Quantum Physics

Space-Time Torsion as a Manifestation of Magnetism, and the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 4 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin as required)

To show that the speed of light is constant in all reference frames, we need to, First, accept that space-time is granular and, second to entertain the postulate that a mass moving through spacetime affects the space-time. That torsion could be identified with magnetism was suggested by Kaare Borchenius. We will be following his suggestion.
Category: Quantum Physics

Revisiting the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: Why Photons Are Exempt from Quantum Uncertainty

Authors: Albert Saenz Coromina
Comments: 3 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

In this article, we challenge the commonly accepted notion that the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP) applies universally, including to photons (electromagnetic waves). While photons are fundamentally linked to Quantum Mechanics (QM) through the Planck-Einstein relation (E = h⋅u), we argue that certain core aspects of their behavior (specifically their speed, wavelength, frequency, and phase) are fully deterministic and not subject to uncertainty. Through detailed mathematicalexploration and comparison with traditional QM principles, we demonstrate that the HUP, although fundamental to particles with mass (fermions), does not meaningfully apply to massless bosons like photons. This insight paves the way for further exploration of deterministic principles for introducing a new Quantum Gravity Dynamics (QGD) conceptual alternative.
Category: Quantum Physics

Evidence of Simple Harmonic Motion in the Setting of Elementary Electric Charge: A Review of Historical Data and Implications for Future Research

Authors: Lamont Williams
Comments: 37 Pages.

In many early studies of the value of elementary electric charge (e), experimentalists identified what appeared to be substantial discrepancies among results. Some discrepancies were explained; some were not. This investigation provides evidence suggesting that some discrepancies among experimental findings for the value of e may have been the result of the electromagnetic field between interacting particles behaving somewhat like a spring undergoing simple harmonic motion. Here, the standard value of e is associated with the equilibrium position of the field and the other values are associated with displacement from that position. This would have led to higher values of e in some cases and lower values in others, consistent with the experimental findings. Implications for the spatiotemporal nature of electrons in materials, fine-structure constant, and Landau pole are discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics With a Conceptual Conjecture for ‘quantum Gravity'

Authors: Sonali Tamhankar
Comments: 15 Pages.

This work makes three contributions. First, we propose a NEW Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Second, we make a conceptual NEW Conjecture for gravitational interactions of quantum particles, that can serve as a seed for a new line of mathematical investigations into Quantum Gravity. Third, we explore experimentaltests of the NEW Conjecture and the NEW Interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Photons Do Not Exist[?] Light Does Not Move, It is Transmitted by Electromagnetic Resonance

Authors: Luis Rodolfo Cabrera Juarez
Comments: 8 Pages.

A new theory about light is presented, according to which it does not move in space, like particles or self-sustaining waves. It is transmitted as a resonance phenomenon between two tuned electromagnetic oscillators. This is demonstrated by using the helical model of the electron to calculate the frequency of the first quantum transition of the Lymann series of the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Zero Point Energy Module: Proposed Principle and Open Hardware Prototype

Authors: Damien Josset
Comments: 11 Pages. Open Hardware

There is currently no practical way to extract energy from the lowest quantum state of a system, the zero-point energy. A thought experiment is proposed here to define the principles of a current generator that would extract energy from this state. To improve the clarity of the concept, an open hardware prototype is also discussed. This thought experiment may help better understand the quantum fluctuations, the practical limitations involved in extracting zero-point energy, and the interaction of virtual particles with matter. If the concept has any practical applications, there are implications to have an alternative energy source based on matter/anti-matter interactions. Beyond the ideas discussed here, there are charged particles in most places in the universe (plasma, solar winds, cosmic rays), and the concept discussed here can be applied to measure the flux of particles in these environments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Review of Wave Element Material Structure Theory and Its Application

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 12 Pages. In Chinese

Quantum field theory treats particles as fields and cannot describe the composition, structure and intrinsic motion state of electrons very specifically. Exploring the composition, structure and intrinsic motion states of electrons does not conflict with quantum field theory. Through an assumption of "the composition, structure and intrinsic movement of electrons" (photojunction electronic structure model), quantum mechanics - the important equations and operators of quantum mechanics (especially the calculations related to electron spin) has been greatly beautified. symbols) can be deduced based on this assumption. It can provide a reasonable and non-contradictory classical rotation model for electron spin and atomic structure. The classical planetary model of atoms can also be successfully applied to the calculation of the dissociation energy and bond length of hydrogen molecules, lithium molecules, and sodium molecules. Calculations for atoms and molecules can be performed both individually and in combination with wave mechanics methods and classical methods in the context of planetary models. There are hundreds of successful application examples. The successful application of the electronic structure model and its beautification of quantum mechanics have clearly become evidence of this model. "Bohr's planetary model approach and modern quantum mechanical approaches can be widely mixed" suggests that the two approaches are equivalent or compatible with each other. It can prompt humans to re-understand the characteristics of microscopic systems.

量子场论将粒子都看作是场，无法非常具体地描述电子的组成、结构和内禀运动状态。探索电子的组成、结构和内禀运动状态并不与量子场论冲突。通过一个"电子的组成、结构和内禀运动方式"的假设（光结电子结构模型），而大大美化了量子力学——量子力学的重要方程和和算符（特别是有关电子自旋的算符）都可以根据这个假设推导出来。能为电子自旋、原子结构给出合理而无矛盾的经典转动模型。原子的经典行星模型还可以成功地应用于氢分子、锂分子、钠分子的离解能和键长的计算。对于原子和分子的计算既可以分别使用又可以混合使用波动力学方法和行星模型语境下的经典方法。成功的应用事例多达数百个。电子结构模型的成功的应用和对量子力学的美化作用显然又成了该模型的证据。"玻尔行星模型方法和现代量子力学方法可广泛地混合使用"表明这两种方法是等价的或相互兼容的。可促使人类重新认识微观体系的特点。
Category: Quantum Physics

Application of Hooke's Law and Occurrence of Relativistic Orthogonal Harmonic Oscillators in Leptons

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 17 Pages, including 2 figures and 1 table

In 1915 Parson proposed the so-called ring model for the electron. This flat geometry for the electron can also be interpreted as a superposition of two orthogonal harmonic oscillators in the same plane. For these two harmonic oscillators a new relativistic Lagrangian is conjectured from which Hooke’s law follows. Explicit expressions for the spring constant and electron energy are deduced from this simple ring model.

Spring constants and energies for all leptons can also be deduced from the recently postulated more complex toroidal model for leptons. The ring torus model appears to apply to charged leptons and the electron neutrino, whereas the spindle torus model may apply to the muon and tauon neutrino.

It appears that the magnetic dipole moments of the charged leptons predicted by the toroidal model agree with the observed ones, first order anomalous corrections included. Furthermore, explicit expressions for the magnetic dipole moments of all neutrinos are also obtained.

Moreover, a comparison is made between the magnitude of the electromagnetic and elastic contribution to the energy of the electron. It is found that the elastic energy may be dominant.

Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-7s2: The Possible Origins of the Relativistic Length Contraction, E=mc^2, and to Fuse the General Relativity’s Radial Contraction with the Non-Linear {N,n} QM

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 31 Pages.

