e-3 kg/m3, the mean temperature of the granule layer is calculated out to be 8689K. The solar surface winds are investigated, the sunspot basins locate at 0°N ~ 30°N on the northern hemisphere, where the wind speeds almost equal to zero.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2129] viXra:2407.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-19 23:39:37
Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted!)
Matter wave has been generalized on a planetary scale as a quantum gravity theory, and applied to the solar system. This paper shows that Uranus' size and Neptune's size are the consequence of interference of the generalized matter waves. In this calculation, Uranus' radius is determined as 2.455042e+7 (m) with a relative error of 3.2%; Neptune's radius is determined as 2.315699e+7 (m) with a relative error of 5.95%. This calculation also correctly predicts the locations of rings for Uranus and Neptune.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2128] viXra:2407.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-16 19:51:00
Authors: Enquzer Getachew
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This paper presents the Unified Quantum-Gravity Interaction Framework (UQGIF), a theoretical model that integrates quantum mechanics and gravity. The framework combines elements from quantum field theory and general relativity into a unified Lagrangian density, which includes quantum, gravitational, and interaction terms. Central to the UQGIF is a dynamic meta-field M that interacts with spacetime curvature R and scalar and fermionic fields ∅_i and ψ_i, . This approach offers a full description of fundamental interactions, providing insights into the nature of spacetime and quantum phenomena. The framework has implications for particle physics, cosmology, and experimental predictions, potentially addressing longstanding challenges in unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2127] viXra:2407.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-03 19:06:51
Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please do not use line numbers)
This paper argues for the continuous nature of time, space and spacetime, based on all observers' internal experience of the present moment as having zero duration and all observers internally experiencing always being in the present moment without any divisibility and discontinuity of this present moment and the logical consistency based on the space being the substratum for the existence of time. The implications of this continuity challenge the physical theories proposing discrete structures of space or time or spacetime, such as loop quantum gravity, causal set theory, etc.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2126] viXra:2406.0174 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-28 20:57:39
Authors: Athon Zeno, Aeon Zeno
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)
This paper presents a novel conceptualization of time as a fractal, looping structure, with significant implications for quantum gravity and string theory. We propose a model that bridges quantum mechanics and general relativity, offering new insights into long-standing problems in physics. The model incorporates the Planck scale, addresses spacetime geometry, explores quantum gravity phenomenology, and connects to string theory dualities. We also discuss implications for the early universe, quantum entanglement, and provide testable predictions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2125] viXra:2406.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-23 12:12:16
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 21 Pages.
It is shown how a Noncommutative spacetime leads to an area, mass and entropy quantization condition which allows to derive the Schwarzschild black hole entropy A/4G, the logarithmic corrections, and further corrections, from the discrete mass transitions taken place among different mass states in D = 4. The higher dimensional generalization of the results in D = 4 follow. The discretization of the entropy-mass relation S = S ( M ) leads to an entropy quantization of the form S = S ( M_n) = n, and such that one may always assign n ``bits" to the discrete entropy, and in doing so, make contact with quantum information. The physical applications of mass quantization, like the counting of states contributing to the black hole entropy, black hole evaporation, and the direct connection to the black holes-string correspondence via the asymptotic behavior of the number of partitions of integers, follows. To conclude, it is shown how the recent large N Matrix model (fuzzy sphere) leads to very similar results for the black hole entropy as the physical model described in this work and which is based on the discrete mass transitions originating from the noncommutativity of the spacetime coordinates.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2124] viXra:2406.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-22 23:05:55
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 5 Pages.
I [presents here] a possible way of creating spacetime from just information from wave function.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2123] viXra:2406.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-21 09:13:34
Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 18 Pages.
This paper elaborates upon and further develops https://vixra.org/abs/2402.0149, which proposed a novel realist framework for making sense of standard quantum theory. The framework is said to be "realist" in that it provides a complete observerless picture of quantum state ontology and dynamics, in conjunction with a mechanistic account of measurement processes, that answers basic questions of what, where, when, and how.The framework embodies a general quantum ontology consisting of two entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- and particle-like aspects of quantum systems. W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state is a non-local hidden variable that constrains the probability distributions governing deferred measurement outcomes, such as in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) thought experiment. This paper presents a full solution of the core measurement problem, which pertains to the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The framework has a tri-partite structure, consisting of Q-1 (unitary evolution of W-state), Q-2 (measurement-like events that continually occur in the absence of observer intervention), and Q-3 (measurement events in experimental settings). Traditional quantum theory draws a sharp dichotomy between Q-1 and Q-3. The new framework incorporates physical wavefunction collapse, which is held to be a real physical process and ubiquitous feature of nature in the quantum realm, as Q-2, which fills the gap between Q-1 and Q-3.Quantum systems have a built-in dynamic proper time, which is relativistically invariant and plays a central role in the measurement problem solution. The framework is thus background-independent, a key requirement for making quantum theory compatible with general relativity. Quantum gravity is introduced as Q-4 atop the tri-partite foundation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2122] viXra:2406.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-20 17:55:57
Authors: Lelong Marius
Comments: 13 Pages.
Since 1905 physics lost his soul, the intimate contact with the reality and rationality. The corepillars of modern physics, the general relativity, the special relativity and the quantum mechanicscontains some basics but fundamentals errors with profound consequences.Neoclassical physics is a completion of classical Newtonian physics with a new classification ofmatter according to the capacity to generate a gravitational interaction: structured matter andunstructured matter. Its formalism is based on the mathematical apparatus of classical physicswith the integration of some elements of quantum mechanics and relativity.This article will show that with a modification of the Newton law, by a modification of gravitational potential, we will find a relation equivalent to that of the field equation in general relativity. Through outthis and with a minimal modification of Maxwell laws and Lorentz transformations, neoclassicalphysics rediscovers all the theoretical and empirical results of modernity but with a completely different interpretation and use, all within the realistic, rational, local and deterministic framework ofclassicism.We demonstrate the Newtonian limit, the advancement of Mercury’s perihelion, the deviation ofthe light ray in gravitational fields with the phenomenon of gravitational lensing, the slowing downof measured time, the red-shift of light, the light ring for black holes, as well as the quantum natureof neoclassical gravitation with the expression of it’s quantum form and Einsteinian limit.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2121] viXra:2406.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-17 05:23:48
Authors: Viktar Yatskevich
Comments: 16 Pages.
Time, a fundamental concept in modern physics, is integral to classical mechanics, relativity theory, quantum field theory, the standard model of elementary particle physics, superstring theory, and other contemporary theories. Understanding the properties of time in the spatial and temporal processes of both the microcosm and macrocosm is particularly important. Consequently, there is a need to understand how time depends on gravitation, as established through various experiments. This paper briefly analyzes the results of these experiments within the contexts of classical physics and the General Theory of Relativity (GTR), presenting the main principles of the new "Physical Theory of Gravity." These principles provide a scientific explanation of the nature and properties of time. The findings of this research not only elucidate the influence of gravitation on time but also offer a physical explanation of the nature of gravitation itself, and the effects of the gravitational field on material bodies. This work could form the foundation for developing a general theory of gravity in the future.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2120] viXra:2406.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-09 16:35:24
Authors: Aras Dargazany
Comments: 9 Pages.
This theory is an attempt to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics by integrating:Einstein Field Equation for Gravitational Wave in General Relativity; Schrödinger Field Equation for Quantum Wave in Quantum Mechanics; Maxwell Field Equation for Photon Wave in Electromagnetism;Hawking Field Equation for Radiation Wave in Black Holes; and Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle for Minimal Action (or Entropy). This unification leads to the potential prediction of Graviton (mass, charge, and spin).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2119] viXra:2405.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-26 06:06:54
Authors: Eytan Haim Suchard
Comments: 91 Pages. This paper is beyond comparison more correct and advanced than an open source IARD 2016 proceedings peer reviewed paper.
It is possible to describe a universal scalar field of time but not a universal coordinate oftime and to attribute its non-geodesic alignment to the electromagnetic phenomena. A very surprising outcome is that not only mass generates gravity, but also electric charge does. Charge is, however, coupled to a non-geodesic vector field and thus is not totally equivalent to inertial mass. Only the entire "Energy-Momentum" tensor has a vanishing divergence. The model can be seen as misalignment of physically accessible events in an observer spacetime and of gravity as a controlling response by volumetric contraction of the observer spacetime in the direction where events bend or accelerate to. This non geodesic acceleration is described by a generalization of the Reeb class vector. Misalignment of events can be described by 1, 2, and 3 such vectors. The paper presents a term with 4 vectors but does not discuss its physical meaning. The paper also discusses particle mass ratios and the Fine Structure Constant where added or subtracted area in relation to a disk does not involve a ratio 1/24 but 1/96 due to the physical meaning of the orientation of a space foliation which is perpendicular to a time-like vector �� and due to the orientation of a plane which is perpendicular to a time-like vector �� and its Reeb class vector �� where �� is mapped to a1-Form, ���� = ±��^��. This forgotten definition of the Reeb class vector �� is not limited to contact manifolds. These two orientations mean that only one side of a 3-dimensional foliation has a physical meaning and only one side of asub-plane of that foliation has a physical meaning then (1/2) * (1/2) * (1/24) = (1/96). Another interpretation of the factor 1/4 is the Bekenstein - Hawking entropy to area constant. An additional coefficient 4/�� describes anacceleration field strength and has a compelling source in mainstream physics. Other two field strength coefficients have compelling explanations, these are 95/96 and a critical value due to an imbalance equation between gravity and anti-gravity ~1.556198537190348396563877031439915299.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2118] viXra:2405.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-22 22:00:16
Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 31 Pages.
The pre-fermion model is a comprehensive explanation for most of the observations made of the universe, from the smallest to the largest scales. Previous papers have covered each different aspect by concentrating on how the model reinterprets that aspect. There has been nothing before which compared current physics concepts to pre-fermion interpretations across all aspects individually within one paper. This paper fills that gap, although in doing so it has to cover some of the content of previous papers.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2117] viXra:2405.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-20 20:43:36
Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 12 Pages.
The current standard model of cosmology considers that space inflates and subsequently expands. The pre-fermion model proposes that instead it is the loops, which are the only directly observable objects in the universe, that expand in radius during inflation and which are then locked-in at the size that they attained after that inflation ended. Subsequent expansion is the physical motion of those inflated loops. The paper explains the model in some detail and concludes by comparing the calculations made in the Koide mass formula for the charged lepton loops with the same result using the inverse area of those same loops, implying that the loop structure is consistent with the mass observed. Also shown is that the total inflation across each charge family of loops, once adjusted for the ‘missing charge’ factor, is the same, at 1.44x〖10〗^23 ±10%, despite the inflation of each loop along each of the three spatial axes being different.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2116] viXra:2405.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-19 19:46:17
Authors: Edward L. Molishever
Comments: 25 Pages.
Quantum mechanics and gravitation theory are unified here, when the unnormalized Schroedinger wave function of an isolated typical elementary particle, is given dimensions of potential energy, and is assumed to represent part of the particle's gravitational self potential energy, as well as representing the particle itself. This assumption is shown to be consistent with the normalization of the particle's wave function and its probabilistic interpretation. It leads directly to the derivation of a set of covariant partial differential equations which couple quantum mechanics, general relativity and electroweak and strong physics, and explains how particle rest mass arises quantum mechanically. The point of view taken here is that a necessary condition that a theory of elementary particle physics be fundamental, is that its defining equations be differential equations, exclusively. (For instance the electroweak field equations are the Bianchi identities satisfied by the gravitational field equations and lack parity invariant solutions). Gravitation theory is thereby inserted into quantum mechanics, and gravitation theory(including general relativity) and quantum mechanics are shown to be compatible theories. Interacting particle systems of arbitrary complexity are represented here as the states occupied by a single gravitationally self interacting particle. If this single gravitationally self interacting particle is composed of matter and not antimatter, then a consequence of the theory is matter/antimatter asymmetry. Since the theory involves the gravitational self interaction of a single particle, any multiparticle system, can be represented in a background space which is ordinary four dimensional space time. This contrasts with conventional Schroedinger theory where the background space has 3N spatial dimensions and time, where N is the number of particles in the system. This simplification may lead to the numerical solution of complex molecular interactions useful in drug, materials and energy research. Solutions of the aforementioned covariant equations are shown to represent the following five categories of elementary particle states: 1. 3 spin 1/2 lepton states, 2. 3 spin 1/2 lepton states representing the antiparticles of the particles in category 1, 3.6 spin 1/2 quarks, 4. 3 spin 1 bosons, and 5. 1 spin 0 boson. The strength of the gravitational self interaction at short range for leptons is shown to be proportional to 1/(r squared) and to be 1/(r to the fourth) for quarks, where r is the distance from the particle. The rotational stability of the galaxy based on elementary particle gravitational self interaction is shown.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2115] viXra:2405.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-18 18:41:17
Authors: Atman Bharadwaj
Comments: 22 Pages.
This paper presents a comprehensive framework that integrates quantum gravitational corrections derived from string theory, loop quantum gravity (LQG), and non-commutative geometry into the Einstein-Hilbert action. By combining these three approaches, we derive modified field equations that encapsulate quantum effects in spacetime curvature. The unified corrections are formulated as higher-order curvature terms and modifications arising from the discrete structure of spacetime and non-commutative coordinates. Our results demonstrate that these corrections can resolve classical singularities, leading to a finite Ricci scalar even at small radii, thus providing a non-singular description of black hole interiors. Additionally, the framework predicts alterations in the effective potential near black holes, which could manifest as observable deviations in gravitational wave signals and other astrophysical phenomena. This work not only bridges the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics but also opens new avenues for both theoretical exploration and observational verification of quantum gravitational effects.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2114] viXra:2405.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-14 05:13:01
Authors: Benjamin Lesel
Comments: 7 Pages.
While General Relativity has strong mathematical underpinnings that predict much of our spacetime observations, convincing physical understandings of these principles are vague and unconvincing. Herein we explore the physical assumption that the primary element of relativity is an orbit, which can take place either in time (space-time) or outside of time (time-space) and we use this assumption to derive Einstein’s most famous relativity equations from this first principle. Herein we explore the origin of mass, and how gravity, time and light are intimately connected aspects of a universal orbit.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2113] viXra:2405.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-07 08:07:21
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 Pages.
We revisit the nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation that was proposed by us which capture how quantum mechanical probability densities curve spacetime, and find an exact solution that may appear to be ``trivial" but with important physical implications related to the physics of frozen stars and with Mach's principle. The nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation is essentially the static spherically symmetric relativistic analog of the Newton-Schr"{o}dinger equation. We finalize by studying the higher dimensional generalizations of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation and examine the relativistic Bohm-Poisson equation as yet another equation capturing the interplay between quantum mechanical probability densities and gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2112] viXra:2405.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-05 02:33:33
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 26 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In the original multi-fold paper, we provided a review of lesser known details on spin, leading to the insights that spin is not a relativistic concept, even if naturally best modeled with relativity and Poincaré symmetries, and that it could also be seen as a rotation of energy, plausibly associated to rotations of the wave function. A toy multi-fold mechanism for these rotations was suggested, as food for thoughts. The multi-fold W-type hypothesis can be added to the picture as an additional source for angular momentum to potentially explains why the rotation f the wave function carries angular momentum..In the present paper, we revisit these results and concepts. Then we discuss additional little known insights about spin. In particular, how fermions imply non-commutative spacetime, and conversely; while bosons do not. Then, we show that any theory with fermions, e.g., quantum theory, implies a non-commutative spacetime in a range of small spatial scales. Then we discuss how one can see that quantum Physics, considered fermionic, and gravity or general relativity, considered bosonic, conventionally and in multi-fold universes. In particular we link spacetime non-commutativity, zitterbewegung with the notion of fermions and bosons, and the spin statistic theorem; providing a new derivation of the latter. Accordingly, massive fermions have sizes that feels the spacetime non-commutativity which results into zitterbewegung at energies where they are massive and transversal momentum uncertainties when massless. On the other hand, bosons, massive or massless, have sizes that hide the spacetime non-commutative effects. In multi-fold universe, spacetime is non-commutative in a spatial scale range, and this interpretation directly aligns with the toy multi-fold spin model. The paper introduces new, but equivalent definitions for fermions and bosons, and a versions of the Weinberg-Witten theorem, that now more explicitly hints at unphysicality of gravitons.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2111] viXra:2404.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2024-04-27 08:07:45
Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 21 Pages.
Modern theoretical physicists have been struggle for a long time for finding the theory of everything. Nowadays, it is well-known that the obstacle was the incomplete and inconsistent of the theories using as tools; especially the two main theories, general theory of relativity and quantum mechanical theory. Modification based on new concept of Vacuum Mechanics will complete the tools, making them consistent to each other, and then opening the gate to the desired theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2110] viXra:2404.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2024-04-23 01:10:17
Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 15 Pages.
In 2019 the author published the framework for a ToE or world formula in the form 12πc^3 =1. After 5 years of developing the framework further, the equation is now clearly explained using the Archimendian spiral and the physical background of the equation is illuminated. Then the construction of 12D space-time is explained in detail and the "problem of time" in physics is explained and solved in detail. The equation or the "world formula" is then proven experimentally by solving 7 natural constants against each other in an equation for the first time. This proves that there are no constants in nature other than the circle number π. The results shown here show and prove that contemporary physics and science as a whole convey and assert a fundamentally wrong view of the world that does not exist in reality. The main cause of the undesirable development appears to be the incorrect definition of the quality "time" in the physical system of units for measurement.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2109] viXra:2404.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2024-04-21 21:48:04
Authors: Eric Aboagye Amankwah
Comments: 24 Pages.
The Pilot Wave Mechanics (PWM) presents an intriguing alternative to mainstream quantum mechanics, offering fresh perspective on the behavior of quantum particles. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of PWM, elucidating its fundamental concepts, theoretical framework, and implications for our understanding of quantum phenomena. By introducing the concept of a guiding wave that determines the motion of particles, PWM seeks to reconcile the probabilistic nature of standard quantum mechanics with deterministic dynamics. I examine the historical development of PWM, discussing its key proponents and significant milestones. Furthermore, I delve into the mathematical formulation and equations that underpin the theory, emphasizing its compatibility with quantum experiments and observed phenomena. Additionally, I explore the unique predictions and potential experimental tests of PWM, highlighting its ability to offer new insights into the double-slit experiment, entanglement, and the measurement problem. Finally, I discuss the broader implications of PWM for the foundations of quantum mechanics and its potential to bridge the gap between classical and quantum realms. Through a thorough investigation of PWM, this paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding the nature of quantum mechanics, offering researchers and theorists a valuable resource for further exploration and analysis.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2108] viXra:2404.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2024-04-17 20:22:32
Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 9 Pages.
In previous work, the author has shown that it is not Einstein's speed of light in a vacuum that describes the relationship between space and time, but that the number of circles π as relation between Circumference and Diameter of a circle characterizes the property of space-time. Here it is shown how 12 dimensional Spacetime is constructed in detail and how the fine-structure-constant is derived in corrected dimension T/L^2.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2107] viXra:2404.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2024-04-09 11:21:30
Authors: Zhipeng Lin
Comments: 10 Pages.
For a long time scientists try to find methods to combine Gravity and standard model together. By calculate Einstein tensor $G_{ab}$, this article reach a solution with a form can help Gravity take part in particles' interaction like gauge transform. Different with gauge transform, this transform is not unitary. This transform can be linked in parallel or in series.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2106] viXra:2404.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2024-04-02 20:16:52
Authors: Alexandru-Gabriel Mitrut
Comments: 9 Pages.
In this paper was proved (i) the equivalence of Dirac equation for mass $mathsf{m}$ with two entangled Proca fields of mass $mathsf{2m}$ and (ii) is proposed an equation and (iii) an 12-dimensional Lie algebra for the entangled spin fields.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2105] viXra:2403.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-31 03:26:25
Authors: Deden M. Akbar
Comments: 153 Pages. In Indonesian
As one of the requirements for research in doctoral studies regarding Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG), the author reviews several books and scientific journals related to the research topic in this article. In this article, the canonical LQG formulation is reviewed in detail for the kinematic sector ([2] — [12]), starting from a brief review of LQG, followed by the formulation of General Relativity in the ADM formulation and the problems that arise when the gravitational field is quantified in this formulation. Then it continues with a review of Palatini's formulation, up to the tetrad formulation in Ashtekar's new variables. The formulation of the action of General Relativity based on Ashtekar variables is a way to quantify the gravitational field based on the Dirac quantization program. The result is a canonical LQG formulation for the kinematic sector which is proven to be well defined. The prediction obtained from LQG is that space on the Planck scale is no longer smooth and continuous but discrete and chaotic, which is characterized by the eigenvalues u200bu200bof geometric operators, namely area operators and volume operators which have discrete values u200bu200bon the Planck scale. The final discussion in this article is the LQG-based Black Hole Entropy calculation which corresponds exactly to the Black Hole Entropy calculation based on the semiclassical approach ([4] — [5], [7]). In addition, the application of the LQG calculation technique at the toy model level known as Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) ([14] — [16]) for the Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology model is also reviewed. The result is a modification of the Friedmann equation for the FRW model with the presence of a correction term for the quantum nature of the quantum gravity field, where it is predicted that the beginning of the universe in the form of a Big-Bang was replaced by a Big Bounce originating from the collapse of the previous universe ([9], [14], [39] - [41]).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2104] viXra:2403.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-21 20:16:15
Authors: George Coman
Comments: 17 Pages.
In general, fluids in motion or at rest tend to minimize their surface area due to their surface tension. It is shown that kinetic energy flow through space-time experience the same Plateau-Rayleigh instability observed in fluid dynamics. Energy, space-time act like fluids, and the space-time reaction to the energy action is the equivalent of an interface tension between energy and space-time. Energy cannot continuously flow through space-time due to an energy-space-time Plateau-Rayleigh instability, space-time compression (contraction) on kinetic energy direction of motion induces an energy wave like motion (a space-time compression wave acting as kinetic energy waveguide), the particle or energy packet must follow when moving through space-time, the reason for the observed wave-particle duality. Quantum phenomenon is simply a consequence of the space-time compression on kinetic energy direction of motion. Kinetic energy and space-time are fluids and energy quanta can reach a critical point when energy quanta can change from linear to circular motion and assume a spherically symmetrical shape (the minimum surface area possible to minimize the tension at the space-time energy interface ) and so it condensates as mass energy. It is shown that energy quanta to mass transformation occurs via Plateau—Rayleigh energy-space-time instability and it is governed by an energy-space-time Young-Laplace equation. Electric field lines are described as space contraction energy shock waves induced by a dynamic space-time phase transition at maximum kinetic energy-space-time interface tension which is the "charge". Space-time always reacts to the presence of energy and that reaction is the interface tension at the energy-space-time boundary : gravitational & electric energy fields are consequences of energy-space-time interface tension ( at either rest or kinetic energy boundary ) also governed by an energy-space-time instability Young-Laplace equation. Gravitational constant G and the fine structure constant ∝ are respectively, the energy interface fields interaction constants. The Strong force is a consequence of a direct contact between the nucleon's energy-space-time interface tension fields and has no interaction constant. The range and variation in the strength of the Strong force is due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2103] viXra:2403.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-14 21:07:05
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 7 Pages.
In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-line element of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2102] viXra:2403.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 05:36:11
Authors: David Brown
Comments: 2 Pages.
In July 2017 at the Institute for Advanced Study, Professor Nima Arkani-Hamed gave a lecture entitled "Where in the World are SUSY & WIMPS?" — is it possible that evidence for SUSY occurs not in the form of particles, but in the form of paradoxical MOND inertia caused by multiverse boundary conditions? Can MOND-string theory explain MOND’s empirical successes?
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2101] viXra:2403.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 22:11:27
Authors: Angel Garces Doz
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use a shorter/concise title and avoid repetition/regurgitation))
The first string theory was a purely 26-dimensional bosonic theory. He did not implement fermions. But there is a notable empirical fact that seems to indicate that these twenty-six dimensions could refer to the number of elementary particles of the standard model on the energy scale of the Higgs vacuum. Or maybe that there really are 26 dimensions, 22of them compacted into circles. Perhaps there is some ingredient that can convert the original 26-dimensional purely bosonic string theory intoa string theory with bosons and fermions. A mass that could be either the scale of the unification energy or even the mass of gravitino, and even that of the magnetic monopole. We do not know. In this work we obtainthe value of a mass in the way indicated in the title of this article. The Gaussian system of units is used to obtain the dimensions of the electric charge as a function of mass, length and time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2100] viXra:2402.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-25 22:54:50
Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 9 Pages.
Following the path of our previous articles on the masses of charged leptons and quarks, in this paper we derive in a theoretical way the Weinberg angle and in a heuristic-empirical way the angles of the mixing matrices of quarks and neutrinos.Except for the CP violation angle of the neutrino mixing matrix which has a large indeterminacy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2099] viXra:2402.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-26 03:42:18
Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages. (Correction to title made by viXra Admin)
In 2019, the author postulated "12 π c3 =1" as a framework for a final ToE (Theory of Everything) and worked this out over the years until 2024 into the world formula "Space / Time = 12 π3". Here, the competing approaches of Stergios Pellis and Stephen Jarvis, both of whom present a dimensionless number theory as ToE, will be briefly compared and placed in an overall picture. Finally, it will be briefly discussed whether and in what form natural constants can exist and what distinguishes a dimensionless world formula from a dimensional world formula.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2098] viXra:2402.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 21:05:36
Authors: Antoine Khai Nguyen
Comments: 25 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirement of viXra.org))
I have potentially discovered a loophole inside Einstein's two equations for perihelion precession, known as:ε = 24π3 a2 / T2 c2 (1-e2)ε = 6πGM / c2 (1-e2) aand two ultra-simple alternative equations thereto, defined as:ε = 6π x (v/c)2 / (1-e2) (d0.0)ε = (6π / Dc2) / (1-e2)All these discoveries appear to demonstrate that Einstein's spacetime curvature claim from Mercury's perihelion precession is contradictory in its own mathematical principle:Einstein's spacetime curvature claim was braced with the entire orbit of Mercury, as curvature (of spacetime) must logically imply the full orbital period, but his equations were braced with one second-based sampling without repetition thereof.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2097] viXra:2402.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-25 03:31:22
Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 15 Pages.
Particles do not have rest mass in 5-dimensional space-time. Different kinds of particles in 4-dimensional space-time can be unified into a single particle field in 5-dimensional space-time. Particles have the property of a quantized intrinsic length. This intrinsic length can be identified using the Planck length. This phenomenon can be called length quantization. This intrinsic length of a particle, which originates from quantization, is invariant in all frames of reference, much like physical quantities such as charge, spin, and zero-point energy. Based on the propagator and intrinsic length of particle fields, a pure quantum gravity theory can be derived using the methods of quantum field theory. Gravitational force is only an additional effect of the particle field, and there is no independent gravitational field. The commutators that transmit the gravitational force are the particles themselves, and there is no independent graviton. Gravitons do not exist. In other words, gravitons are the particles themselves. There is an unknown mapping between 5-dimensional space-time and 4-dimensional space-time. Through this mapping, the intrinsic length of particles in 5-dimensional space-time is divided into two physical quantities in 4-dimensional space-time, one is the Compton wavelength of the particle and the other is the gravitational radius of the particle. The particle's Compton wavelength and gravitational radius form a dual relationship, and the product of the two is equal to Planck length squared. This unknown mapping brings two results in 4-dimensional space-time. The first result is the rest mass of the particle in 4-dimensional space-time, and the second is the gravitational effect in 4-dimensional space-time. The gravitational force in 4-dimensional space-time is the mapping result of the gravitational force in 5-dimensional space-time. The gravitational effect of the particle field limits the maximum energy of the virtual particle, preventing the divergence of the integrals of propagators. Gravitational properties are an indispensable part of quantum field theory, and only quantum field theory that includes gravitational effects can be formed into a complete theoretical framework. The gravitational potential and the Coulomb potential have similar inverse distance properties, and the phenomenon has a common origin, both of which are the result of quantum field theory propagators. In 4-dimensional space-time, gravity has a special property of spatial background field, which can be treated as a space-time structure. Gravity imposes a limitation on coordinate transformations, which do not eliminate the intrinsic length of particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2096] viXra:2402.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-23 16:57:15
Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submission!)
This started as a [trial] derivation for force coupling constants but it is the simplest derivation of alpha, the fine structure constant, using Coulomb's law and the Planck-Einstein relations. The derivation shows that coupling constants are wavenumbers. Another derivation using Newton's law of gravity also provides the coupling constant for the gravitational force. I argue that alpha and the coupling constants represents the minimum uncertainty between wavenumber and radial distance. This is like the uncertainty between momentum (wavelength) and position. Wavenumber is defined as the inverse of the wavelength per unit distance. This is equivalent to saying that alpha is about 137 wavelengths per unit distance of radius. I go on to show this provides the correct ionization wavelengths of light for the hydrogen atom. Using whole integers, n number of energy levels, allowed me to derive the Rydberg formula. Alpha is nearly an integer number because we are using a wavenumber. This derivation is equivalent to that of the Bohr model but without needing to use classical ideas of electrons in orbit around the nucleus like planets in orbit around the sun.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2095] viXra:2402.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-21 06:38:22
Authors: Kevin Loch
Comments: 4 Pages.
The time-neutral metric is discussed, and the neutral exterior Schwarzschild metric is converted to polynomial form in r and M. The resulting polynomials are both of degree three, which allows exact solutions using standard cubic solving techniques.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2094] viXra:2402.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-21 18:24:39
Authors: Ingo D. Mane
Comments: 59 Pages.