The newly established {N,n} QM includes the Bohr-QM based part (see in SunQM-1 series, SunQM-2, SunQM-5 series, and SunQM-7), the Schrodinger-equation based part (see in SunQM-3 series and SunQM-4 series), and the {N,n} quantum field part (see in SunQM-6 series). In SunQM-7s1, I used r’rθφ-4D orbital motion to explain the origins of the lightspeed and the constancy of the lightspeed in our universe. In the current article, first, by degenerating a xy-2D circular motion into a x-1D oscillational motion (that mimic a degeneration of a r’rθφ-4D motion into a rθφ-3D motion), I was able to deduce out the Lorentz transformation equation in 3D. From this, I hypothesized that the projection of a group of "4D thermal motion" in a 3D space may be the origin of both the special relativity’s length contraction (SR L-contraction), and general relativity’s radial contraction (GR R-contraction). Second, I showed that on a black hole (BH) surface, the rθφ-3D space may be degenerated into a 1D space (for the velocity), and this 1D space may can be treated as either a r-1D space or a φ-1D space (as you like). Third, using "4D thermal oscillation" (and with several examples), I explained the possible origin of the E = mc^2. Fourth, many kinds of non-linear {N,n} QM effects (that I encountered during the {N,n} QM development, and that may or may not relate to the GR R-contraction) were listed. Furthermore, I was able to construct the non-linear {N,n//q} QM structure near a BH (where q = 6 increased to q = ∞) by fusing the GR R-contraction calculation into the non-linear {N,n//q} QM structure’s calculation. This is a huge achievement in unifying the relativity theory to the {N,n} QM theory. Fifth, (Like that the nLL state vs. nL0 state is a pair of brand new parameters in the physics to describe the RF character), the difference between SR L-contraction and GR R-contraction could be another pair of parameters in the physics to describe the relativistic character. Sixth, by using "4D thermal oscillators", I was able to explain the slower speed of the outmost shell of the 3D wave packet for a propagating photon. Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Review of the Theory of Matter Structure of Wave Elements and Its Applications

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 12 Pages.

Existing theories of material structure and quantum field theory cannot describe the specific sources of fundamental particles. In quantum field theory, the generation of particles is the instantaneous transformation of the field, rather than the true creation of particles. It is necessary to explore the composition (or source) of the next level of elementary particles or fields. The material structure theory of "all fundamental particles mainly originate from photons" has great advantages in combining logic and fact. By utilizing this new theory of material structure, quantum theory, Bohr theory, and classical electromagnetic theory can be mixed to describe the same particle. Both this new theory of material structure and its application examples demonstrate that there is no longer a gap between the micro world and the macro world in calculating the spin angular momentum of basic particles, atomic ionization energy, and molecular dissociation energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Exploration of the Specific Forms of Electron Spin

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The concept of electron spin has a broad application prospect. However, after a century of efforts, the essence and specific form of electron spin have not been revealed. The reason is probably that it is constrained by the concept of point particle material structure. In order to solve the problem, one way to initiate the quantum mechanics revolution on the concept of material structure is to establish the concept of wave element material structure. Assuming that the composition of electrons is waves, the inherent motion of electrons (the spin of free electrons) is "the rotation of mass equivalent to the energy of waves". This rotation is not the rotation of a sphere, but similar to the rotation of a ring-shaped substance along a ring. This assumption breaks the concept of point particle structure. According to it, the angular kinetic energy and spin magnetic moment of electrons can be accurately calculated by classical force electrodynamics method. Other applications are also very successful, which has led to the revolution of quantum mechanics and material structure theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Sine-Gordon Breather in an Infinite Potential Well

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 9 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

In this paper we want to solve the motion of a breather soliton of the Sine-Gordon equation in an infinite potential well. This problem can be solved analytically for a well whose width L is far greater than the size of the soliton d, using the two breather solution of the Sine-Gordon equation. We show that this solution exhibits discrete energy levels with a quantisation condition equivalent to that obtained from quantum mechanics. They do arise in a similar way as standing waves give rise to discrete modes, with a wave and a reflected wave superimposed. The energy levels are given by the same formula as obtained from the Klein-Gordon equation of relativistic quantum mechanics for the same problem, but with a quantum constant h derived from the theory itself.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Erasure Experiment is not a Miracle

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper rejects the common notion that "erasing path information causes interference fringes to reappear". This paper argues that it is a misnomer to call this experiment a quantum "erasure". Instead of "erasing", the diagonal polarizers actually filter the photons, and it is this filtering that causes the interference fringes to reappear.Further, there is no need to introduce anticausality to explain the delay selection experiment. The wavefunction of a photon does not collapse after it comes out of the double slit until it reaches the position of the screen. It is meaningless to ask which slit the photon came through. Therefore, instead of calling this experiment a "quantum erasure experiment", it would be more appropriate to call it a "quantum screening experiment", and it is this means of screening that restores coherence.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Quantum Eraser Experiment

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 32 Pages. In Chinese

This paper rejects the common notion that "erasing path information causes interference fringes to reappear". This paper argues that it is a misnomer to call this experiment a quantum "erasure". Instead of "erasing", the diagonal polarizers actually filter the photons, and it is this filtering that causes the interference fringes to reappear. Further, there is no need to introduce anticausality to explain the delayed selection experiment. The wavefunction of a photon does not collapse after it comes out of the double slit until it reaches the position of the screen. It is meaningless to ask which slit the photon came through. Therefore, instead of calling this experiment a "quantum erasure experiment", it would be more appropriate to call it a "quantum screening experiment", and it is this means of screening that restores coherence.
Category: Quantum Physics

Wave and Particle from Dualism to Unity (English Version)

Authors: Solomon Khmelnik
Comments: 20 Pages.

Examples are given when a macroscopic object manifests itself both as a wave and as a tangible object. It is proven that elementary particles are both waves and particles at the same time, and not alternately. This proof is obtained as new solutions to Maxwell's equations. The proof is not comprehensive - only cubic, spherical and disk particles are considered. This publication is a review and addition to already published articles and books.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-7s1: Space Formation/Transformation, Relativity, and the Possible Origin of the Lightspeed and Its Constancy (Viewed From the {N,n} QM)

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 25 Pages.

The newly established {N,n} QM includes the Bohr-QM based part (see in SunQM-1 series, SunQM-2, SunQM-5 series, and SunQM-7), the Schrodinger-equation based part (see in SunQM-3 series and SunQM-4 series), and the {N,n} quantum field part (see in SunQM-6 series). In the SunQM-7 series, I am going to study the relativity under the {N,n} QM. In the current article, first, I used Schrodinger equation/solution (i.e., the wave function) as a tool to study how the space is formed from x-1D to the flat xy-2D, the point-centered rφ-2D, the flat xyz-3D, the point-centered rθφ-3D, and then the point-centered r’rθφ-4D. The orthogonality of the dimensions was discussed. Many examples of the dimension transformation (that were encountered during the {N,n} development, e.g., "opened-space" versus "closed-space", "straight-space" versus "curved-space", larger size 3D space may allow the higher dimension 4D to be effective, etc.) were discussed. Second, based on the Newtonian mechanics (that in the Earth’s orbit that around the Sun, all mass entities (e.g., a H-atom, a space dust, etc.) have the same constant orbital speed as that of the Earth), and also based on that our 3D universe may be a spherical 3D space on the surface of a 4D ball something, I explained the origin of the lightspeed as that "it is the orbital speed in a r’rθφ-4D space". It also automatically explained the origin of the constancy of the lightspeed. These origin explanations may in turn support the correctness of the two axioms in the modern physics: "the lightspeed is the maximum (effective) speed in our universe", and "the speed of light is constant in our universe". Third, I further hypothesized that a group of (large number) random direction/phase "4D thermal oscillators" forms a massed particle that localized in our 3D universe, and a group of (small number) unified direction/phase "4D thermal oscillators" forms a massless photon that un-localized in our 3D universe. This model made me able to further explain several other properties in the general relativity and the special relativity (see in SunQM-7s2). Fourth, because I believed that (in 3D space) a black hole not only stops the light but also stops the gravitational force to escape from its surface, I hypothesized that a black hole may indirectly exert its gravitational force in 3D space (by projecting of its 4D space G-force through the 4th dimension back into the 3D space).
Category: Quantum Physics

Spherical Electrons and the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric Theory

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper is a follow up to previous work A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Potential [1][2][3][4] where I modelled fermions as longitudinal electromagnetic scalar potential waves travelling in accompanied by perfectly spherical charged and fermions in labelling this as the W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T. model. In this present paper I’m going to suggest these perfectly spherical fermions provide a definitive test for the W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T. model because aspherical electrons would violate a fundamental condition concerning the conservation of phase and energy for the W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T. model thus breaking that model.
Category: Quantum Physics

Wave and Particle — from Dualism to Unity

Authors: Solomon Khmilnik
Comments: 21 Pages. In Russian

Examples are given when a macroscopic object manifests itself both as a wave and as a tangible object. It is proved that elementary particles are both waves and particles at the same time, and not alternately. This proof is obtained as new solutions to Maxwell's equations. The proof is not comprehensive - only cubic, spherical and disk particles are considered. This publication is a review and addition to already published articles.