Physical action is a spacetime bivector. Based on this single assumption, this paper argues that spacetime itself is responsible for much of physics. The properties of its elements and their derivatives, especially the transformations of special relativity, allow us to successively derive and confirm major empirically found laws and equations. We exemplary derive equations for electromagnetism including: Biot-Savart Law, Electrostatic Force, Lorentz Force, Maxwell’s Equations including charges, and also constants like the fine-structure constant, electric per- mittivity, and even additional terms that are related to spin. In strict analogy, we gain very similar equations for gravitation which, e.g., include Poisson’s equation for gravity. A further derivation of these equations of gravitation leads to field equations which are comparable to the field equations of general relativity. Electromagnetism and gravitation unite into one set of equations. The fact that bivectors can be written as wave equations also unify classical physics with wave mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2093] viXra:2402.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-20 21:27:04
Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 5 Pages.
This empirical heuristic work on the masses of quarks is a continuation of our previous work on the masses of electrically charged leptons.Onceagain the first four non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function appear very clearly. Parameters from the standard model are also used.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2092] viXra:2402.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-19 21:41:31
Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 84 Pages.
We validly ignore even prime number 2. Based on all arbitrarily large number of even prime gaps 2, 4, 6, 8, 10...; the complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes fully comply with Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions. With this condition being satisfied by all Odd Primes, we argue that Modified Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when these conjectures are treated as Incompletely Predictable Problems. In so doing [and with Riemann hypothesis being a special case], this action also support the generalized Riemann hypothesis formulated for Dirichlet L-function. By broadly applying Hodge conjecture, Grothendieck period conjecture and Pi-Circle conjecture to Dirichlet eta function (which acts as proxy function for Riemann zeta function), Riemann hypothesis is separately proven to be true when this hypothesis is treated as Incompletely Predictable Problem. We highlight crucial connections between these Incompletely Predictable Problems in Number theory and Quantum field theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2091] viXra:2402.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-17 22:15:00
Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this work the connection of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function and a unification theory appears again. From this hypothetical theory yet to be developed, we obtain equations that connect these nontrivaial zeros with the masses of the electron, tau and muon leptons. In this case the imaginary parts of the second, third and fourth non-trivial zeros are used.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2090] viXra:2402.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-14 21:45:24
Authors: A. V. Kaminsky
Comments: 13 Pages.
We discuss the hypothesis that the special theory of relativity (STR) and quantum mechanics (QM) are descriptions of physical reality from the perspective of an observer who is part of a finite deterministic system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2089] viXra:2402.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-03 22:22:23
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)
In string theory energy comes in the form of Planck length sized strings vibrating at different frequencies. The questions that arise from this model are: why is the Planck length so unique? How can this model explain the non-locality of quantum mechanics? This paper will show another approach to string theory where the strings are made from quantized local spacetime units and an extra non-local grid like dimension (the grid dimension). This approach can enable a visualization of the non-locality behavior of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2088] viXra:2401.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-25 23:45:03
Authors: Justine McQueen
Comments: 15 Pages. justine.mcqueen3@yahoo.co.uk
The concept of elastic spacetime to describe the nature of gravitational fields is an idea strongly supported by observations such as gravitational lensing. A spacetime that is elastic for cosmological bodies is not a different spacetime for fundamental material particles, nor for light. At every scale, particles and massive bodies alike occupy the same experiential universe we observe within the same three spatial, plus time, dimensions. If spacetime is elastic on the cosmological scale, then it is elastic on all scales, including at the fundamental quantum level. A theory of quantum gravity is presented in which the gravitational and electromagnetic fields are not disparate fields in need of unifying but rather they are identical, fully integral manifestations of the same elastic spacetime source-field. By applying essentially classical wave mechanical principles to a novel superfluid quantized spacetime as an elastic and compressible matrix, the electromagnetic oscillation becomes an electromagnetic distortion, a deformation in which incumbent energy both stretches and compresses the matrix transversely, resulting in photons that describe gravity-antigravity oscillations with vortical geometry. From this energy-field architecture a mechanism for light-to-matter energy confinement naturally emerges through concentric wave interference to yield a stable concentric wave singularity as toroidal structured light locked into an intrinsic poloidal oscillation with signature spin, charge, magnetic dipole and discrete mass. The ideas developed in this theory are drawn from a series of thought experiments based on spacetime as a singular source-field and light energy as the harmonic wave oscillations of that field. These thought experiments explored the potentialities of a quantized elastic and compressible spacetime on quantum mechanical systems from which the theory subsequently derived. The concept develops geometric continuity between vortical photon and toroidal matter-wave and encompasses a physical explanation of spin, the origin of the magnetic dipole moment, the nature of charge and the meaning of mass and mass-energy equivalence, with a derivation of quantized inertial mass emerging from the curved geometry of elementary confined energy as articulated quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2087] viXra:2401.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-26 18:13:04
Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 55 Pages. In French (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future nonconforming submission or replacement will not be accepted!)!)
The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 10^61, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2086] viXra:2401.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-22 09:49:25
Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 19 Pages.
In a series of 4 papers an approach to a unified physics is presented. In part 1 the foundationis given. In part 2 and 3 particle and gravitational physics are derived. In this 4th part openquestions of actual physics will be answered based on new interpretations becoming possibleby the approach.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2085] viXra:2401.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-20 01:58:05
Authors: GuiHyeon Hwang
Comments: 4 Pages.
The interior of a black hole cannot be directly observed, however, the structure of it ispredictable through the order of the array of fields based on the boson-field theory. The array refers to the circulation system of matters of the previous paper. (The Mechanism of Matter and Anti-Matter, Dark Matter and Graviton) Huge celestial bodies are formed by the bending of such fields, according to the way they are bent, there are a total of fivecelestial objects. Matter black holes, antimatter black holes, neutron stars, anti-neutronstars, and dark matter stars. Of course, because the round celestial bodies are formed by the bending of their fields, most of the lighter spherical objects than them in the universeare also made that way. Matter black holes and neutron stars are currently observed in ouruniverse in the five huge celestial bodies. It is supposed that the issue has to do with the direction an electron moves between the fields and has to do with the stable maintaining of space. An electron around a proton is in its negatively field and the field is curved toward the proton. So the electron gets closer to the proton and moves away like waves.This concept can also be applied to antimatter black holes. It is supposed that negatively charged particles around the black hole move like waves and make the ring of light in such a shape.The actual mass of charm or top quarks in 5d or 6d are quite consistent with the average values of the mass associated with the superposition and the mass associated with theentanglement according to the boson-field theory. It is a very important clue to understand the relationship between fields and space. In the minimum state of length which is no longer reduced, the average value of any two lengths means either of the two should bestretched. At this time, the one that stretches will be in a state of superposition in part orin its entirety. A particle in a state of superposition is capable of retaining its information regardless of its length. It is in its superposition field and the field curves toward the mean value. The one which does not bend remains a boundary, it makes the system a closedspace. That is, a closed space and the curved superposition field in it are not separable, the curved superposition field makes its space. Black holes or neutron stars are examples where such a bending occurs to the extreme. A series of fields connected with the super- position fields are also strongly curved because the curvature of superposition fields is very large under the influence of enormous gravity of them. It is supposed that the bending of fields creates space continuously.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2084] viXra:2401.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-16 01:14:48
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 36 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)
Renormalization, or asymptotic safety, of QFTs, and other models, are mathematical techniques to ensure not only the absence of divergences and regularity of the models, but also suitable stabilized UV and IR behaviors. In general, there are not always clear microscopic interpretations of what leads to renormalizability, or asymptotic safety. In this paper, and based on the multi-fold theory, we give a physical interpretation to renormalization and asymptotic safety as the result of 2D random walks of particles, multi-fold emergence of gravity effects, and multi-fold 7D space time matter induction and scattering of solitons in condensate Qballs, or in random walk patterns: at spatial scales below the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking scales, i.e. at high energies, massless Higgs bosons are (roughly) free massless bosons propagating as CFTs, or dilatons, just as in JT or Liouville gravity, the latter being a CFT version of Einstein gravity in 2D, which is renormalizable.Particles are not point particles. Within and outside the solitons or patterns, charges/colors, resulting from the symmetries of the solitons, fade away, so that fields and matter couplings are tamed and constant: everything becomes CFTs. Therefore, gravity remains asymptotically safe in the presence of the Standard Model (SM). And it is really gravity based on General relativity (GR), and the SM, i.e., Yang Mills and Maxwell theories, which are asymptotically safe, something confirmed by all their 2D versions (JT/Liouville 2D dilaton gravity, 2D QED and 2D QCD). It microscopically motivates these interactions, including 2D gravity, and why the Ultimate Unification (UU) reigns, as only "unification", and how the SM is an effective theory. Overall, only 2D physics matters! It also show that our universe must be closed.The paper argues that the embedding 7D is built by massless Higgs, which provides microscopic interpretations and motivation for multiple properties of multi-fold, as well as why GR reigns in the 7D spacetime, and spacetime induction works. In fact, we confirm this by explaining how non-commutative spacetime can recover the SM and neutrino mixing via algebra doubling.With random walks, we can explain inflation, expansion of spacetime, a complex/imaginary Higgs field pre electroweak symmetry breaking, and we can guarantee unitarity of Physics, even if it may sometimes statistically appear rather non-unitary, but Hermitian or isometric, or with non-Hermitian pseudo Hamiltonians, especially in an universe with a strictly positive cosmological constant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2083] viXra:2401.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-09 10:52:34
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 6 Pages.
In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-lineelement of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2082] viXra:2401.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-05 09:36:03
Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 25 Pages.
In a series of 4 papers an approach to a unified physics is presented. In part 1 the founda-tion of such an approach is given. In part 2 it was shown how particle physics follows. Inthis 3rd part gravitational physics will be derived. In part 4 open fundamental questionsof actual physics are answered and the concept of a new cosmology is introduced.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2081] viXra:2401.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-05 21:58:57
Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 7 Pages.
In the previous works "Unified Principles of Nature: Solution to the Problem of Time", " Solution to the Problem of Time II +III", "Search for the World Formula", etc. A way was shown how a fundamental misconception in contemporary science can be uncovered by an investigation of the concept of "time" and how a world formula can still be constructed by correcting fundamental misconceptions and fallacies of Einstein and Planck. The main results of the author's work in recent years are to be summarized here and the world formula is to be formulated tentative - according to the current state of research.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2080] viXra:2401.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-04 00:14:32
Authors: Martin Mayer
Comments: 31 Pages.
Modern physics is no longer comprehensible to most people. This book explores the question of whether it is possible to develop a simpler and more intuitive physics. For this purpose, many ignored and overlooked physics relations are presented, which cannot be found in any textbook. These relations allow to develop a more holistic physics, which also builds a bridge to information theory and philosophy. Specifically, the book investigates, among other things, whether space consists of a structure of smallest elements, whether our universe is fractal, i.e. self-similar, whether we live in a black hole, what hidden commonalities there are in the fundamental forces, whether fundamental particles and hydrogen can be meaningfully described without quantum physics, whether black holes and fundamental particles are related, whether the formalism of special relativity really makes sense, whether particle spin can be explained classically, how gravity and quantum physics might be brought together and what the Sommerfeld constant is all about. To shed light on these questions, also parts of the works of Horst Thieme, Nassim Haramein, Dr. Randell Mills and Erik Verlinde are presented.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2079] viXra:2312.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-29 22:43:31
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 12 Pages.
In this paper, we will obtain a variation of the energy-momentum relation: E2=m2c4+p2c2 To: E2=m2c4+p2c2-Rℏ2c2 where the R corresponds to the Ricci scalar curvature. In very small gravitational fields, the last element is almost neglectable. Anyhow, we will check the consequences of this in big gravitational fields and in the mass at rest, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2078] viXra:2312.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-28 00:13:44
Authors: Tong Wang
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future submission without scientific references will not be accepted!)
The fine-structure constant is an important constant in physics. It has already had several well-known physical interpretations. In this study we wish to propose another interpretation, which connects the Planck mass and the elementary charge.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2077] viXra:2312.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-28 02:57:51
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 38 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
The multi-fold theory describes the evolution of black holes, their evaporation and entropy. It recovers the correct Page curve, and resolves the black hole information paradox. It encounters a quantum extremal surface, as proposed by others using the conventional approach of the island and replica trick. In a subsequent paper, we show that the definitions of the quantum extremal surfaces coincide, while our physical interpretation are rather radically different: an horizon for the multi-folds attached to virtual particles in the multi-fold universe, versus an island à la Wheeler’s bag of gold for the conventional replica trick. We dispute a widely held view that Wheeler’s bag of gold could isolate most of their content from the parent universe. Others have questioned the replica trick with its use of JT gravity, and shown that it implies massive gravity, which might not correspond to a universe where General Relativity (GR) reigns. We show, in multi-fold scenarios, that the inability for multi-folds to escape the quantum extremal surface implies massive gravity effects, while remaining able to recover GR. Therefore, we can provide microscopic mechanisms to explain how massless gravity becomes massive. We also justify relying on JT gravity, by the 2D massless Higgs bosons dilaton random walks. In an asymptotic AdS universe, the replica trick requires the introduction of a reservoir for the evaporated particles, beyond the boundary of AdS. We provide new microscopic interpretations to these scenarios, explaining away these issues, and dealing with the encounter of quantum extremal surface outside the black hole in the presence of a thermal bath. Doing so, we confirm the better suitability of the multi-fold interpretation of the quantum extrema surface, and island, while supporting the replica trick and island formula approach, and resolving the black hole information paradox.The multi-fold analysis applies to our real universe, and the paper provides a microscopic interpretation of quantum extremal surfaces, the correct page curve, the resolution of the black hole information paradox, and the apparition of massive gravity associated to quantum extremal surfaces.From the island formula and replica trick at low masses, we encounter hints of our past proposal for new life cycles of black holes (small extremal black holes splitting into another extremal black hole and an evaporating black hole), which invalidate the strict Weak Gravity Conjecture, and justify the Ultimate Unification (UU) proposal. It is quite a confirmation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2076] viXra:2312.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-21 10:39:28
Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 10 Pages.
In a series of 4 papers an approach to a unified physics is presented. In part 1 the foundation of such an approach is given. Here in part 2 it will be shown how particle physics follows. In part 3 gravitational physics will be derived. In part 4 open fundamental questions of actual physics are answered and the concept of a new cosmology is introduced.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2075] viXra:2312.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-18 21:51:20
Authors: Augustin Rousselet
Comments: 43 Pages. In French
Currently modern physics considers space-time in 4 dimensions (3 spatial, 1 temporal) and is facing the problem of unifying the two major theories: quantum theory and general relativity.To circumvent the obstacles to this unification, we propose to think of a space with 5 Dimensions (3 spatial, 2 temporal). We thus make the hypothesis of a decomposable time in a two-dimensional orthonormal space, just like a distance is decomposable in a 3-dimensional space:- The first dimension: the classical time Tc that we know, that of mass in the sense of intuitive perception, but in fact that of matter, or "corpuscular" time and therefore our reference time in our perceived reality. In our thought experiment, this will be the time T of the macroscopic observer - Second dimension: quantum time Tq Which is imperceptible to us and only intervenes at the microscopic level.The time of any system is therefore the time ��̇ which is the component of its two temporal dimensions Tc and Tq. The proper time of any system is then defined by ��̇ = sqrt(Tc^2+Tq^2)We will show in this work that this conception of time makes it possible to integrate the mathematical models of Quantum Physics and General Relativity into a broader theoretical framework which retains the results of each of them when applied in their field of validity. We will first verify that the formalism of these two major theories is compatible with the framework that is proposed, then that the interpretation of quantum phenomena is also consistent with the results, with in particular the role of measurement. Then we will verify that the major open questions of current physics (dark matter, dark energy, preponderance of matter over antimatter, the vacuum catastrophe) also find an answer or possible answers in this new theoretical framework.Finally, specific fields of physics such as superconductivity or superfluidity and even the big bang are approached to open a new look at these phenomena in this new theoretical framework.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2074] viXra:2312.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-16 23:55:11
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation will not be accepted!)
The multi-fold theory provides microscopic interpretations to the universe accelerated expansion, inflation mechanisms and dark energy. From the beginning, the multi-fold dark matter main mechanisms have been identified as being stronger in the presence of matter, or energy increasing spacetime curvature. One could therefore naively expect that these mechanisms will also be globally time-dependent, when it comes to the early epochs of the universe. Indeed, during these eras, including pre-CMB, different matter densities and curvatures reigned. Each would lead to a different global average cosmological constant. Such a reasoning would predict a Hubble constant that is larger for early time than late time observations.Proposing a time-varying dark energy density can obviously be a simple way to address the Hubble constant tension: early time estimates would correspond to such a different value, and no Hubble constant tension would exist. However, in our naïve initial analysis above, obtaining larger pre-CMB values could a priori go in the wrong direction when it comes to observations: one would expect a larger Hubble constant at early times.Considering the multi-fold dark energy mechanisms, in all the early stages of the universe, which led to the CMB, plasma, dominated by electromagnetic and possibly other interactions, occupied the whole concretized spacetime. Multi-fold dark energy effects were partially countered by more dominant interactions, and the resulting accelerations of expansion were reduced. It can explain why current early time estimates for the Hubble constant would differ from late time results, and lead to a smaller Hubble constant value at early time However, note that recent papers show that a short term increase of the dark energy (5% for redshift z > 5000), can resolve the tension, by pushing up the CMB inferred Hubble constant, i.e. early time estimates, and better match overall the ΛCDM. Combining the two considerations above, our paper shows that multi-fold dark energy mechanisms intrinsically, and microscopically, justify such a behavior that can resolve the Hubble tension. It is another hint in favor of the multi-fold mechanisms, to add to several others. There is also a range where a multi-fold universe appear fractal, which may result into scaling of the cosmological constant, and reducing its value, during this period; again a move in the right direction.The result extends to the real universe, if it is multi-fold, as hinted by past results.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2073] viXra:2312.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-15 01:09:10
Authors: Stephen J. Kennedy
Comments: 21 Pages. This article explains relationship between gravity and electromagnetism
Maxwell wrote that he wanted to "leaven" his Treatise on Electromagnetism with Quaternions. Maxwell died before doing this. Silberstein and Conway accomplished this partially.This presentation claims the Lorentz condition field is the gravitational potential. Resulting in a Gravitic-Electromagnetic unification.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2072] viXra:2312.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-11 00:58:01
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 27 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
The multi-fold original paper, in its spacetime reconstruction phase, attributes spacetime to the locations concretized by the random walks, and creation, of (massless) particles, resulting into a discrete, (multi-)fractal spacetime that is non-commutative and yet Lorentz symmetric. The fractal or multi-fractal was inferred from the random walks, but it was actually the only part not explicitly derived. Multi-fold universe are expected to probably have a Cantor-like ��-infinity fractal spacetime.In this paper, we resume these discussions, but now, we provide microscopic interpretations for spatial and temporal, and so spacetime, (multi-) fractal properties of the multi-fold universe, and their observability, only within a range of cosmological scales, as observed in our real universe. We also relate discreteness of spacetime to the complex scalar field of the Higgs boson, and encounter further corroboration of the fundamental role of the massless Higgs boson.Fractal state space plays a role in interpreting experiments about the Bell theorem, and related hidden variables. The paper discusses two models, which do not imply that the result of Bell experiments would forbid local hidden variables. The Bell Theorem, and handling of EPR entanglements, was the motivation for proposing the multi-fold mechanisms, which implement non-locality with local Physics. Interestingly, with discrete spacetime, the multi-fold W-type hypothesis, massless Higgs boson random walks, and fractal properties, multi-fold universes can support all these models: local physics and hidden variables seem to be reconcilable with the Bell experiments, as was the original intent for the multi-fold theory. And there is no need to give in to super determinism, retro-causality, or to lose free will.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2071] viXra:2312.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-11 20:30:50
Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 12 Pages.
As in spite to intense search at present apparently there is no approach leading to a theory including the standard model of particle physics and general relativity, it is discussed whether such a theory is possible at all. In the following is shown that a ToE is possible if the either/or condition of current unification theories for background-dependent or -independent is replaced by a both/and. In this part 1, the foundation of such a theory is presented. In the following parts 2 and 3 particle and gravitational physics are derived from this foundation and in part 4 fundamental open fundamental questions of actual physics are answered by a new interpretation of physical quantities and an outline of a new cosmology is given.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2070] viXra:2312.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-08 06:54:36
Authors: Anatoly Parfyonov
Comments: 5 Pages.
The main problem, the solution of which will lead to the creation of the Unified Field Theory, is the difference in the methods of mathematical description of the charges of elementary particles - electric and color. This article provides a solution to this problem and its result - the Unified Field Theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2069] viXra:2312.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-08 17:39:40
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 39 Pages.
In this paper we will use Geometric Algebra to be able to embed the Klein-Gordon equation for a particle in a non-Euclidean field (gravitational field). We will obtain different equations that can be solvable using Geometric Algebra. The most important point is that we will get an equation for the energy of a particle that takes into account the curvature of the space where it lies in.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2068] viXra:2312.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-06 10:32:12
Authors: GuiHyeon Hwang
Comments: 6 Pages.
Masses of the six quarks were calculated by layer based on the boson-field theory. Most of the values are close to them of the standard model, however, the values in 4D field are vastly different from them of the model even if the error is taken into account. It suggeststhat there is something more in 4D field. The theoretical mass of an up-quark is about three times larger than the actual figure. On the other hand, the actual mass of a down-quark is about two times larger than thetheoretical one. This means that the mass of an up-quark may be under pressure to moveto the down-quark. According to the boson-field theory, there is the mechanism that makesit possible. That is, dark matters are able to play such a role. In the process, dark matters interact with an anti-neutron or an anti-proton, and a graviton is exchanged between the two darks as well. The mass of ordinary matters continues to move step by step to the dark side in the process. Really, the theoretical sum of an up and a down quark is slightly larger than the actual one. The lack of mass strongly supports the hypothesis.For now, the only place is considered as a black hole where an ordinary and a dark matter can encounter. If the black hole itself does not let its mass from the dark side out, ordinarymatters will continue to disappear in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2067] viXra:2312.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-02 15:54:14
Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 6 Pages.
The aim here is to show that the consideration of a quantum fluid, therefore granular, to describe space empty of matter and particles, is likely to resolve the question of its energy density in agreement with the data of standard cosmology. The Casimir effect should then make it possible to access its value which can be compared to the local gravitational energy. This also explains why quantum field theory is ineffective in accounting for this quantity.We also show that we can, through this basic hypothesis, give a concrete meaning to "dark energy" and "dark matter".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2066] viXra:2311.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-28 23:03:18
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 46 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
The multi-fold theory factually encounters the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. On the other hand, the conventional AdS/CFT conjecture can also be understood as a mathematical duality, where the CFT spacetime is not necessarily physically tangent to AdS(5) (+u2026). It can be justified as a particular case of the holographic principle. Therefore, the paper revisits, and derives the holographic principle, in a multi-fold universe. As General relativity (GR) encounters multi-folds at Planck scales, the proof applies to GR-based universes. We also debunk the use of Wheeler’s bag of gold as a counter example to the holographic principle.Trying to resolve the black hole information paradox, different teams have been able to recover the black hole Page curve, by relying on the replica trick with generalized semi-classical gravitational path integrals, in asymptotic AdS, with arbitrary topologies, including spacetime (Euclidian) wormholes in between replicas, to justifies paths in between the replicas. The approach also relies on the island formula for the von Neuman entropy as fine-grained entropy. One knows that the Page curve had to be recovered one way or another as with the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture, the unitarity of CFTs implies unitarity of gravity. The quantum extremal surface that appears in the process, bounding the island, leads to proposed physical interpretations of a black hole interior, that, in our opinion creates confusions than answers. In the multi-fold theory, we have already encountered an equivalent surface, with a much cleaner microscopic interpretation. The paper discusses the differences between the two interpretations. A few recent papers reused the approach to study two entangled gravitating universes, with one possibly without gravity. This paper provides multi-fold inspired interpretations of the quantum extremal surfaces appearing among the disjoint universes.Interpreting the replica trick, and its wormholes, one can see that the role played by the wormholes between different replicas amounts to the multi-fold mechanisms.. This is further reinforced by considerations on global symmetry in the presence of gravity or wormholes. The islands associated to the different entangled universe use cases also imply that, in universes with gravity, entanglement implies gravity effects, which is also known as the E/G conjecture. It means that the M-theory encounters multi-folds. The multi-fold theory could have predicted such an outcome from the link between the Hilbert Einstein action and superstring action, and the fact that we already had GR encounter multi-folds at Planck scales.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2065] viXra:2311.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-19 03:01:05
Authors: GuiHyeon Hwang
Comments: 8 Pages.
3-dimensional space bosons in their symmetrical five-dimensional field is the bending of four-dimensional space-time. 3D space bosons in their 5D field is in a stable state of energy. However, by the principle of time-energy uncertainty, their time become unstable.That explains Einstein's field equations in quantum mechanics. Because, the 5D field is ina state of flux, it's able to ascend to a higher dimension or to descend to a lower dimension.The dimensions are relatively asymmetrical. Therefore, their space bosons are relativelyin a stable state of time. This means that the probability of converting energy into matterincreases in space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2064] viXra:2311.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-18 02:09:40
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.
Since the 1930‘s, when at first Goldstein tried to quantize the gravity-field of a light-beam and failed because he got infinities in his solution, the problem of non-renomalization in quantizing gravity occured. In the mean time till today many intelligent tryings are made to quantize gravity in a successful way. Some Supergravity-theories failed also. The most promising tryings nowadays are superstringtheories and loop-gravity but with some strange results. So here are some qualitative thoughts about quantizing gravity. There are then thirteen possibilities (may be more) respectively thirteen commandments.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2063] viXra:2311.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-08 14:59:21
Authors: Yeomyung Lee
Comments: 32 Pages.
Modern physics requires a new gravity theory to explain relationship about gravity and quantum effects. However, quantum mechanics have an unsolved problem about the interpretation. Also, theory of relativity cannot explain dark energy. Currently, there is no theory that can comprehensively solve these problems. Here, as a result of reinterpreting the concept of reduced mass, this paper shows that quantum superposition is a collection of spacetimes for quanta according to gravitational potential. Spacetime which is absolute in relativity theory is relative in this theory, and it can be explained why the speed of light is independent from the inertial system. Additionally, because the classical mechanical energy conservation law is relative, as in the Casimir effect, a new conservation law for a quantum version is proposed. Dark energy can be explained by the theory that rest mass changes according to gravitational potential. Dark energy is an action along the dimension of gravitational potential, and its size increases as that of rest energy decreases. Dark energy affects quantum superposition and the asymptotic freedom of strong interaction can be explained similarly.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2062] viXra:2311.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-07 05:17:33
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 12 Pages.
Recently we have shown how the Schwarzschild Black Hole Entropy in all dimensions emerges from truly point mass sources at r = 0 due to a non-vanishing scalar curvature R involving the Dirac delta distribution in the computation of the Euclidean Einstein-Hilbert action. As usual, it is required to take the inverse Hawking temperature beta as the length of the circle S^1_beta obtained from a compactification of the Euclidean time in thermal field theory which results after a Wick rotation, i t = tau, to imaginary time. In this work we extend our novel procedure to evaluate both the Reissner-Nordstrom and Kerr-Newman black hole entropy from truly charge spinning point mass sources.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2061] viXra:2311.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-04 14:34:04
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we define as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without New Physics other than gravity, i.e. no new particles or forces, or with the standard cosmological model (ΛCDM) in terms of dark matter and dark energy. The present paper provides estimates for the ratios of normal matter to multi-fold dark matter effects (~ 1 to 5) and to dark energy (~ 1 to 14). These ratios match the estimates for our real universe, in particular the Λ-CDM model. Such results increase the relevance of multi-fold theory. To our knowledge, being able to predict such ratios, ab initio, i.e., solely based on the underlying microscopic mechanisms is not a small feat, and the reasonings presented in this paper, would not be applicable to ratio estimates from the other mainstream theories. It is a strong validation of the multi-fold theory, and its potential applicability to our real universe and its cosmology. It also validates the E/G conjecture with its proposal that entanglement creates gravity like effects.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2060] viXra:2311.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-04 00:19:43
Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 3 Pages.
There is a goal of the Ultra-High Frequency Gravitational Wave Research Initiative: "Gravitational waves at frequencies above 10 kHz inevitably arise from something outside the physics of the Standard Model, such as exotic astrophysical objects or cosmological events in the early Universe." A very interesting goal, but with vagueideas about the causes of the appearance and properties of gravitational waves. Yes, there is a fact and experiments in detecting gravitational waves, in this case, astrophysical objects. But what is a gravitational wave in this case? There is an understanding that this is a periodic superimposition of "gaps" in space, in the direction of the source of such gravitational waves, that is, the rotation of two connected massive astrophysical objects, neutron stars, "black holes". It is even possible to build mathematical models of the rotation ofmassive spheres with a certain frequency, within the framework of certain equations. But mathematics answers the question HOW? And physics answers the question WHY? In the framework of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, we are talking about the curvature of space-time near a source of energy-momentum, massive spheres in this case.And here many questions arise.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2059] viXra:2311.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-02 19:01:18
Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 39 Pages. (Abstract moved by viXra Admin to conform with the requirement of viXra.org
In the Collection "Quantum Gravity" the first article presents a new method for constructingquantum gravity, based on the equations of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. It is shown that the natural space-time boundary is the Planck length. A new uncertainty relation between the gravitational radius of a particle and its position has been found. The basic equation of quantum gravity has been stablished. The inevitable nature of the three-imensionality of space is shown. A hypothesis has been put forward about the nature of the singularities of black holes and the Metagalaxy. The second article establishes Bohr’s general principle of complementarity, its extension to other areas of reality and its philosophical significance. The last article builds a visual model of special relativity and shows its role in scientific knowledge.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2058] viXra:2311.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-01 13:44:36
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
This paper clarifies section 4.1 of the original paper on gravity emergence from entanglement, distinguishing between examples and actual expectation for EPR entanglement of isolated EPR entangled particles. In that paper we started from a hypothetical multi-fold universe U_MF, where the propagation of everything is slower or equal to the speed of light and where entanglement extends the set of paths available to Path Integrals. This multifold mechanism enables EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) "spooky actions at distance" to result from local interactions in the resulting folds. It produces gravity-like attractive effective potentials in the spacetime, between entangled entities, that are caused by the curvature of the folds. When quantized, multi-folds correspond to gravitons and they are enablers of EPR entanglement. Gravity emerges non-perturbative and covariant from EPR entanglement between virtual particles surrounding an entity. In U_MF, we encounter mechanisms that predict gravity fluctuations when entanglement is present, including in macroscopic entanglements.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2057] viXra:2310.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-30 06:55:12
Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 9 Pages.