Приводятся примеры, когда макроскопический объект проявляет себя и как волна, и как осязаемый объект. Доказывается, что элементарные частицы являются и волнами, и частицами одновременно, а не попеременно. Это доказательство получено, как новые решения уравнений Максвелла. Доказательство не является всеобъемлющим - рассматривается только кубическая, сферическая и дисковая частицы. Данная публикация — это обзор и дополнение уже опубликованных статей.
Category: Quantum Physics

Another Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, I postulate a different way to think of quantum interpretation. The concept was first conceived by Freeman Dyson, {https:www.dumtp.com ac.uk/user/long/em/dyson.pdf. } when he described the electric and magnetic fields defined by Maxwell's theory as abstract quantities that exist as a two-layer system. He then suggested that all fields behave the same. Since the quantum wave function is a probability amplitude field, it is also an abstract field that becomes real and measurable when combined with other fields, such as its complex conjugate. This paper follows Dyson's lead and finds a way to bring Einstein and Bohr debate closer together.
Category: Quantum Physics

Calculation of the Wavelengths of the Balmer Series in the Hydrogen Atom Based on the Quantized Space and Time Theory of Elementary Particles

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, by using the quantized space and time and elementary particle theory the all wavelengths of the different spectrum of aroused hydrogen atom he's been calculated. the main reason of disability in comprehensive analysis of aroused atoms radiation is the low understanding of kinetic energy paradox. in such a way that the maximum level of the energy of charged particles by the speed of 299792407.5m/s is exist in the x and y axis, but in the z axis the energy level does not exist and only appears in the transition procedure to the other energy level by radiation of a photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Riemann Zeta Function and the Transcendent Lerch Function

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Elementary notions of quantum statistical mechanics provide a link between the Riemann Zeta function and the transcendent Lerch function.
Category: Quantum Physics

Why Bell’s Theorem Is Inapplicable to a Quantum System

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 4 Pages.

A review of the famous Bell’s theorem leads us to conclude that it addresses one and only one specific issue: whether a body possesses a certain property or does not. The theorem certainly is not a statement about hidden parameters, non-locality or causality.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Soliton Model of Elementary Particles

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper we show that a unification of gravity and inertia, as it comes out of a correct implementation of Mach‘s principle, leads to elementary particles being solitons in the gravitational field (or more general: a unified field including the gravitational one). We show how the properties of elementary particles then give rise to the phenomenology of special relativity as well as quantum mechanics in the usual classical framework and in flat, 3 dimensional euclidean space. The soliton nature of the elementary particles naturally gives rise to elementary quantum phenomena, like their wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, De Broglie relations E=ℏω and P=ℏk . A formula for h can in principle be obtained. This opens up a possibility to explain the origin of quantum mechanics. At the same time, also the special relativistic phenomena like length contraction, time dilation, the relativistic energy-momentum relation and the apparent constancy of the speed of light can be explained. The speed of light is just an apparent constant when measured with co-moving rulers and clocks, provided by the elementary particles themselves. It obeys the usual vector addition, just like all other velocities and vectors do, too. Ultimately, mass itself can be explained as entirely of gravitational origin, as the field-energy of the soliton, which will also yield an explanation for the energy-mass equivalence. No additional scalar field like the Higgs field is needed.
Category: Quantum Physics

From the Svedberg Ultracentrifuge to the Rotating Carbon Nanotube

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages.

The classical and the quantum motion of a massive body in the rotating carbon nanotubeis considered. Photon is included. The spin motion described by the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation is considered in the rotation tube and rotating system. The crucial problemis the Lamm equation in the rotating Carbon nanotube.
Category: Quantum Physics

Problems in the Theoretical Structure of Quantum Electrodynamics

Authors: Eliahu Comay
Comments: 15 Pages.

A careful review of the literature reveals that electrodynamics is not free of theoretical problems. For instance, Peskin and Schroeder say in their book on Quantum Field Theory (QFT): "In fact, we will not discuss canonical quantization of the electromagnetic field at all in this book. It is an awkward subject, essentially because of gauge invariance". Additionally, although many texts treat the components of the electromagneticpotential as a 4-vector $A_mu$, Weinberg arguesin his QFT textbook: "...there is no ordinary four-vector field for massless particles of helicity $pm 1$"". The renormalization procedure is another problematic topic and Feynman called it in his QED book "a dippy process". These alarming quotationsencourage rigorous examination of themathematical framework of electrodynamics, thatthis work undertakes. It proves several quite unknown electromagnetic properties, and one of which explains why Weinberg's previous statement is right.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Causality in EPR Experiments — Taking Everett Interpretation as an Example

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 27 Pages.

This article points out that in the EPR experiment, there is no causal connection between the two sides. If a causal model wants to comply with the principle of common cause, it will lead to faster-than-light information propagation. Even if non-local latent variables are used as common factors, it does not mean that the measurement results on both sides can influence each other. They are only related to each other, but not corresponding causal relationships.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hyperbolic Quantum Time Evolution Kernel

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 30 Pages.

We find calculational evidence supporting the hypothesis that the time evolution of a relativistic quantum wave function can be written using an integral kernel formulation that uses the wave function's past values on a relativistic hyperbola.
Category: Quantum Physics

The MM Theory: Explaining Quantum Mechanics Concepts Through MM Theory

Authors: Morteza Mahvelati
Comments: 13 Pages

This article examines and discusses concepts within the field of quantum mechanics. Specifically, this paper focuses on the idea of wave-particle duality within this field, by further examining the nature of light. The basic premise is rooted in MM theory, previously introduced and expanded upon in literature. Per MM theory, light is viewed as a wave of motion of momenta conveyed by an ensemble of M particles propagating harmonically in space. Through a deep analysis of the double-slit experiment, this paper aims to illustrate the manner by which MM theory provides a complete and thorough understanding of the nature of light and the basic fundamentals of quantum physics.The discussion centres on highlighting how the MM theory offers a comprehensive interpretation of various observations such as interreference patterns and illuminates the underlying mechanisms at play. By viewing light as a wave of momenta, seemingly contradictory observations are logically addressed and reconciled. The theory further demonstrates how the detection process can disrupt the wave pattern and leads to the collapse of the interference patterns observed. Furthermore, this article challenges the fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, such as indeterminism and the role of measurement. Via MM theory’s examination of quantum measurements, the concepts of observer dependency and hidden variables are challenged. This ultimately suggests that quantum phenomena are inherently deterministic and can be predefined using known variables. In conclusion, this paper challenges the fundamental framework of quantum mechanics, offering deeper insights into the nature of light and the wave-particle duality via the deterministic approach derived from the MM theory and paves the way for further experimentation and study in this field.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Epistemology of Quantum Physics

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 258 Pages.

This book is about the epistemology of quantum physics and its interpretation as a scientific theory in its technical form. The contents of the book are essentially of non-formal nature although the formalism of quantum mechanics is also investigated (rather briefly) inline with the needs and requirements of the epistemological investigation and considerations. The reader should note that a general scientific and mathematical background (at the undergraduate level) is required to understand the book properly and appreciate its contents.
Category: Quantum Physics

Zitterbewegung and the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric Theory

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 7 Pages.

A discussion of Zitterbewegung for the [new] model, suggesting Zitterbewegung should not exist for real on-shell matter and might exist for the off-shell virtual particles—giving a test for the Wheeler-Feynman Electromagnetic Four-Vector Potential Time-Symmetric Theory (W.F.E.M.F.V.P.T.S.T.). This paper is an extention of a previous paper A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Potential [O’Brien 2018] in the context of Zitterbewegung.
Category: Quantum Physics

Statistical Foundation of Black-Body Radiation

Authors: Michalis Psimopoulos
Comments: 38 Pages.