In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration B, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit B in a many-body system. In recent years, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized in terms of the ultimate acceleration. This paper shows that Jupiter's size and Saturn's size are the consequences of the interference of the generalized matter waves. In this calculation, Jupiter's radius is determined as 7.1491e+7m with a relative error of 5.05%; Saturn's radius is determined as 5.80057e+7m with a relative error of 3.75%. This calculation also correctly predicts the locations of Halo ring and main ring for Jupiter, ring A, B, C and D for Saturn.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2056] viXra:2310.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-28 09:47:13
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 9 Pages.
It is explicitly shown how the Schwarzschild Black Hole Entropy (in all dimensions) emerges from truly point mass sources at r = 0 due to a non-vanishing scalar curvature involving the Dirac delta distribution. It is the density and anisotropic pressure components associated with the point mass delta function source at the origin r = 0 which furnish the Schwarzschild black hole entropy in all dimensions $ D ge 4$ after evaluating the Euclidean Einstein-Hilbert action. As usual, it is required to take the inverse Hawking temperature $beta_H$ as the length of the circle $S^1_beta$ obtained from a compactification of the Euclidean time in thermal field theory which results after a Wick rotation, $ i t = tau $, to imaginary time. The appealing and salient result is that there is $no$ need to introduce the Gibbons-Hawking-York boundary term in order to arrive at the black hole entropy because in our case one has that $ {cal R } ot= 0$. Furthermore, there is no need to introduce a complex integration contour to $avoid$ the singularity as shown by Gibbons and Hawking. On the contrary, the source of the black hole entropy stems entirely from the scalar curvature $singularity$ at the origin $ r = 0$. We conclude by explaining how to generalize our construction to the Kerr-Newman metric by exploiting the Newman-Janis algorithm. The physical implications of this finding warrants further investigation since it suggests a profound connection between the notion of gravitational entropy and spacetime singularities.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2055] viXra:2310.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-26 20:31:48
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 3 Pages. Version 1
Space-time signature can be derived via a simple sort spin-formalism.This formalism is described in a short comment. It comes from a simple Boole-algebra.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2054] viXra:2310.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-18 20:55:33
Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by vXra Admin: Future repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted!)
In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration B, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit B, in the solar system, B=2.956391e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to B will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory. As an application, the quantum gravity theory with the ultimate acceleration provides a mechanism to explain and calculate the geomagnetic field, the earth's geomagnetic field is calculated to be -0.6Gauss at the north pole.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2053] viXra:2310.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-15 03:02:13
Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 5 Pages.
General relativity and quantum mechanics are two very important theories in modern physics, but they have incompatibilities when describing the laws of nature. We have found a way to solve this problem --- using density to explain the wave function, and replacing probability with density. It can explain some problems in quantum mechanics, such as wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantum entanglement, and so on. It can also explain gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2052] viXra:2310.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-12 07:16:54
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this short paper I will present new calculations of black holes that could solve many problems in modern cosmology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2051] viXra:2310.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-09 19:00:11
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 31 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
Group theory is a good way to study Particle Physics, when all the details are not known. U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) is a good example as the symmetry group of the Standard Model (SM). It is well established, yet it is still a mystery why these symmetries, and why not a different or bigger group. The paper starts with an analysis of multi-fold aspects inspired from the Geometric Unity (GU). The first stages of the GU approach are contrasted with the multi-fold space time matter induction approach. It leads to different ways to characterize the symmetries of the 4D spacetime in the embedding space: Two unoriented 7D space time, tagged to cover a left and a right chirality, undefined in 7D, and therefore a Spin(7,7) symmetry. Spin (7,7) can be reduced by symmetry breaking to Sl(2,ℂ) x U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3), via a whole bunch of different paths and possible interim symmetries. The first term corresponds to General Relativity (GR) in 4D with Lorentz symmetries, while the rest are the SM symmetries associated to Quantum Physics. This 7D space, with chiral labels, is a local 7D ε neighborhood seen from the 4D spacetime, through multi-fold entry, exit or mapping points, locally embedding it, without Physics in it and implementing space time matter induction and scattering in the 4D multi-fold spacetime, ensuring U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) for the SM, and induction of the SM particles. Indeed, the doubling of the spacetime sharing time as 7D embedding space explains the algebra doubling on non-commutative geometry in 4D that also predicts the SM particles. Revisiting the multi-fold mechanisms, we explicitly detail why a multi-fold spacetime carries U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) symmetries, in addition to Lorentz symmetry. Also, GR reigns in the embedding space, Ricci flat or Einsteinian. It allows us to revisit aspects of wormhole traversability.Explaining why SM has the symmetry that it has is quite unique. So far, the GUTs failures to provide such an explanation, made U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) even more puzzling. Furthermore, supersymmetry is not physical/A consequence of this paper is that GR, or the Hilbert Einstein action contains fully the Standard, and that there is no need to invoke fine-tuning or multiverses to explain our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2050] viXra:2310.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-05 14:12:06
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 4 Pages.
In paper on EEFE cite{1} - that is Extended Einstein Field equations i will explore in short mathematical model behind quantazation of physical field.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2049] viXra:2309.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-25 03:14:11
Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 12 Pages.
In this paper, I tried to provide an overview of how various quantum gravity approachesprompt us to reconsider our understanding of space and time. The primary focus hasbeen on two prominent contenders: string theory and loop quantum gravity. However,it’s important to bear in mind that these theories remain unverified and lack a universallyaccepted consensus.As we navigate through these ideas, it becomes evident that our conventional notionsof space and time might necessitate a fundamental shift. The very fabric of spacetimecould reveal intricacies that challenge our prior assumptions. Moreover, our explorationwill encompass diverse viewpoints on the nature of time within the realm of quantumgravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2048] viXra:2309.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-25 19:39:13
Authors: Randolph L. Gerl
Comments: 41 Pages.
A possible way to understand the preservation of information during black hole evaporation is explored and a new approach to quantizing General Relativity is considered. Black holes, like all physical objects, are subject to the energy-time uncertainty principle which means their spacetime characteristics must have quantum uncertainty. It is conjectured that this quantum uncertainty is what permits the escape of energy and information from black holes. It is further conjectured that spacetime and mass-energy can be quantized together (here termed metric quanta) by replacing spaces based on the real number line with a quantum information state. Eigenvalues of operators that act on the information state characterize the metric quanta and this means that differential equations do not ultimately describe nature. A formulation of General Relativity is explored that uses a quantization procedure which replaces the basis vectors for curvilinear coordinate systems with operators that act on the information state of the cosmos. This paper concludes with the possibility that these ideas can eventually be made into a workable theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2047] viXra:2309.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-14 12:29:13
Authors: Thiago Campos Araújo
Comments: 125 Pages.
This article is proposed to demonstrate in an informal and conceptual way that the equations of Quantum Mechanics are derived from the dimensional analysis of Planck units, this gives the possibility of extracting the equations of Quantum Gravity through the same process of reverse engineering, although it seems something simple this is extremely powerful for visualizing the possibility of a unification.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2046] viXra:2309.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-13 21:56:28
Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 5 Pages.
The purpose of this proposal is the disentanglement between tangential and radial energy stored around a gravitational source. Due to the disentanglement the attraction to a pilot mass is destroyed in the sense of quantum mechanical exchange between radial and tangential pseudo vector clusters. In other words the pilot mass levitates or hovers, no air involved, above the surface of Earth. Some precursor experiments are needed before the gravitational levitation is possible. Firstly the propagation of the electromagnetic power through all kind materials has to be researched. After this and understanding the power loss process then g-levitation is just a matter increasing the power cross section to the impact of the Earth surface.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2045] viXra:2309.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-10 05:22:10
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 9 Pages.
Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be threat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2044] viXra:2309.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-08 20:21:05
Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 7 Pages.
Close-orbiting pairs of near-equal black holes (M≈m) are a new kind of macroscopic quantum object because they have inherent mass-uncertainty ΔMtotal⪆0.0013(M+m). These are the largest and heaviest macroscopic quantum systems ever found, and the first physical system ever thought of which plausibly requires quantum gravity for an accurate description, and which plausibly will enable learning about quantum gravity via direct observation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2043] viXra:2309.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-01 20:41:59
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 29 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
This paper explains the origin of the Unruh Temperature, in terms of disagreements, on the number of particles encountered between accelerated and inertial observers, and relates it to the conventional approach of Unruh accelerated detectors. It is not a new explanation.However, we argue that the same explanation applies to justify why (massive) accelerated charged particles radiate, leading to the Larmor formula, including its QED versions. We contend that not just the quantum corrections, but also the classical part, are just equivalent to the Unruh effects. It also explains why Hawking black hole radiation includes contributions both from particles escaping on the black hole horizon, and from particles created, by spacetime curvature changes, between the horizon and the asymptotic infinite away from the black hole. It is also why observers can’t agree on the number of particles present in a curved spacetime. The use of these phenomena to explain the full Larmor radiation formula, and the Hawking radiation derivation options may not be widely known. In fact, at the difference of recently published popular science articles about alleged first observation of Unruh radiations, the present paper argues that Unruh radiations have been observed from a long time: whenever an accelerated (massive) charged particle radiates, like for example in a radio source, antenna, or oscillator. In fact, the Larmor radiation can be extended to any Yang Mills interactions for accelerated massive particles, based on the Unruh effect. It has consequences on particle decays, with now the possibility for example that an "accelerated proton" decays due to the Unruh effect. We ruled out such decays in an inertial frame, but when accelerated, it is possible, and it still does not support GUTs.The paper also introduces the notion of Larmor gravitation radiation, that it exemplifies with frame dragging General Relativity (GR) effects, and the universe spacetime memory. It is then extended also to all the other interactions: QED, QCD, Electroweak. As a digression, we conclude that radiation when electron jump down to a lower level of energy in an atom are also Larmor radiations. Similarly, we present some considerations on the Schwinger effects and its relation to all this.We conclude with some multi-fold universe considerations, based on the microscopic composition of the spacetime of multi-fold universes (massless Higgs boson, including why gravity and entanglement break the Reeh-Schielder theorem.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2042] viXra:2308.0191 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-29 14:07:51
Authors: Kris M. McKenna
Comments: 12 Pages.
This paper investigates potential unification between string theory and the dark energy ether hypothesis for gravity. String theory proposes vibrating one-dimensional strings as fundamental elements comprising the universe. Meanwhile, the ether hypothesis envisions a ubiquitous cosmic medium, the ether, which interacts with matter to create pressure gradients generating gravitational effects. Despite arising in different contexts, these two theories exhibit captivating parallels that could reveal deeper connections between the quantum and cosmological scales.The analysis explores several intriguing conceptual alignments between strings and the ether. Both theories propose an omnipresent substrate underlying physical phenomena — the higher-dimensional arena for vibrating strings or the cosmic ether medium respectively. Additionally, they both posit the interactions and disturbances of these substrates give rise to observable phenomena like forces and particles. The introduction of extra dimensions in string theory also finds resonance with the ether hypothesis, suggesting the ether inhabits a higher-dimensional space influencing our perceived 3D world. Most profoundly, the shared notion of disturbance creating observable effects hints at a deeper unity.Mathematically, potential avenues for unification include translating between the vibrations of strings and the proposed disturbances propagating through the ether. Equations describing string interactions could connect to those depicting matter displacing the ether and inducing pressure gradients. Identifying shared mathematical symmetries or structures may reveal foundational links. Geometrically modeling ether displacement in the extra dimensions of string theory could yield insights.By proposing concrete mechanisms grounded in the interplay between ether, strings, and higher dimensions, this conceptual synthesis aims to weave together gravity, quantum phenomena, and the cosmos through compatible dynamical frameworks. The resulting unified theory could reshape our understanding of spacetime, gravitation, and the forces permeating our universe. While challenges remain in empirically testing these ideas, the mathematical and conceptual resonances compel further exploration.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2041] viXra:2308.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-26 23:25:56
Authors: Paul S. Gee
Comments: 54 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
A theoretical model (Model OMG, Ongoing Mass Genesis) is presented that explains the nature and origin of matter, dark matter and dark energy and calculates energy densities matching the Planck mission data. The model is based on the FLRW cosmology but with continuing creation of equal amounts of positive and negative matter in a Null universe. Dark Energy is gravitational repulsion caused by negative matter, Dark matter is non-normal positive matter, including antimatter, in bosonic form but gravitationally attractive to normal matterThe model proposes a unified description of gravity and electric potential calculated using Bessel functions for the natural masses and electric charges of fermions, with mass quantisation correct to 2-4 significant figures. Apart from the mass of the electron there are no free parameters used in the theory which is essentially geometric. Matter is generated in a "chronoverse" containing eight orthogonal time-like directions, three describe the non-neutrino leptons residing on the surface of a unit radius "chronosphere", and encode mass, gravity, charge and an electroweak force. The fourth dimension governs the strong force and defines the quarks. Photons and neutrinos involve an 8D chronoverse. Each "chronotype" of particle is the same matter, differing only in chronosphere coordinates, possibly representing background-independent, intrinsic timelike quantum signatures. The gravitational behaviour of matter is attributed to a preon-like quark-constituent of mass 0.5766 MeV. The Planck fine structure constant is calculated and evidences the tritoelectron and tritopreon. Quarks have a substructure of constituent preons each consisting of three tritopreons creating a superposition of a greater number of virtual preons. The Model embodies a descriptive unification of the 4 forces in an overall 11-D spacetime. The continuing creation of matter proceeds from tritopreons via compound bosons dubbed Careyons and is statistically-controlled. The mass creation model is supported by correct prediction of the primordial H:helium-4 ratio.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2040] viXra:2308.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-24 20:08:26
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
The Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) is the lacking main part of the Theory of Everything (TOE). Here we show that the Gallo-Roman dodecahedron encodes the fundamental ideas on which the SST is based. It suggests contacts between earthly civilizations and representatives of advanced cosmic civilizations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2039] viXra:2308.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-23 03:17:12
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 18 Pages.
A brief introduction of the Extended Relativity Theory in Clifford Spaces (C-space) paves the way to the explicit construction of the generalized relativistic transformations of the Clifford multivector-valued coordinates in C-spaces. The most general transformations furnish a full mixing of the grades of the multivector-valued coordinates. The transformations of the multivector-valued momenta follow leading to an invariant generalized mass M in C-spaces which differs from m. No longer the proper mass appearing in the relativistic dispersion relation E^2 - p^2 = m^2 remains invariant under the generalized relativistic transformations. It is argued how this finding might shed some light into the cosmological constant problem, dark energy, and dark matter. We finalize with some concluding remarks about extending these transformations to phase spaces and about Born reciprocal relativity. An appendix is included with the most general (anti) commutators of the Clifford algebra multivector generators.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2038] viXra:2308.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-14 23:45:27
Authors: ShengLi Zhang
Comments: 14 Pages.
This paper explores the possibility of unifying the four fundamental forces with dark matter and quantum entanglement. It was found that when dark matter has quantum entanglement, the dark matter vortex forms and the dark matter outside the vortex will expand. This will slow down the matter and dark matter being involved in the vortex. The dark matter inside the vortex will also expand under the effect of the rotating compression force . The expansion force is proportional to the internal rotation speed of the vortex. From the edge to the core, the expansion force increases with the increase of the rotational compression force, and the dark matter at the core expands the most. A compression force forms under the effect of the spin of the matter after it enters the center with the vortex. The gravitational layer forms because the core dark matter is subject to the spin compression force of matter and the compression force of vortex rotation. The expansion force of the dark matter outside the gravitational layer will increase with the increase of the rotating compression force of the matter at the core of the vortex. The much the core matter and the faster the vortex center rotate, the greater the density of dark matter in the gravitational layer, and the smaller the density of the dark matter outside the gravitational layer. In this case, three spheres will form at the vortex where microscopic particles and macroscopic objects are located, which are gravitational layer, expansion compression zone, and expansion zone outside the vortex from the core to the outside of the vortex. The smallest particle has no expansion compression zone. The largest vortex is the universe and there is no expansion zone outside the universe. The expansion compression zone is composed of high expansion zone and low expansion zone. The diameter of the former is the same as the radius of the gravitational layer, and the remaining part is a low expansion zone, which is most obvious when the core is a black hole. The density of the gravitational layer and the expansion zone outside the vortex can be controlled by controlling the rotation speed of the dark matter vortex. This principle can also be used to create dark matter vortexes and control nuclear fission and fusion and thus create aircraft. In addition, it can also be applied to control and make celestial bodies and black holes. Four basic forces can be explained and quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity can be unified by combining dark matters and quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2037] viXra:2308.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-13 23:59:23
Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 10 Pages.
Genesis, the creation of our cosmos in six times 24 hours with one day rest by super massive black holes, white radiators having a crossing time for the light speed over the event horizon of about 24 hours, can be derived by group symmetric considerations based on Monster symmetry. These scaling exercises were self consistent and prove the weak gravity initial condition for the universes. The alpha condition or the inflationary period of our cosmos for pseudo vector barons is confirmed by the scalar theory of conformal gravities by M.A. Thomas. The onset in opposing time symmetries confirms the Big Bang initial state of the group symmetry Monster number decomposing into 6.7 nano seconds, a compacted state for neutrons having an imaginary macro mass in the order of Jupiter with event horizon of one metre. The sequence of six days or 144 hrs arises from six time axes in an enclosed pyramid frame for coherent photon energy caused by gravity generation per universe maintaining these super massive black holes imbedded by Monster symmetry and ending the alpha condition in somewhat less than thousand years a long time ago. The omega condition is treated step wise which involved three topics, the scaling for the best choice matched to the calculations in ref1 for the initial black hole condition, M40 of about ten times solar, then the internal condition of the hollow super massive state adapted to the generalized concept of gravity generation by the ultra fast and ultra light mediating medium and as last the determination of the range of super massive black holes. All this is a strong possibility that explains these super massive entities as remnants of the galaxies in the twelve congruent universes of which the matter distribution is due to the group symmetric properties of dark matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2036] viXra:2308.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 23:07:14
Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 36 Pages.
The purpose of this article is to outline a framework of concepts and principles to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity so that time and measurement (reduction) are present as integral parts of the basic foundations. First, the problem of time in quantum gravity and the measurement problem in quantum mechanics are briefly reviewed and the popular proposals to tackle these two problems are briefly discussed. Next, on the already known foundations of quantum mechanics, a framework of principles of dynamics is built: 1) Self-Time Evolution - Newtons first law is reinterpreted to define time, 2) Local Measurement by Local Reduction - Quantum diffusion theory is adapted, and 3) Global Evolution by Global Reduction. Ideas on how to apply the framework to study quantum general relativistic physics are discussed. Further, more general and modified forms of some of these principles are also discussed. The theoretical elements in the framework to be made concrete by further theoretical and experimental investigations are listed. Revision information is included.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2035] viXra:2308.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 23:06:16
Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 40 Pages. First Published on Researchgate https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301835572_Quantum_Gravity_Framework_20_A_Complete_Dynamical_Framework_of_Principles_for_Quantization_of_General_Relativity
Developing Planck scale physics requires addressing problem of time, quantum reduction, determinism and continuum limit. In this article on the already known foundations of quantum mechanics, a set of proposals of dynamics is built on fully constrained discrete models: 1) Self- Evolution - Flow of time in the phase space in a single point system, 2) Local Measurement by Local Reduction through quantum diffusion theory, quantum diffusion equation is rederived with different assumptions, 3) Evolution of a multipoint discrete manifold of Systems through a foliation chosen dynamically, and 4) Continuum limit, and determinism are enforced by adding terms and averaging to the action. The proposals are applied to the various physical scenarios such as: 1) Minisuperspace reduced cosmology of isotropic and homogenous universe with scalar field, 2) Expanding universe with perturbation, and 3) Newtonian Universe. Ways to experimentally test the theory is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2034] viXra:2308.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 23:05:35
Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 22 Pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28466.32960 Published on June 2021
In this paper we discuss quantum gravity framework 3.0, where we discuss relative time formulations. Applications of relative time formulations are discussed. The conventional Hamiltonian of bulk matter is derived from quantum gravity Hamiltonian. The derivation of Hamiltonians in the contexts of fields is briefly discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2033] viXra:2308.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 23:04:57
Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 22 Pages. First Publish on researchgate http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15044.55688/1
In this paper I give a major update of quantum gravity framework project. The heuristic conceptual framework proposed in previous versions is expanded to include structure formation and consciousness in the universe. A Path Integral version of decoherence in curved space-time is introduced as major update. Then we discuss the philosophical insights into structure formation in the universe and consciousness. We introduce various mathematical concepts to describe structure formation in the universe and consciousness.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2032] viXra:2308.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-05 00:36:58
Authors: Shanshan Zhao
Comments: 7 Pages.
Through observation and summary, the operating principle of energy was reasonably inferred, and on this basis, potential field theory was developed. Through the explanation and explanation of the basic concepts of potential field theory, the nature of temperature, wave—particle duality, electromagnetism, mass and motion, gravity and other phenomena is reasonably inferred. The main conclusion is that the existence of energy gradients is the fundamental cause of all phenomena. Some speculations: dark matter is energy with low energy intensity; when the coupling of energy in the flow will generate fluctuations (electromagnetic waves), that is, quantum fluctuation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2031] viXra:2307.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-31 17:38:01
Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 8 Pages.
We analyze supersymmetric preon models and compare their global symmetries with the heterotic E_8 x E_8$ superstring theory. We compare Pati's supergravity based preon model and our supersymmetric, topological preon model with symmetries of superstring theory. Based on symmetries and phenomenological results we conclude that the fundamental particles are preons rather than standard model particles, in concord with the heterotic superstring theory. Chern-Simons theory based preon models may provide useful tools for studying superstring theory and phenomenology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2030] viXra:2307.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-26 22:16:51
Authors: Shantikumar Nair
Comments: 18 Pages.
A simple gedanken experiment was proposed that imagines an observer shrinking down and entering the inner space of the atom. This led to five postulates which was justified mathematically using a quantum potential-modified spacetime structure within the atom. The new spacetime structure demonstrated that space was expanded within the atom, time was slowed down and inertial mass was increased. The paper also demonstrated that the uncertainty principle may have its origins in the modification of spacetime within the atom. Application of general relativity to the intraatomic space showed that charge emerges in a natural way from the changes in the spacetime structure. Within the atom, the term 8πG could be replaced with (2(e/m)^2)/ϵ_0 in the gravitational field equation. The absence of nuclear radiations could be attributed to the presence of a black-hole-like horizon around the nucleus, which also could explain the extraordinary stability of the electron within the atom that contains a positively charged nucleus. The spacetime transformation would appear to make the atomic world self-similar to, or symmetric with, the macroscopic world. The product of the space and time intervals in spacetime was invariant, which is in effect a law of conservation of spacetime. Thus, it appeared that spacetime may not be just a field of coordinate points, but a real entity that could be associated with both mass and energy. Inertial mass could be directly related to the proportion of space and time within spacetime.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2029] viXra:2307.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-26 22:12:55
Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages.
So far, it has been worked out that the circle number connects space and time and the speed of light in vacuum only represents the Diameter of planet earth and the rotation duration of one revolution of planet earth around its own axis (a day), because in 1793 the "meter" of length in space was defined to represent the circumference of planet earth, while the "second" of time was defined to represent 24 hours 60 minutes and 60 seconds (a day). The author tries to explain here how, on the basis of these findings, the system of units would have to be reformed in order to complete the connection found by Einstein and thus dissolve all natural constants (which only represent planet Earth) and to understand gravitation and electromagnetism as a unified interaction and to reinterpret quantum theory: God does not play dice.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2028] viXra:2307.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-23 15:21:36
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 17 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
CERN restarted the upgraded Large Hadron Collider (LHC), third run, with among its objectives the hope to detect "Dark Matter". With this paper, based on the multi-fold theory, and its encounter in General Relativity (GR) and Yang Mills theory, we apply the Occam’s razor principle to expect that no dark matter, including axions, will the detected at LHC or elsewhere, just as we also predicted that no supersymmetric partners will ever be encountered. The Multi-fold-derived Ultimate Unification (UU) furthers hints at no other fundamental particle above the (gravity) electroweak symmetry breaking energy scale, unless if UU had its own particles, something not likely, or if new and unknown interactions, non-supersymmetric, were to exist. The latter is something that may not be that likely either, especially as we have separately argued that the multi-fold theory predicts the Standard Model (SM) symmetries and can be seen as a quasi TOE that predicts most of its properties. Of course, these predictions do not include the massless Higgs boson, the particle responsible for the random walk, and spacetime location concretization.Interestingly, the paper also provides a random walk explanation for the absence of supersymmetry in a universe with a positive cosmological constant 4D , or lower dimensions, spacetime, while they exist at higher dimensions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2027] viXra:2307.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-22 14:35:05
Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 18 Pages.
We analyze the role of supersymmetry in nature. We extend our previous model of particles and cosmology beyond its critical energy scale at about $10^{16}$ Gev. We assume that there are three main phases in the evolving universe. The first is topological gravity phase, the second a brief Chern-Simons phase, and the third the standard model (SM) gauge phase. In our scenario supersymmetry (SUSY) appears in all phases but in the third phase confined in topological preons, which form quarks and leptons. The confined SUSY (cSUSY) is supported by the lack of observation of squarks and sleptons. cSUSY also provides a natural mechanism for matter-antimatter asymmetry. The possible relationship of this tentative scenario to quantum gravity and the role of UV-completeness are disclosed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2026] viXra:2307.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-15 19:45:49
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 25 Pages.
In this hypothesis, a possible extension of Einstein's field equations will be presented which is reduced to his field equation by contractions. Basic concepts such as the description of the inertial system or the definition of a physical observer are discussed. The field equation predicts the existence of exactly four-dimensional space-time, as only in four-dimensional space-time does this equation have an equal number of unknowns for each term of the equation. The equation itself can be written in two mixed and fully covariant forms.This model relates the field of matter to the curvature of space-time in a direct way, if matter is not present at a given point in space, it is simply flat space-time, which makes it a requirement that the momentum energy tensor does not equal zero in the presence of space-time curvature. In this work, i not give the exact solutions of the equations, only their derivation and their form in a particular case. This paper is in two parts, first is classical part, second one is quantum part that uses a complex spacetime to make sense of probability in field equations. It turns field equation into complex field equation and then from it it creates a scalar that represents probability of finding particle in spacetime.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2025] viXra:2307.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-09 19:49:14
Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 4 Pages.
The biological wave-like holomovement is compared to the quantum and gravitational holomovement created by the arrow of Time. We need a new theory of quantum gravity and gravitational radiation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2024] viXra:2307.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-07 03:47:15
Authors: Aaron Choi Ramos
Comments: 10 Pages.
This paper presents Aatheron Theory, a novel framework that proposes a fundamental understanding of the universe based on the concept of aatherons. Aatherons are postulated as the elementary constituents of aether, a fundamental medium that permeates all of spacetime. The theory suggests that aether and spacetime are intricately linked, with aether being the substrate for all physical phenomena.In Aatheron Theory, aatherons exhibit pulsing wave-like behavior, and their collective interactions give rise to the fundamental forces and particles observed in nature. The theory provides an explanation for the generation and mediation of electromagnetic fields, the behavior of charged particles, the strong and weak nuclear forces, and the nature of gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2023] viXra:2307.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-05 08:04:37
Authors: Tatsuyuki Sugawa
Comments: 19 Pages.
We investigate the traversable wormholes in (2 + 1) dimensions in the context of Gravity’s Rainbow which may be one of the approaches to quantum gravity. The cases in the presence of cosmological constant and Casimir energy are studied.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1612] viXra:2408.0063 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-19 14:01:35
Authors: Martín Fuertes Oliva
Comments: 23 Pages.
This paper presents a novel Quantum Gravity Theory (QGT) that reinterprets the gravitational field as being derived from the Higgs field within a flat spacetime framework. Unlike General Relativity (GR), which attributes gravity to spacetime curvature, QGT integrates quantum corrections, nonlinear dynamics, and a variable speed of light to describe gravitational phenomena [1]. The theory successfully predicts key cosmic phenomena such as the expansion of the universe [6], gravitational time dilation, and lightdeflection, while addressing discrepancies in observational data, such as the nature of gravitational waves [4]. By calibrating the coupling constant λ using empirical data from cosmological expansion instead of perihelion precession or light deflection, QGT shows potential as a bridge between quantum mechanics and cosmology, offering a new perspective on gravity that does not rely on dark energy or spacetime curvature.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1611] viXra:2408.0053 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-15 14:57:01
Authors: Vadim Khoruzhenko
Comments: 29 Pages.