We consider the black-body cavity as a closed system consisting of a fixed total number s of quanta that in turn form a random total number N of photons. The states describing this photon gas are equiprobable according to Bose statistics and their number is equal to the number of partitions of the integers. Using the Hardy-Ramanujan formula for large s, Planck's distribution is derived without resorting to Boltzmann's law and to interactions between radiation and matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Root-Finding Problem

Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 4 Pages.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for finding all the roots of a polynomial function$f(x)=x^m +a_{m-1}x^{m-1}+...+a_1x+ a_0$ are studiedin term of quantum computing.We hope our discussions give some insight for future studies for root-finding problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s10: {N,n} QM Field Theory, S/RFs-force, Nuclear Force, Spin-spin Interaction, and the Possible Origin of the Weak-Force and Beta-Decay

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 26 Pages.

In articles of SunQM-6, -6s1, -6s2, 6s3, and -6s4, I had established the framework of a brand new {N,n} QM field theory. In the rest SunQM-6 series articles, I added more detailed developments on the {N,n} QM field theory. In the current article, I added some new developments on the S/RFs-force. 1) A 4He nucleus is constituted with two same neutron-proton binaries that are doing the "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion". Within each one binary, the neutron and proton are doing the "face-to-face tidal-locked orbital binary motion" with the parallel nuclear spin ⇑⇑↑. Between the two binaries, they are doing the "face-opposite-face locked binary orbital motion" in φ-1D bi-direction with the anti-parallel nuclear spin ⇑⇑↑⇓⇓↓, that eventually transformed to be a θ-1D orbital uni-directional motion. Meanwhile, the nuclear proton-1 and atomic electron-1 (in a 4He atom) are paired to do the "face-to-face tidal-locked orbital binary motion", and so does the proton-2 and electron-2 pair. The same model can be used to explain the dynamic structure of the multi-nucleons inside the nuclides of 1H, 2H, 3H, 3He, and α particle. 2) A neutron is formed with two sub-structures, one "u-d" binary and one "d" singlet, and they are also doing the "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion". A proton is also formed with two sub-structures, one "u-d" binary and one "u" singlet, and they are again doing the "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion". The Weak Interaction may be the spin-spin interaction (↑↑ vs. ↓) between the two sub-structures (that made of the three quarks inside a nucleon) with a "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion" in the θ-1D uni-direction; the β decay (in a neutron) may be caused by the crash of the two sub-structures after the disruption of this θ-1D uni-directional motion and goes back to the φ-1D bi-directional motion. 3) The "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion" may be one of the common dynamic structures in the N-body motion under the E/RFe-force, S/RFs-force, and even the G/RFg-force fields. 4) The "face-to-face tidal-locked (spin ↑↑) binary orbital motion" is the root for the "face-opposite-face locked (spin ↑↓) binary orbital motion", for the "single-face tidal-locked binary orbital motion", for the "proton-electron mirror-coupled orbit" model, for the parallel spin of the "mother", the "daughter" and the "newborn" in the "|nL0> Elliptical/Parabolic/Hyperbolic Orbital Transition Model", and, for the "π-bond" spin-spin interaction model in the arm of a galaxy. Therefore, it is also one of the many nature attributions of the QM. 5) The "Fourier transformation" kind of analysis revealed that the "quasi 4He nucleus" is the building block of the high Z# nucleus. The similar analysis revealed that the {N,n//6} QM (in our universe) naturally includes {N,n//2}, {N,n//3}, {N,n//4} and {N,n//6} modes, so it covers the maximum number of modes (for superposition), and q=6 is still a small integer number that does not damage the quantum character of the {N,n//q} QM. Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Energy of an Ideal Fermi Gas and the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

The values assumed by the Riemann Zeta function on even natural integers contribute to the calculation of the total energy of an ideal Fermi gas in a non-relativistic and strongly degenerate regime.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Measurement Problem as Loss of Adiabatic Invariance

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.

The measurement problem of Quantum Mechanics reflects the tension between the deterministic evolution of wavefunctions and their random collapse caused by experimental observations. Here we argue that, in the Hamiltonian picture of quantum dynamics, wavefunction collapse follows from the destruction of adiabatic invariance on ultrashort time scales. We also suggest that, in the long-time limit, action quantization is a result of Arnold diffusion, a process describing the instability of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems with more than two degrees of freedom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Chirality (Electroweak Interaction) Using Geometric (Real Clifford) Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 43 Pages.

In this paper, we obtain the left and the right-handed (chirality) representation of the wavefunction using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra Cl 3,0. We will use both the Chiral representation and the Pauli/Dirac representation. Also, a summary of how all the interactions can be calculated and represented using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra is shown.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clarification of the Theory of Superconductivity and Superfluidity Based on Scientific Philosophy

Authors: Алтаев Намаз Карабалаевич
Comments: 5 Pages.

The development of the results of the theory of superconductivity (BCW) is based on the idea of a deep analogy between some ideas of quantum electrodynamics and quantum hydrodynamics. On the other hand, there are reasons to doubt the basic results of quantum electrodynamics. The reason is that in order to complete the development of quantum electrodynamics, it is necessary to supplement it with the results of reassignment operations. The founder of quantum electrodynamics, Dirac, believed that such a necessity arose because of the defects in this doctrine. In this article, the main results of quantum electrodynamics and quantum hydrodynamics are obtained quite correctly on the way, where the basic ideas of scientific philosophy are taken as a basis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sieve of Eratosthenes as Generating Algorithm and Riemann Zeta Function as Generating Function in Quantum Field Theory, Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 30 Pages.

Relevant to Quantum field theory, Sieve of Eratosthenes (as generating algorithm for all prime numbers) and Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) are infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. We ignore even prime number 2. The complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while fully satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. With these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems. Riemann hypothesis proposes all nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function are located on its critical line. It is separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Causality in EPR Experiments

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 22 Pages.

This article points out that in the EPR experiment, there is no causal connection between the two sides. If a causal model wants to comply with the principle of common cause, it will lead to faster-than-light information propagation. Even if non-local latent variables are used as common factors, it does not mean that the measurement results on both sides can influence each other. They are only related to each other, but not corresponding causal relationships.The "statistical correlation" in the EPR experiment does not have a controllable effect, because the results measured on either side are completely random. The experimenter cannot control the other side to produce the results he wants to transmit by manipulating the instrument. The two experimenters can only discover the correlation between each other's data when comparing them afterwards, and they cannot use this correlation to transmit information, otherwise the incommunicability theorem will be violated.This article draws a causal model diagram to analyze the EPR experiment, and uses the Everett interpretation and the quantum circuit diagram to demonstrate. It shows that the causal paradox in the EPR experiment is actually caused by a misunderstanding of "measurement" and "collapse" in the Copenhagen interpretation. If the Everett interpretation without the concept of "collapse" is adopted, it can be avoided when interpreting the EPR experiment. Paradox of cause and effect.In Everett's interpretation, the physical meaning of "measuring" a particle is to entangle the particle with the measuring instrument. When the local particle is measured, it will only be entangled with the local instrument, so there is no non-local interaction. The state of the particle does not change in any way because the particle on the other side is measured. No matter who measures first on the left or right, there will be no influence on each other. There will be no effect of the result of the first measurement on the result of the later measurement through superluminal action, and there will be no paradox that overturns the order of cause and effect.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Very Simple Proof of the Bloch's Theorem

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

We prove the famous Bloch's Theorem using the symmetry for discrete translationsin Dirac notation.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Concept of a Field as the Basis for the Model of a Quantum Object

Authors: Georgii Khantarzhiev
Comments: 18 Pages.

The model of a quantum object, based on the conception of a field, is presented in this research work. The way suggested allows to construct the model of a quantum object, which owns wave and particle properties simultaneously. The model is developed for the non-relativistic case and applied to three canonical experiments of quantum mechanics. This model describes successfully physical processes, happening at the quantum level, in these experiments. The analysis of some consequences of this model for the relativistic case is made. This model of a quantum object can be verified experimentally and a corresponding experiment is suggested for this goal.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron for Pedestrians

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages.