This paper proposes a new theoretical framework introducing a fifth spatial dimension, referred to as "space density," as a fundamental aspect affecting both gravitational and electric fields. While the properties of electromagnetic and gravitational interactions are well-studied empirically, their fundamental nature, interconnection, and the physical substance from which they arise remain elusive. This research explores the concept of "space density" in a five-dimensional space, hypothesizing that changes in this dimension can lead to phenomena analogous to gravitational and electric fields. Through a series of mathematical models, we demonstrate how the distribution of space density behaves around spherical objects and discuss the implications for classical field theories. Our findings suggest the need to reconsider the traditional view of space as merely metrically confined, proposing instead that space itself possesses inherent properties and degrees of freedom. This hypothesis opens up new possibilities for understanding fundamental interactions in the universe from both a physical and philosophical perspective. Based on innovative theoretical insights, this paper provides yet another alternative confirmation of the Theory of Relativity concerning the equivalence of energy and mass of elementary particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1610] viXra:2408.0052 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-28 14:11:29
Authors: John Madocks
Comments: 44 Pages.
This paper presents a Theory of Everything (TOE). This theory aims to be a true TOE, one that accounts for all verified physical and human phenomenon. This theory shows our universe to be composed of several self-similar copies at scales descending in a logarithmic spiral sequence. As different as it is, this TOE is actually a grand simplification over current theories. Rather than different laws of physics applying to the atomic, human and cosmic scales, this TOE shows one set of laws applies to all scales. In doing this, incongruities between quantum physics and gravity are resolved and open fundamental questions are answered. For instance, this TOE successfully explains the flat rotation profiles of spiral galaxies and the fine structure constant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1609] viXra:2407.0163 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-01 21:35:42
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 6 Pages.
Despite years of sustained research on multiple avenues, unification of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and General Relativity (GR) appears to be heading towards a dead end. There are by now dozens of review articles, podcasts, blog entries, conference proceedings and books explaining the challenges of unification and debating the status of this presumptive failure. Yet no consensus exists on what the next steps ought to be and on whether the whole unification effort is to be abandoned. The (modest) goal of this short review is to go over the main conceptual limitations of Quantum Gravity (QG) programs. This tutorial reflects a personal viewpoint, likely to stand at odds with the wide spectrum of opinions of those working in this field.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1608] viXra:2406.0128 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-27 20:41:03
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.
I [present] here a possible way of creating spacetime from just information from wave function.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1607] viXra:2405.0139 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-18 20:40:52
Authors: Eytan Haim Suchard
Comments: 98 Pages.
It is possible to describe a universal scalar field of time but not a universal coordinate of time and to attribute its non-geodesic alignment to the electromagnetic phenomena. A very surprising outcome is that not only mass generates gravity, but also electric charge does. Charge is, however, coupled to a non-geodesic vector field and thus is not totally equivalent to inertial mass. Only the entire "Energy-Momentum" tensor has a vanishing divergence. The model can be seen as misalignment of physically accessible events in an observer spacetime and of gravity as a controlling response by volumetric contraction of the observer spacetime in the direction where events bend or accelerate to. This non geodesic acceleration is described by a generalization of the Reeb class vector. Misalignment of events can be described by 1, 2, and 3 such vectors. The paper presents a term with 4 vectors but does not discuss its physical meaning. The paper also discusses particle mass ratios and the Fine Structure Constant where added or subtracted area in relation to a disk does not involve a ratio 1/24 but 1/96 due to the physical meaning of the orientation of a space foliation which is perpendicular to a time-like vector α and due to the orientation of a plane which is perpendicular to a time-like vector α and its Reeb class vector η where α is mapped to a 1-Form, dα=±η^α. This forgotten definition of the Reeb class vector η is not limited to contact manifolds. These two orientations mean that only one side of a 3-dimensional foliation has a physical meaning and only one side of a sub-plane of that foliation has a physical meaning then 1/2 1/2 1/24=1/96. Another interpretation of the factor 1/4 is the Bekenstein - Hawking entropy to area constant. An additional coefficient 4/π describes an acceleration field strength and has a compelling source in mainstream physics. Other two field strength coefficients have compelling explanations, these are 95/96 and a critical value due to an imbalance equation between gravity and anti-gravity ~1.556198537190348396563877031439915299.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1606] viXra:2403.0141 [pdf] replaced on 2024-04-08 03:44:26
Authors: Deden M. Akbar
Comments: 153 Pages.
As one of the requirements for research in doctoral studies regarding Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG), the author reviews several books and scientific journals related to the research topic in this article. In this article, the canonical LQG formulation is reviewed in detail for the kinematic sector ([2] — [12]), starting from a brief review of LQG, followed by the formulation of General Relativity in the ADM formulation and the problems that arise when the gravitational field is quantified in this formulation. Then it continues with a review of Palatini's formulation, up to the tetrad formulation in Ashtekar's new variables. The formulation of the action of General Relativity based on Ashtekar variables is a way to quantify the gravitational field based on the Dirac quantization program. The result is a canonical LQG formulation for the kinematic sector which is proven to be well defined. The prediction obtained from LQG is that space on the Planck scale is no longer smooth and continuous but discrete and chaotic, which is characterized by the eigenvalues geometric operators, namely area operators and volume operators which have discrete values the Planck scale. The final discussion in this article is the LQG-based Black Hole Entropy calculation which corresponds exactly to the Black Hole Entropy calculation based on the semiclassical approach ([4] — [5], [7]). In addition, the application of the LQG calculation technique at the toy model level known as Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) ([14] — [16]) for the Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology model is also reviewed. The result is a modification of the Friedmann equation for the FRW model with the presence of a correction term for the quantum nature of the quantum gravitational field, where it is predicted that the beginning of the universe in the form of a Big-Bang was replaced by a Big Bounce originating from the collapse of the previous universe ([9], [14], [39] - [41]).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1605] viXra:2403.0061 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-12 11:00:36
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 7 Pages.
In an uncomplicated manner a quantum-lineelement of the local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type can be derived from a fundamental form of physical analysis. This term includes a variable that can be interpreted as a combination of Ricci -scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck - constant is included in the lineelement-form in a natural manner. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-lineelement is wrong. So because this is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations must also be false and modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck- transformations can be derived for certain special conditions of the velocity values. This exploration of quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of gravity quantization.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1604] viXra:2402.0117 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-28 00:32:06
Authors: Kevin Loch
Comments: 5 Pages.
The time-neutral metric is introduced and the time-neutral exterior Schwarzschild metric is con- verted to polynomial form in r and total mass M. The polynomials are found to be cubic with no constant term, which allows the two non-zero roots of each to be extracted from the reduced quadratic form.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1603] viXra:2402.0112 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-25 23:20:07
Authors: Ingo D. Mane
Comments: 59 Pages. The author welcomes feedback and discussion.
Physical action is a spacetime bivector. Based on this single assumption, this paper argues that spacetime itself is responsible for much of physics. The properties of its elements and their derivatives, especially the transformations of special relativity, allow us to successively derive and confirm major empirically found laws and equations. We exemplary derive equations for electromagnetism including: Biot-Savart Law, Electrostatic Force, Lorentz Force, Maxwell's Equations including charges, and also constants like the fine-structure constant, electric permittivity, and even additional terms that are related to spin. In strict analogy, we gain very similar equations for gravitation which, e.g., include Poisson's equation for gravity. A further derivation of these equations of gravitation leads to field equations which are comparable to the field equations of general relativity. Electromagnetism and gravitation unite into one set of equations. The fact that bivectors can be written as wave equations also unify classical physics with wave mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1602] viXra:2402.0107 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-24 04:22:04
Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 86 Pages.
We validly ignore even prime number 2. Based on all arbitrarily large number of even prime gaps 2, 4, 6, 8, 10...; the complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes fully comply with Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions. With this condition being satisfied by all Odd Primes, we argue that Modified Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when these conjectures are treated as Incompletely Predictable Problems. In so doing [and with Riemann hypothesis being a special case], this action also support the generalized Riemann hypothesis formulated for Dirichlet L-function. By broadly applying Hodge conjecture, Grothendieck period conjecture and Pi-Circle conjecture to Dirichlet eta function (which acts as proxy function for Riemann zeta function), Riemann hypothesis is separately proven to be true when this hypothesis is treated as Incompletely Predictable Problem. We highlight crucial connections between these Incompletely Predictable Problems in Number theory and Quantum field theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1601] viXra:2402.0056 [pdf] replaced on 2024-04-08 08:10:04
Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 23 Pages. Copyright license: CC BY-NC
This article begins with exploring fundamental limits in the universe. It examines key principles, such as the uniformity of physical laws and Energy conservation, that lead to maximum speed, locality, and maximum density. These universal limits govern physical phenomena, leading to very interesting results.I demonstrate that quarks and leptons comprise smaller entities named "Quantum Black Holes." These Quantum black holes are relativistically rotating miniature charged black holes consisting of a single core at the highest possible density. Quantum black holes are the only structures small enough in space-time capable of keeping all charges quantized (including gravitational charges.)By the end of the article, I prove that Quantum black holes explain the deficiencies of SM. They facilitate explanations of quantized gravity, the nature of Luminous and dark Matter, establishing the Mass, size, and (quantized) charges quantities of elementary particles, the nature of neutrino oscillations, and more.Elementary particles release their Energy outward, altering the curvature of nearby space-time and providing new insights into the nature of space-time curvature change. With this understanding, we can characterize movements and processes in local space-time using five sets of equations simultaneously: four representing the four charge’s types and one representing Dark Matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1600] viXra:2401.0047 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-05 23:27:43
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 7 Pages.
In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-lineelement of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1599] viXra:2401.0047 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-12 07:27:06
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 5 Pages.
In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-lineelement of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1598] viXra:2401.0025 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-24 00:36:27
Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages. Added posters and additional illustrations, updated text, changed abstract.
In the previous works A way was shown how a fundamental misconception in contemporary science can be uncovered by an investigation of the concept of "time" and how a world formula can still be constructed by correcting fundamental misconceptions and fallacies of Einstein and Planck. The main results of the author's work in recent years are to be summarized here and the world formula is to be formulated tentative - according to the current state of research. As a result, a simple plausible explanation is identified as the cause of the current incompatibility between the Standard Model of physics (Electromagnetism) and the General Theory of Relativity (Gravity): While the General Theory of Relativity uses the gravitational center of the solar system as a reference point for the definition of time and space, the Standard Model of physics uses the center of the Earth as a reference point for the definition of space and time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1597] viXra:2312.0147 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-20 03:42:22
Authors: Tong Wang
Comments: 5 Pages.
The fine-structure constant is an important dimensionless constant in physics. Several well-known physical interpretations of this phenomenon have been presented. In this study, we propose a new physical interpretation that connects the elementary charge and the Planck mass.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1596] viXra:2312.0039 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-14 09:56:28
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 56 Pages.
In this paper, we will use Geometric Algebra to be able to embed the Klein-Gordon equation for a particle in a non-Euclidean field (gravitational field). This way, we will obtain an expression similar to the Dirac equation, but with a slight change in one of the terms. This variation is produced and depends on the curvature of the space where the particle lies in (the Ricci scalar). In a similar manner, we will find variations in the equation for the energy of a particle and in the Einstein gravitational equation that will depend again on the value of the Ricci scalar (the curvature of the space where the particle lies in). An important outcome will be an equation that limits the value of the Ricci scalar depending on the value of the mass that provokes it (the value of the mass not the mass density) highly reducing the possibilities of arriving to singularities. In fact, the value of this R has been found to be equal to the cosmological constant (both in the order of 1E-52) making it a perfect candidate for the dark energy. Also, the magnetic-like effects of gravitation coming from the equations are sufficient to explain the rotation of the galaxies (NGC 1560, NGC 3198 and NGC 3115) without the need of dark matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1595] viXra:2312.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-26 06:45:46
Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 7 Pages.
The aim here is to show that the consideration of a quantum fluid, therefore granular, to describe space empty of matter and particles, is likely to resolve the question of its energy density in agreement with the data of standard cosmology. The Casimir effect should then make it possible to access its value which can be compared to the local gravitational energy. This also explains why quantum field theory is ineffective in accounting for this quantity.We also show that we can, through this basic hypothesis, give a concrete meaning to "dark energy" and "dark matter".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1594] viXra:2311.0153 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-15 04:47:15
Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 48 Pages.
Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws, the Holographic Principle and Arthur Haas's forgotten Principle of Coherence induce a steady-state cosmology down to the billionth precision, which explains the observation of "impossible galaxies", and predicts the isothermicity of the background radiation at temperature 2.725820456 Kelvin. The connections of parameters with those of the solar system impose the Solanthropic Principle: we are alone in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1593] viXra:2311.0046 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-17 13:37:54
Authors: Yeomyung Lee
Comments: 32 Pages.
Modern physics requires a new gravity theory to explain relationship about gravity and quantum effects. However, quantum mechanics have an unsolved problem about the interpretation. Also, theory of relativity cannot explain dark energy. Currently, there is no theory that can comprehensively solve these problems. Here, as a result of reinterpreting the concept of reduced mass, this paper shows that quantum superposition can be explained as the intersection of spacetime trajectories of each quantum according to gravitational potential. Spacetime which is absolute in relativity theory is relative in this theory, and it can be explained why the speed of light is independent from the inertial system. Additionally, because the classical mechanical energy conservation law is relative, as in the Casimir effect, a new conservation law for a quantum version is proposed. Dark energy can be explained by the theory that rest mass changes according to gravitational potential. Dark energy is an action along the dimension of gravitational potential, and its size increases as that of rest energy decreases. Dark energy affects quantum effects and the asymptotic freedom of strong interaction can be explained similarly.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1592] viXra:2310.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-13 07:39:45
Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 24 Pages.
In recent years, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized in terms of the ultimate acceleration on planetary-scale. This paper shows that the Jupiter's size and Saturn's size are the consequence of the interference of the generalized matter waves on planetary-scale. In this calculation, Jupiter's radius is determined as 7.1491e+7m with a relative error of 5.05%; Saturn's radius is determined as 5.80057e+7m with a relative error of 3.75%. This calculation also correctly predicts the locations of Halo ring and main ring for the Jupiter; ring A, B, C and D for the Saturn. In this calculation for the Earth, the tide near the equator has one maximal peak on the circumference around the Earth, the tide occurs every 24.91 hours. At the latitude 35.4N, its tide has two maximal peaks, where the tide occurs every 12.45 hours. The equatorial belt has an eastward sea-flow at the speed of about 1m/s; on the north hemisphere, between latitudes 0.1N and 35.4N there is a larger ocean circulation; between latitudes 35.4N and 90N there is another ocean circulation. This paper shows that the Jupiter's south hemisphere contains five belts/zones that are separated by five coherent ridges at 0S, 28S, 41.6S, 54.5S and 70S, respectively, with the maximal wind of 120m/s, the Great Red Spot lives constantly at 23S. the Saturn's south hemisphere contains six belts/zones that are separated by six coherent ridges, with the maximal wind of 420m/s. These predictions agree well with the experimental observations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1591] viXra:2310.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-05 08:05:12
Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 22 Pages.