The causal arrangement of the two extended emission and detection sources and the photon source is considered. The emission source emitts the charged particle (electron) and photon. The photon source which is located betwen emission and detection sources is capable of the transmitting of space-like momenta. The photon propagates undisturbed between emission and detection sources, while the charged particle is reflected by the extended photon source. The result of such process is the modification of the vacumm-to-vacuum amplitude in form of the additional term which can beinterpreted as the additional magnetic moment of electron. The derivation is realized with the mathemathical simplicity and the Schwinger pedagogical clarity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Eigenvalue Density in Hermitian Matrix Models by the Lax Pair Method

Authors: J. B. McLeod, C. B. Wang
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, a new method is discussed to derive the eigenvalue density in Hermitian matrix model with a general potential. The density is considered on one interval or multiple disjoint intervals. The method is based on Lax pair theory and Cayley-Hamilton theorem by studying the orthogonal polynomials associated with the Hermitian matrix model. It is obtained that the restriction conditions for the parameters in the density are connected to the discrete Painleve I equation, and the results are related to the scalar Riemann-Hilbert problem. Some special density functions are also discussed in association with the known results in this subject.
Category: Quantum Physics

Completed Quantum Mechanical Theory

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 24 Pages.

Quantum mechanics is one of the most important theories in modern physics, despite of their predictability and accuracy; it is facing with crucial philosophic problems. Indeed the problems could be solved, and the theory could be improved by using "Vacuum Mechanics" i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium concept.
Category: Quantum Physics

For Roger Penrose the "Negative Frequencies" in Quantum Mechanics Are "Bad News"

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In relativistic quantum mechanics, free particle states with negative energy (negative frequency of the wave function) are not easy to interpret.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Klein-Gordon Equation and the Meson} Pi^{-}

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 8 Pages.

The study of the free motion of the meson $pi^{-}$ through the equation of Klein-Gordon, leads to its antiparticle i.e. the meson $pi^{+}$.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Comprehensive Review of Bosonic Quantum Error Correcting Codes

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 11 Pages.

Abstract—Quantum error correction is essential for reliable fault-tolerant quantum computing, necessitating the encoding of information redundantly into physical degrees of freedom to safeguard it against noise. A prominent approach involves continuous variable quantum informationprocessing using bosonic modes [3], [5], [6], [13], [17], [23]. This technique encodes information within the harmonic oscillator’s occupation number space, expressed throughnumber states {|n⟩}∞n=0 [19], position and momentum eigenstates {|x⟩}x∈R and {|p⟩}p∈R [12], or a selection of coherent states {|α⟩}α∈S (for a finite set S) [9]. The initial continuous variable scheme involving bosonic modes is the two-mode "dual-rail" encoding, introduced in1995 [8]. Presently, numerous bosonic codes are under assessment for their potential in fault-tolerant quantum computation. This review will focus on key contenders: firstly, establishing a pragmatic bosonic error model; proceedingto explore three prominent single-mode codes renowned for their robust protection against this model; evaluating the performance of these codes, considering relevant theoreticalaspects based on the work by [2]; and finally, delving into hardware-efficient multi-mode extensions, notable for their strides towards feasible physical implementation. Theseextensions will be situated within the evolving realm of bosonic quantum error correcting codes.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Solutions of Lorentz Transformation IV

Authors: Tomáš Kafoněk
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper is the fourth part of a hypothesis originally based on the basic assumptions of Lorentz transformation and has various implications. In the first part of the hypothesis [1], I calculated the wave function from the general assumptions of the Lorentz transformation. This wave function describes spacetime deformations and entirely replaces the original Lorentz solution used in special relativity. Importantly, each new solution, for both time and space deformation, has two possible solutions that are equally probable. Therefore, I have used these equations for further calculations, which already have a quantum nature.In the second part of my hypothesis [2], I converted this equation into an electromagnetic one and used it to calculate interference and diffraction. Thus, the resulting equation is not based on complex functions, as in standard calculations. We can further investigate this equation, for example, in the context of electron levels in an atom, as interference and diffraction are phenomena related to Young's experiment, and the wave properties of electrons have been demonstrated. In the third part of my hypothesis [3], I applied the calculations to atomic relations and outlined possible solutions for atomic orbitals. This outline of the potential arrangement of energies in the atomic model arose from the fact that some molecules, such as CH4, have the shape of a Platonic solid tetrahedron, which I consider pivotal within the framework of the VSEPR theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Solution of the Klein-Gordon Equation in a Moving Well and Quantum State of Complex Momentum

Authors: Qiuyu Shan
Comments: 7 Pages.

One-dimensional infinite well is an important model in quantum mechanics, and the solutions of Schrodinger equation and Klein-Gordon equation in this case have been studied extensively. In this paper, we discuss the solution of the Klein-Gordon equation in a moving one-dimensional infinite well, we find that the momentum of the particle should be complex numbers in a particular case.
Category: Quantum Physics

Soliton Interpretation of Quantum Theory

Authors: B. B. Slavin
Comments: 27 Pages. In Russian

This article proposes an interpretation of quantum physics based on the theory of solitons. According to this interpretation, an elementary particle (in particular, an electron) is a soliton solution to a system of nonlinear equations, while the linear equations of quantum mechanics for wave functions represent the boundary conditions for the presence of soliton solutions. It is hypothesized that the nonlinear equations for a quantum electron are ordinary Maxwell equations, in which the charge and current densities are expressed through quadratic combinations of electromagnetic field strengths. The complex wave function, which describes the motion of an electron, in this formulation is an ordinary electromagnetic wave, where the real part is the electric field strength, and the imaginary part is the magnetic field strength. Soliton equations, Maxwell's equations and quantum equations are easily written using 3+1 Pauli matrices, which indicates that the 3+1 coordinate system of space and time is a natural implementation of the world of particles - wave solitons. The proposed interpretation allows us to combine both the Copenhagen interpretation and Bohm’s theory of "hidden" variables.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 15 Pages.

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter pair creation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties. The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unified description of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capable of describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides a solid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

About the Experimental Study of Nonlocality in Quantum Physics

Authors: V. A. Kuz’menko
Comments: 4 Pages.

There is a long-forgotten experiment in quantum physics in which nonlocality manifests itself in a quite direct and obvious way. The basic properties of nonlocality can be experimentally studied there using very simple tools.
Category: Quantum Physics

Weirdness: Quantum Mechanics Versus General Relativity

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

The consensus among physicists is that General Relativity, a Classical theory, is a straightforward deterministic theory and Quantum Mechanics is weird. In this paper we present the alternative: for General Relativity, a classical theory in which the Equivalence Principle requires that a free falling frame - a non-inertial frame by definition - is to be considered as an inertial frame, its weirdness principally lies in its indispensable requirement of a space-time coordinate system in a non-Euclidean geometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Nonlocality of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 7 Pages.

Essentially, the nonlocality of quantum mechanics is manifested between entangled particles that are far enough apart from each other, such that the measurement of an observable in one of them, for example thespin, is correlated with the other particle. Ruling out the transmission of information between these particles not even at the speed of light. This experimental fact being widely confirmed in all the experiments that havebeen repeated throughout all these years since the thought experiment of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.It is therefore a problem not resolved by quantum mechanics to explain how the cause-effect of correlation can be produced. Quantum mechanics simply accepts experimentalfacts without explaining them.We think that there must be an agent that mediates the cause that produces the effect of the correlation. And this agent, we theorize, must be the structure of space. A space of more than four dimensions and that is totally interconnected or intertwined by the own characteristics of this space and that we will show in this article.Themain fact would be how this space moves at the same time and in all its extension.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Double-Slit Experiment is not as Mysterious

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

This paper presents a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics, specifically addressing the mysteries of wave-particle duality and the collapse of the wave function upon measurement. It challenges the notion that consciousness affects wave function collapse, proposing instead that nature inherently performs continuous, observer-independent measurements. The author argues for a universe that operates on a discrete, pixelated spacetime, contradicting traditional views of continuous mo- dels. This is based on the idea that the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics implies a digital, computational framework for the universe, termed the "Random Machine."The concept of the "Random Machine" is applied to explain quantum phenomena, such as the double-slit experiment and entanglement, suggesting that these events are determined by computational processes rather than physical properties. By reinterpreting these foundational experiments, the paper advocates for an indeterministic quantum universe, where events are outcomes of randomly made choices.This approach redefines the understanding of quantum mechanics, proposing a shift from deterministic interpretations to a model where quantum events are dictated by a cosmic random mechanism. The manuscript offers significant implications for the conceptual underpinnings of quantum physics, advocating for a reconsideration of the nature of reality as fundamentally computational.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Sound of the Aeolian Harp in the Madelung Model of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages.

According to Madelung, Bohm and Vigier, Wilhelm, Rosen and others, the original Schroedinger equation can be transformed into the hydrodynamical system of equations by using the so called Madelung ansatz. We derive in such quantum hydrodynamics, the non-relativistic and relativistic Strouhal number from the socalled vortex street. The relativistic derivation of this formula follows from the addition formula for velocities. The Strouhal friction tones are generated also during the motion of cosmic rays in relic photon sea, during the motion of bolids in atmosphere, during the Saturn rings motion in the relic black-body sea, during the motion of bodies in superfluid helium and so on.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Real Value of Vacuum Density and Information Theory

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted!)

The value calculated by quantum field theory for the energy of the vacuum disagrees greatly with the observational value. In this article weshow how to calculate it using information theory and the E8 group.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Measurements Generating Forces with Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle [:] An Alternative Understanding of Quantum Mechanics by Using Concepts From Thermodynamics, Special, and General Relativity.

Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 11 Pages.

According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, changing the uncertainty in a particle's position through measurement changes the particle's momentum. Newton's second law states that a changing momentum is due to a force on the particle. Therefore, changing the uncertainty in a particle's position through measurement changes the particle's momentum and generates a force on the particle. Understanding the consequences of measurements creating forces requires a conceptual derivation using thermodynamics and relativity concepts.Motion is not absolute; a quantum particle requires a second particle to provide a relative position and momentum. A measurement generates a force and creates a non-inertial reference frame. Without a measurement, velocity, momentum, and position are undefined. The particle occupies every possible allowed state simultaneously until a measurement defines the observables, increases entropy, and collapses the wavefunction.Many quantum mechanics interpretations use the complex wavefunction to obfuscate the underlying mechanics. Interpretations describe observable particle properties as consequences of ideas which science cannot falsify. It is impossible to measure imaginary numbers experimentally. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle eliminates the need for the Born rule, as it already contains the squared wavefunctions. Applying oscillating uncertainties provides a logical mechanism for forces and extends into the spherical harmonics of atomic physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spontaneous Disentanglement and Thermalisation

Authors: Eyal Buks
Comments: 10 Pages.

The problem of quantum measurement can be partially resolved by incorporatinga process of spontaneous disentanglement into quantum dynamics. We propose amodified master equation, which contains a nonlinear term giving rise to bothspontaneous disentanglement and thermalisation. We find that the addednonlinear term enables limit cycle steady states, which are prohibited instandard quantum mechanics. This finding suggests that an experimentalobservation of such a limit cycle steady state can provide an importantevidence supporting the spontaneous disentanglement hypothesis.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Foundation for Standard Quantum Theory

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 35 Pages.

This article presents a new way of looking at and understanding quantum physics through the lens of a novel framework. It addresses core issues of realism, locality, and measurement. It proposes a general quantum ontology consisting of two field-like entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- andparticle-like aspects of quantum systems. Unlike Bohmian mechanics, however, it does not take the conjunction of wave and particle literally.W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state enforces entanglement obligations and mediates the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The framework brings quantum theory much closer to general relativity; the ontological foundations of the two share common language, concepts, and principles. It explains the phenomenology of standard quantum theory, but offers a sensible alternative to the Copenhagen dispensation, which actively discourages - indeed, oracularly proscribes - inquiry that seeks to explain quantum mechanics more deeply than the fact that themathematical formalism works.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Structure and the Cause-Mechanism of Energy Levels [of] Quantized Atoms

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

Understanding Quantum Mechanics

Authors: D. J. Larson
Comments: 10 Pages. Submitted to Physics Essays

Quantum mechanics presently has many unanswered questions, paradoxes, and even outright logical contradictions. To make progress in understanding quantum mechanics, we begin by proposing that relativity be set aside in favor of an absolute aetherial theory. Once that step is taken, we can understand quantum collapse as a description of real wave-packets collapsing in a faster-than-light way. By assuming that a partially observable reality exists, we can then extend our analysis of wave-packets into the subquantum, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle then follows from the Fourier uncertainty principle coupled with the de Broglie relation. Further progress in understanding quantum mechanics is possible by modifying the de Broglie and Planck relations. Those modifications lead to matter-waves moving at the speed of light rather than superluminally as presently theorized, and they allow the results of matter-wave two-slit experiments to be understood from any reference frame. A modified time-dependent Schrödinger Equation results from our modifications, but the spatial time-independent Schrödinger Equation is retained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Extreme Oscillation Phenomenon of Relativistic Propagator

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 22 Pages.

We study the relativistic Schrodinger equation of a massive point particle in one dimension both with analytical calculations and with numerical computations, and we find that this equation is almost consistent with Special Relativity, with a problem of small amplitude leaking from outside the past light cone. We find a paradox and a mathematical conjecture related to the relativistic propagator. We find a conjecture about how the relativistic path integrals maybe work, which maybe solves the problems.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum States as Physical Possibilities

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 16 Pages. 7 figures

There is a common back-of-the-mind idea, prompted by the counterintuitiveness of quantum phenomena, that quantum states may represent ``mere possibilities'' in some vague sense. Yet, this idea reflects itself neither in the quantum formalism nor in the way we use it. In this paper, I explore what it entails to take this idea seriously.I begin by showing that already axiomatic probability fails to formally distinguish between possibilities and outcomes, even though it is conceptually supposed to be a unit measure over possibilities. I propose an axiomatic enrichment which introduces the distinction into Kolmogorov's axiomatization and then demonstrate how this provides a more faithful model of reality. Next, I explore an analogous mathematical modification of the standard quantum formalism in which Hilbert Space elements are no longer states of physical systems but mere physical possibilities, each linked to one of a set of actual states of systems we can observe if the possibility is actualized. The modified formalism leaves the rules of quantum mechanics the same as before, but makes it possible to distinguish between what Heisenberg called ``potentialities or possibilities'' and ``things and facts'' at the level of the mathematics. I call this the Heisenberg Interpretation, and while it is not testable within the domain of quantum mechanics itself, it does erect a mathematically well-defined separation between quantum and classical physics. If the classical domain is identified with that of general relativity, then the formalism can be tested by checking for the existence of the boundary via proposed experiments like the BMV effect or by measuring the gravity field of an ultra high energy laser. Finally, I argue that physical possibilities are an overlooked conceptual ingredient critical to all of physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Retro-Causality in Relational Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Ahmed Samir Albezawi
Comments: 5 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

The Wigner-Friend paradox is discussed in the light of relational quantum mechanics (RQM). It’s concluded that RQM requires retro-causality as a logical necessity if quantum mechanics is to be correct with respect to all observers. A more general model of retro-causality in RQM is proposed afterward, in which the entire history of a system changes with time.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Age for Quantum Computing with Dynamic Platforms

Authors: Renju Rajan
Comments: 9 Pages.