In recent years, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized in terms of the ultimate acceleration on planetary-scale. This paper shows that the Jupiter's size and Saturn's size are the consequence of the interference of the generalized matter waves on planetary-scale. In this calculation, Jupiter's radius is determined as 7.1491e+7m with a relative error of 5.05%; Saturn's radius is determined as 5.80057e+7m with a relative error of 3.75%. This calculation also correctly predicts the locations of Halo ring and main ring for the Jupiter; ring A, B, C and D for the Saturn. In this calculation to the Earth, the tide near the equator has one maximal peak and 45 billows on the circumference around the Earth; the tide occurs every 24.91 hours, the width of the maximal peak of the tide is 1741km which lasts about 1.04 hours. At the latitude 35.4N, its tide has two maximal peaks and 68 billows on its circumference around the Earth at the latitude, where the tide occurs every 12.45 hours. The equatorial belt has an eastward sea-flow at the speed of about 1m/s; on the north hemisphere, between latitudes 0.1N and 35.4N there is a larger ocean circulation; between latitudes 35.4N and 90N there is another ocean circulation. This paper shows that the Jupiter's south hemisphere contains five belts/zones that are separated by five coherent ridges at 0S, 28S, 41.6S, 54.5S and 70S, respectively, with the maximal wind of 120m/s, the Great Red Spot lives constantly at 23S. the Saturn's south hemisphere contains six belts/zones that are separated by six coherent ridges, with the maximal wind of 420m/s. These predictions agree well with the experimental observations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1590] viXra:2310.0125 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-28 07:21:25
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages. Version 2
Space-time signature can be derived via a simple sort of spin-formalism. This formalism is described in a short comment .It comes from a simple Boole-algebra.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1589] viXra:2310.0085 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-22 12:03:17
Authors: Antimatter Enigma Solved: Astronomical Data Allows Identification of 77 Supermassive Antimatter Black Holes, 23 Antimatter Galaxies.
Comments: 18 Pages. Updated considering results from the Alpha-CERN antihydrogen experiment
Initial results from the Alpha-CERN antihydrogen experiment indicate no discernible difference in the gravitational behavior between matter and antimatter, challenging CP violation models. Given that antimatter exhibits the same gravitational behavior as matter, distinguishing between a supermassive black hole (SMBH) composed of matter and an antimatter supermassive black hole (ASMBH) becomes challenging, as their gravitational effects are indistinguishable. This raises the question: Could the SMBH in the Milky Way, and in all observed spiral galaxies, potentially be an ASMBH, with its event horizon concealing the equivalent number of antimatter particles, thereby preventing matter-antimatter annihilation within a matter galaxy?This article assesses astronomical data comparing the mass of 100 SMBHs with their host galaxies. A theoretical value for the logarithmic mass relationship Log( M_Stellar 〖/M〗_SMBH ) is presented: 2.963 for ASMBHs situated in matter galaxies, and 2.285 for MSBHs in antimatter galaxies. This relationship, derived from the Ulianov Theory, is based on the premise of matter galaxy formation from protons and electrons expelled by ASMBHs during cosmic inflation. The same theory also posits antimatter galaxy formation from antiprotons and positrons released by matter SMBHs during this period. The data base analysis (of 100 galaxies and their respective SMBHs) revealed that 77% of the SMBHs are composed of antimatter, resulting in a logarithmic relationship value of (2.945 ± 0.018) for the Log(M_Stellar/M_ASMBH ), while 23% are composed of matter, resulting in a value of (2.267 ± 0.036) for the Log( M_AStellar/M_SMBH ). The congruence between these values and the theoretical prediction is likely not mere coincidence. A thorough examination of the results confirms the model's validity and underscores the precision of astronomers' mass measurements, with only 3 cases showing actual measurement errors beyond the predicted range. This discovery is pivotal, as it suggests the Ulianov Theory's potential to produce novel predictions, such as this model. Originating from a cold and empty universe, this model outlines the galaxy mass formation process, in which ASMBHs harness energy from cosmic inflation, converting it into matter and antimatter particles. This process is termed the "Small Bang" model by the author, reflecting its cold and gradual nature, contrasting the explosive nature of the "Big Bang".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1588] viXra:2310.0024 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-04 20:36:23
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 18 Pages. Final Version
Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be treat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1587] viXra:2310.0024 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-22 04:53:30
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 21 Pages.
Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be treat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be threat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work. Where in the end I use complex spacetime as final model that integrates quantum effects into whole picture. Final conclusion is that field theory allows for something new that follows from Einstein Field Equations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1586] viXra:2310.0005 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-03 14:27:03
Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 19 Pages. V4. JHEPGC (2024) in press.
A model for particles based on preons in chiral, vector and tensor/graviton supermultiplets of unbroken global supersymmetry is engineered. The framework of the model is little string theory. Phenomenological predictions are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1585] viXra:2310.0005 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-28 11:17:11
Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 18 Pages. Little string theory framework introduced. Title changed accordingly.
A model for particles based on preons in chiral, vector and tensor/graviton supermultiplets of unbroken global supersymmetry is engineered. The framework of the model is little string theory. Some phenomenological results are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1584] viXra:2309.0082 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-26 02:56:01
Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Last name should be after first name - For the last time, please conform!)
Self-consistent Lorentz equation is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1583] viXra:2309.0054 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-11 11:30:20
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 9 Pages. Final Version
Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be threat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1582] viXra:2309.0054 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-29 17:12:28
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.
Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be threat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1581] viXra:2309.0044 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-25 14:21:15
Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 13 Pages.
Close-orbiting black hole pairs with near-equal masses M≈m area new kind of macroscopic quantum object because they have inherentmass-uncertainty ΔMtotal>(M+m)/380.That makes them the largest and heaviest macroscopic quantum systems ever found,the first observable physical system plausiblyrequiring quantum gravity for an accurate description, and the firstwhich plausibly will enable learning about quantum gravity viadirect observation.To show that, we combine(1) rigorous forms of the energy-time uncertainty principle with(2) graviton-emission rate estimates – large rates force highmass-uncertainties ΔM; and more gravitons are emittedduring a few minutes of super-super hole tight orbiting than the total countof non-graviton particles in the observable universe.
The final section, added for the third draft,argues that this all probably represents a crisisin physics in the sense it yields a self-contradiction derived fromthe axioms of quantum mechanics, which therefore are mathematically inconsistent.It then proposes, as the probable resolution of this crisis, that theΔEΔt uncertainty relations lose their validity when ΔEexceeds order 1 in Planck units, and explains how that is predicted by the author's"Cloud QFT" theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1580] viXra:2309.0044 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-26 13:30:16
Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 14 Pages.
Close-orbiting pairs of near-equal black holes (M≈m) area new kind of macroscopic quantum object because (I show) they have inherentmass-uncertainty ΔMtotal>(M+m)/380.These are the largest and heaviest macroscopic quantum systems ever found,the first observable physical system plausiblyrequiring quantum gravity for an accurate description, and the firstwhich plausibly will enable learning about quantum gravity viadirect observation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1579] viXra:2308.0161 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-03 14:07:53
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 5 Pages.
The Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) is the lacking main part of the Theory of Everything (TOE). Here we show that the Gallo-Roman dodecahedron encodes the fundamental ideas on which the SST is based. It suggests contacts between earthly civilizations and representatives of advanced cosmic civilizations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1578] viXra:2308.0100 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-22 20:45:22
Authors: ShengLi Zhang
Comments: 14 Pages.
This paper explores the possibility of unifying the four fundamental forces with dark matter and quantum entanglement. It was found that when dark matter has quantum entanglement, the dark matter vortex forms and the dark matter outside the vortex will expand. This will slow down the matter and dark matter being involved in the vortex. The dark matter inside the vortex will also expand under the effect of the rotating compression force . The expansion force is proportional to the internal rotation speed of the vortex. From the edge to the core, the expansion force increases with the increase of the rotational compression force, and the dark matter at the core expands the most. A compression force forms under the effect of the spin of the matter after it enters the center with the vortex. The gravitational layer forms because the core dark matter is subject to the spin compression force of matter and the compression force of vortex rotation. The expansion force of the dark matter outside the gravitational layer will increase with the increase of the rotating compression force of the matter at the core of the vortex. The much the core matter and the faster the vortex center rotate, the greater the density of dark matter in the gravitational layer, and the smaller the density of the dark matter outside the gravitational layer. In this case, three spheres will form at the vortex where microscopic particles and macroscopic objects are located, which are gravitational layer, expansion compression zone, and expansion zone outside the vortex from the core to the outside of the vortex. The smallest particle has no expansion compression zone. The largest vortex is the universe and there is no expansion zone outside the universe. The expansion compression zone is composed of high expansion zone and low expansion zone. The diameter of the former is the same as the radius of the gravitational layer, and the remaining part is a low expansion zone, which is most obvious when the core is a black hole. The density of the gravitational layer and the expansion zone outside the vortex can be controlled by controlling the rotation speed of the dark matter vortex. This principle can also be used to create dark matter vortexes and control nuclear fission and fusion and thus create aircraft. In addition, it can also be applied to control and make celestial bodies and black holes. Four basic forces can be explained and quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity can be unified by combining dark matters and quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1577] viXra:2307.0162 [pdf] replaced on 2023-08-04 16:20:58
Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 8 Pages. Parts newly written.
We compare, following Pati, global symmetries our topological supersymmetric preon model with the heterotic E_8 x E_8 string theory. We include Pati's supergravity based preon model in this work and compare the preon interactions of his model to ours. Based on preon-string symmetry comparison and preon phenomenological results we conclude that the fundamental particles are likely preons rather than standard model particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1576] viXra:2307.0141 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-15 01:33:26
Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages.
So far it has been worked out that the circle number connects space and time in 12 Dimensions and the speed of light in vacuum only represents the Diameter of planet earth and the rotation duration of one revolution of planet earth around its own axis (a day), because in 1793 the "meter" of length in space was defined to represent the circumference of planet earth, while the "second" of time was defined to represent 24 hours 60 minutes and 60 seconds (a day). The author tries to explain here how, on the basis of these findings, the system of units would have to be reformed in order to complete the connection found by Einstein and thus dissolve all natural constants (which only represent planet Earth) and to understand gravitation and electromagnetism as a unified interaction and to reinterpret quantum theory: God does not play dice, humanity play dice.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1575] viXra:2307.0119 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-29 03:47:08
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 18 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/
CERN restarted the upgraded Large Hadron Collider (LHC), third run, with among its objectives the hope to detect "Dark Matter". With this paper, based on the multi-fold theory, and its encounter in General Relativity (GR) and Yang Mills theory, we apply the Occam’s razor principle to expect that no dark matter, including axions, will the detected at LHC or elsewhere, just as we also predicted that no supersymmetric partners will ever be encountered. The Multi-fold-derived Ultimate Unification (UU) furthers hints at no other fundamental particle above the (gravity) electroweak symmetry breaking energy scale, unless if UU had its own particles, something not likely, or if new and unknown interactions, non-supersymmetric, were to exist. The latter is something that may not be that likely either, especially as we have separately argued that the multi-fold theory predicts the Standard Model (SM) symmetries and can be seen as a quasi TOE that predicts most of its properties. Of course, these predictions do not include the massless Higgs boson, the particle responsible for the random walk, and spacetime location concretization.Interestingly, the paper also provides a random walk explanation for the absence of supersymmetry in a universe with a positive cosmological constant 4D , or lower dimensions, spacetime.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1574] viXra:2307.0077 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-04 03:54:57
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 25 Pages. Final Version
This hypothesis will present a possible extension of Einstein's field equations cite{1}cite{2}cite{3}cite{4} which reduces to his field equation by contractions. Basic concepts such as the description of the inertial system or the definition of a physical observer are discussed. The field equation predicts the existence of exactly four-dimensional space-time, as only four-dimensional space-time has an equal number of unknowns for each term of the equation. The equation itself can be written in two mixed and fully covariant forms:begin{gather}R_{mu sigma u}^ho-frac{1}{2}R_{sigmakappa}g^{kappa ho}g_{mu u}=kappa T_{mu kappa}g^{kappa ho} g_{sigma u}R_{phimu sigma u}-frac{1}{2}R_{sigmaphi} g_{mu u}=kappa T_{mu phi} g_{sigma u }end{gather}This model relates the field of matter to the curvature of space-time in a direct way, if matter is not present at a given point in space, it is simply flat space-time, which makes it a requirement that the momentum energy tensor does not zero in the presence of space-time curvature. In this work, I do not give the exact solutions of the equations, only their derivation and their form in a particular case. Field equation can be reduced to statement about equality between energy momentum tensor and Ricci tensor:begin{gather}R_{mu u} =-2 kappa T_{mu u }end{gather}I will also present a possible way to quantize field equations using complex space-time. This gives the quantum field equation which I can write asbegin{gather}left(R_{phimu sigma u}ight) ^dagger R_{phimu sigma u} = kappa left(R_{phimu sigma u}ight) ^dagger left(kappa T_{mu phi} g_{sigma u }+frac{1}{2}R_{sigmaphi} g_{mu u} ight) end{gather}This equation uses a special complex space-time and generates real invariants by using complex conjugates and transpositions. This removes it from singularity field theory as only normalizable fields that do not possess any kind of infinity are a consequence of this normalization.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1573] viXra:2307.0077 [pdf] replaced on 2023-08-27 19:39:38
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 32 Pages.
This hypothesis will present a possible extension of Einstein's field equations cite{1}cite{2}cite{3}cite{4} which reduces to his field equation by contractions. Basic concepts such as the description of the inertial system or the definition of a physical observer are discussed. The field equation predicts the existence of exactly four-dimensional space-time, as only four-dimensional space-time has an equal number of unknowns for each term of the equation. The equation itself can be written in two mixed and fully covariant forms:begin{gather}R_{mu sigma u}^ho-frac{1}{2}R_{sigmakappa}g^{kappa ho}g_{mu u}=kappa T_{mu kappa}g^{kappa ho} g_{sigma u}R_{phimu sigma u}-frac{1}{2}R_{sigmaphi} g_{mu u}=kappa T_{mu phi} g_{sigma u }end{gather}This model relates the field of matter to the curvature of space-time in a direct way, if matter is not present at a given point in space, it is simply flat space-time, which makes it a requirement that the momentum energy tensor does not zero in the presence of space-time curvature. In this work, he does not give the exact solutions of the equations, only their derivation and their form in a particular case. I will also present a possible way to quantize field equations using complex space-time. This gives the quantum field equation which I can write asbegin{gather}left( R_{phi mu sigma u}ight) ^dagger R_{phi mu sigma u} =kappa left( R_{phi mu sigma u}ight ) ^dagger left( T_{mu phi } g_{sigma u}-T_{sigma phi} g_{mu u}ight)end{gather}This equation uses a special complex space-time and generates real invariants by using complex conjugates and transpositions. This removes it from singularity field theory as only normalizable fields that do not possess any kind of infinity are a consequence of this normalization.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1572] viXra:2307.0047 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-14 21:47:45
Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 6 Pages.
The biological wave-like holomovement is compared to the quantum and gravitational holomovement created by the arrow of Time. We need a new theory of quantum gravity and gravitational radiation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
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