Quantum computers are information processing devices which rely on quantum parallelism. Various physical systems such as NMR and ion traps are employed for realizing this parallelism. Specific algorithms which utilize this parallelism are in place. These algorithms make quantum computers outperform their classical counterparts in computational performance for certain class of problems. As and when efficient quantum algorithms are developed, and with a reliable physical system in place, quantum computer are destined to become universal computing platforms in decades to come. This review sheds light on some of the fundamental aspects of quantum computing along with the physical systems which implement them in an unambiguous way.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Quantum Description of Inertia

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 11 Pages. This paper builds on the combined theory of Special Relativity and Quantum: https://viXra.org/abs/2106.0167 Mechanics

By extending the Gaussian gravitational flux theory, it is shown that the inertia of an accelerating object is proportional to the flux of its positional uncertainty in space. The constant of proportionality is found to be c/A where  is the density of the object, c is the speed of light and A is the diameter of the smallest possible black hole in nature - itself another constant of nature. In the case of a rectilinear acceleration, the proposed quantum formulation leads to F_I= -Ma. In the case of a rotational acceleration, the formulation leads to the rotational inertia T_I =-I dΩ/dt; both cases consistent with the predictions of the classical mechanics. In the case of a disc spinning under a constant rotational velocity Ω, the inertia resulting from the centripetal uncertainty of its constituents is found to reduce to T_I = -2/3 M R Ω^2, again identical to that of the classical mechanics. The latter, however, is found to be an underestimation of the actual quantum-relativistic solution wherein rΩ is non-negligible compared to c.
Category: Quantum Physics

Matter is the Representation of Space-Time

Authors: Xiaohan Deng, Zhiyong Deng
Comments: 20 Pages.

The continuous flowing spacetime forms a spacetime group G, one of its fundamental groups is the Poincare group PO(1,3), and the matter and interaction fields are representations of its intrinsic spacetime group. As a kind of quantized space-time unit, space-time group elements generate both space-time manifolds and matter. Matter and fields are aggregates of the quantum space-time within them and determine their type: the Lorentz group SO(1,3) represents a rotating spacetime corresponding to visible matter and the translation group P1,3 represents a translational spacetime corresponding to dark matter and dark energy. The aggregation mode of space-time degrees of freedom in matter reveals that charge conjugation symmetry is the inverse symmetry of internal time of charged particles, and the external parity breaking of neutrinos is also due to their internal spatial aggregation mode.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mathematical Formula of the Pauli Exclusion Principle

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages.

By studying the phase change of relativistic matter wave in the process of electron collision, the interaction formula of strongly correlated electron system is derived, a mathematical formula of the Pauli exclusion principle is proposed, its validity in superconductor is checked. The predicted superconducting gap is in good agreement with the experimental results of 21 typical superconductors. In addition, the interaction formula clearly shows that at very low temperature, the collision between some electrons and lattice will become neither energy gain nor energy loss, which provides a new insight for the study of superconductivity mechanism.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hierarchies of Pertubation Theories as Post-Hartree-Fock and Post-Kohn-Sham Shemes and a Jacob’s Ladder for Pauli Kinetic Energy Density Functional Approximations

Authors: Leon Walter Redeker, Maximilian Bechtel
Comments: 4 Pages.

A hierarchy and comparison of pertubation theories (PT) as Møller-Plesset (MP) pertubation theory, pertubation theory along the adiabatic-connection (AC) such as Görling-Levy pertubation theory (GLPT) and the Pertubation theory along the Pauli contribution by Redeker is presented with a classification as post-Hartree-Fock (HF) and post-Kohn-Sham (KS) method relative to their fundamental framework. Lastly a Jacob’s Ladder is given for approximating the Pauli kinetic energy density functional (KEDF).
Category: Quantum Physics

The [Plausible] Weird Mistake in Planck's Law

Authors: Patrick Marc
Comments: 11 Pages. Licence CC BY 4.0

By examining Planck's equation E=hν, one finds an analogy with accounting billing forelectricity. Frequency and power have a physical dimension T-¹, so one obtains an energyvalue accounted for over a time interval by multiplying them by this time interval. Byinvestigating this analogy, one finds a surprising mistake in Planck's law for the frequency of black body radiation: confusion between two contexts, one for radiation power and one for a timeless energy density. One goes from one to the other by an accounting-typetransformation: A multiplication by 4π/c or c/4π. Correcting this mistake makes a Planckconstant h timeless, invalidating the photon definition and de Broglie’s wave-particle duality. Despite this mistake, one obtains the same value for the black body radiation; it goesunnoticed. Consequently, the Planck relation becomes P=hν, with the energy of a cycle equal to h, whatever the frequency. One can consider this cycle as a new photon, which behaves like aparticle by its radiation pressure. Its energy-mass equivalence h=mɣc² gives a mass of4.134883524·10-¹u2075 eV, in the range referenced by the Particle Data Group. This correction ofPlanck's relation calls quantum physics into question.
Category: Quantum Physics

Rayleigh-Schroedinger Pertubation Theory Sheme Along the Pauli Contribution

Authors: Leon Walter Redeker
Comments: 6 Pages.

A new Rayleigh-Schrödinger pertubation theory (RSPT) sheme along the Pauli (P) contribution is presented, with the unpertubated system being the artificial Kohn-Sham (KS) system of noninteracting fermions, which is linked to the real system of interacting fermions via the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem, with �� = 0, i.e. no Pauli contribution, is scaled up by the coupling strength 0 ≤ �� ≤ 1 to a fictitious system, with �� = 1, i.e. full Pauli contribution, the pertubated system of noninteracting bosons given by the Levy-Perdew-Sahni (LPS) equation. This formalism to introduced in order to give a pathway for constructing novel Kinetic energy density functionals (KEDF) for the Pauli kinetic energy as an (generalized) adiabatic-connection-like (GAC) theorem similar as to for onstructing KS correlation functionals with the adiabatic-connection fluctuation-dissipation (ACFD) theorem or as been done in Görling-Levy pertubation theory (GLPT).
Category: Quantum Physics

The Building Block of Quantized Dirac Field

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 22 Pages.

[The author presents] how to quantize a two dimensional constrained system that functions as the building block of Dirac field.
Category: Quantum Physics

Selected Solved Problems On Quantum Mechanics, Solid State Physics and Computational Physics

Authors: Yunfeng Zhu
Comments: 16 Pages.

The author had selected and worked out these problems by himself. These problems mainly focus on quantum mechanics, solid state physics and computational physics. It can be regarded as a reference for the graduate students, especially those students in condensed matter physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

[On] Gravity-Classical and Quantum Physics

Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this 3rd paper of a triptych in quantum mechanics, a description of quantum gravity is given bottom up from potential theory of the scalar potential Φ(r) for validity at the Planck scale and is validated top down by Einstein’s general relativity results in gravity. The description on quantum level results in an exact, identical description in the transformed curvature frequency (k, r) domain of the Schwarzschild and Droste metric and yields exactly identical curvatures derived in the classical tensor description of general relativity of A.Einstein, i.e. where the twain meet. No mathematical evidence (§4.4) of space deformation by gravity field components (applicable in spacetime as well with a proper definition of time as true 4th dimension, however is not subject of this paper); the deformation is valid in geodesic trajectories caused by properties of objects i.e. quantum particles and massive bodies, exposed to gravity fields caused by mass in space.The gravity field is a potential field interacting on quantum scale with mass as property of elementary massive particles, acquired by the Higgs’ mechanism. The field is emergent from two fundamental vector fields at spatial locations r with scalar field values, §4; in the treatment on quantum scale, strictly Abelian mathematics are maintained.The quantum particle of gravity i.e. the graviton is argued to be a mediating scalar gauge boson of the Higgs-type, by mediating the gravity force FG locally on the mass property by the field values (scalar magnitudes) of the gravitation field: gravitation force FG then is a (very) weak fundamental force, generated on quantum scale with visible effects in the entire universe on extreme scale.In the field descriptions (§4), 1.) no mathematical support is found for (naked) singularities: they disappear by a proper source description i.e. do not exist, and 2.) evidence is found that singularities at rS /r - appearing as well in the derivations by K. Schwarzschild and J. Droste of Einstein’s tensor treatment - are being introduced by violations of variable validity in mathematically integrated combinations of natural- and transformed- domain mathematics, and therefore include far-field approximation (-terms) in equations with validity for r → ∞ in the field in one combined equation, where they should remain separated, see §4.4.1 eq. (4.7a) and J.Droste’s notion in his textual remark in the original 1916 paper.
Category: Quantum Physics

Fine-Structure Constant and 5-D Space

Authors: Rustam Islamov
Comments: 5 Pages.

Conductivity quantization and 5-D thermal field theory for bosons in odd dimensions are employed. A relationship between thermal mass and the fine-structure constant was derived. The calculations demonstrated that the numerical value of the fine-structure constant obtained for the dimension d=5 aligns with the experimental value of the fine-structure constant. This could imply that weak interactions occur in a five-dimensional space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Optical Fourier Transform with Direct Phase Measurement as a Computational Method

Authors: Aleksey A. Demidov
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian

In the context of computational methods, an experiment on the optical Fourier transform with direct phase measurement (Nature 2017) is analyzed, a correct assessment of its actual computational complexity is made, taking into account interference that exceeds the capabilities of computational methods, and an experiment technique for direct measurement of computational complexity is presented.

В контексте вычислительных методов разбирается эксперимент по оптическому преобразованию Фурье с прямым измерением фазы (Nature 2017), производится корректная оценка его действительной вычислительной сложности с учётом помех, превосходящей возможности вычислительных методов, приводится методика эксперимента по прямому измерению вычислительной сложности.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Configuration of Graviton

Authors: Tong Wang
Comments: 10 Pages.

Some commonly agreed upon behaviors of graviton are that it is massless, propagates at the speed of light, is emitted, and is absorbed between matter particles, acts like a gravitational force carrier. In this essay we propose a novel configuration for gravitons. It is a massless object with zero net mass. When a quantum of energy is transferred to it, it can store the energy internally and travel at the speed of light. When the quantum of energy that it carries is transferred out of it, it becomes massless, and its momentum is zero. By exchanging this massless object, energy can be transferred between matter particles. The net effect of this exchange is the apparent gravitational interaction between matter particles. Therefore, we consider this massless object to behave like graviton.
Category: Quantum Physics

Interference Field as Quantum Randomness Generator

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 8 Pages.

This document presents a principle of a wave field contained in a closed space producing fluctuations with random appearances at any point in the space. A 2D simulation shows that interference patterns produced by the interaction of this field with physical objects contained in the space make it possible to produce non-zero correlation measurements between distant points in space and specific to the objects position configuration. These correlations properties are used to explain experimental coincidences measurements having non-local appearance.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s9: Reformulating Schrodinger Equation/Solution to Show Its r-1D Reversed-Diffusion Character for Solar System’s {N,n} QM Structure Formation (Drafted in January 2020)

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 23 Pages.

A pre-Sun ball (quantum) collapse process can be intuitively thought as a (mass) reversed diffusion process in r-dimension. It has been noticed for many years (and by many QM scientists) that there is similarity between Schrodinger equation and a diffusion equation. In the current paper, 1) By using Euler formula’s complex space (that was defined as the "i-space" in this article), I reformulated the expression of the orbital energy E = K + V to be K = Kθφ + iKr and V = Vθφ + iVr , and then E = K + iV* = (Kθφ + Vr) + i(Kr + Vθφ); 2) I assumed that a plane-like wave can be used as the solution (i.e., the wave function) of Schrodinger equation (either for an H-atom, or for Solar system), and then separate this 3D plane-like wave into two parts, one in r-1D only, and one in θφ-2D only; 3) Accordingly, (by guessing, not by the mathematical deduction), I separated a traditional spherical 3D Schrodinger equation into two: one in θφ-2D only, and one in r-1D only; 4) While the θφ-2D-only Schrodinger equation is almost same as the traditional one, the r-1D-only Schrodinger equation can be further degenerated into a r-1D diffusion equation with the diffusion constant D= ℏ/2m ; 5) At a citizen-scientist-level, I confirmed that the θφ-2D plane-like wave function is the solution of the θφ-2D-only Schrodinger equation, and the r-1D plane-like wave function is the solution of the r-1D-only Schrodinger equation as well as the r-1D diffusion equation. In this way, I demonstrated that Schrodinger equation may can be directly degenerated into a diffusion equation (at least in r-dimension). Furthermore, according to this explanation, the other QM scientists’ previous result of D → iℏ/2m may can be re-explained as that, the diffusion constant D= ℏ/2m not only radially diffuses in r-1D, but also laterally diffuses in θφ-2D through RF (RotaFusion, or rotation diffusion). If this explanation is correct, then the function of analyzing the E = K + V in an "i-space" maybe is to filter out the RF (the lateral diffusion) in θφ-2D, so that a pure r-1D diffusion can be obtained. Even I am not sure whether this method is correct or not, this deduction certainly opened a new route to reformulate Schrodinger equation and solution. This work may also have created a completely new way to study the relationship between the RF and the energy of the orbital motion. (Note: This article was drafted in Jan. 2020).
Category: Quantum Physics

Galois Connections on a Brane

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 5 Pages.

On an absolute frame of reference, a Galois connection to a d-brane may be prescribed such that the data of the frame becomes locally presentable. We describe these connections briefly.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Deep Mystery of the Universe Behind Zeno’s Paradox

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 7 Pages.

Zeno’s paradoxes of motion are four related paradoxes created by an ancient Greek philosopher in 500 B.C. In one of the well-known paradoxes, Achilles, who is a fast runner, chases a tortoise who is initially at a point P ahead of him and moving slowly forward. Zeno argued that, by the time Achilles arrives at point P, the tortoise will have moved forward to another point P1. Although Achilles is now closer to the tortoise, he will not catch up on the second try again because by the time Achilles arrives at point P1, the tortoise will have moved to another point P2 and so on. Therefore, Achilles will never catch up with and overtake the tortoise. But we know that a fast runner overtakes a slow runner in reality. This paradox has puzzled philosophers, mathematicians and scientists for millennia. This paper reveals the mystery of the universe behind Zeno’s paradoxes. There is no entity called an electron or a proton moving from one point to another point in space as we know it. It is profound that philosophers were able to probe the deep mystery of the universe by logic alone 2500 years ago!
Category: Quantum Physics

The Arrow of Time and the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric Theory

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 7 Pages.

A method to constrain the Arrow of Time to the anterograde direction using the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric theory and four-vector potentials to model electrons as longitudinal electromagnetic scalar potential waves that only progress in the forward direction of Time.
Category: Quantum Physics

Retrocausality and the Directions of Time

Authors: Austin Fearnley
Comments: 10 Pages.

The mystery for the last century at the heart Of Bell’s Theorem is quantum entanglement. This paper explores issues with entanglement and explains that the success of Bell’s Theorem experiments depends upon some particles/photons travelling backwards in time. It is also argued that QED electric charge and QCD colour charge are both directly related to time’s arrow for individual particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Exploring the Intersections of Energy, Information, and Consciousness: A Theoretical Framework

Authors: Anthony David Adams
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper introduces a theoretical framework represented by the equation E = k*I^2*C to explore the interconnections between energy, information, and consciousness. Drawing from advances in quantum mechanics and information theory, the framework suggests a deeper interplay of these elements, challenging traditional notions of their independence. We investigate the implications of this interrelationship, particularly in the context of quantum mechanics, and explore potential applications in fields ranging fromneuroscience to quantum computing. The paper aims to open a dialogue among physicists, information theorists, and consciousness researchers, fostering interdisciplinary approaches to unraveling the complexities of reality.
Category: Quantum Physics

Does "Zero-Point Vacuum Energy" Really Exist for Boson Fields? and Fermion Fields?

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 24 Pages.

Although this was written as a chapter for my book-in-progress "completing Quantum Electrodynamics and other Quantum Field Theories" with "cloud" (and perhaps even creating "quantum gravity" & "theory of everything"), it can stand on its own as a helpful compilation of evidence that "zero-point vacuum energy" exists.
Category: Quantum Physics

Attacks Against K-Out-of-M Spacetime-Constrained Oblivious Transfer

Authors: Nandan Diwan
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper conducts a security analysis of the generalized k-out-of-m spacetime-constrained oblivious transfer protocol in the context of relativistic quantum cryptography. The introduction of this paper provides an overview of relativistic quantum cryptography and delves into the details of the spacetime-constrained oblivious transfer protocol. The subsequent sections of the paper focus on determining the successful probability of various cloning and measurement attacks. The majority of the analysis will be based on the simplest case when m = 3 and k=2.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Fundamental Relation Between Universal Gravitational Constant G and Coulomb’s Constant K

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this brief paper we relate the universal gravitational constant G and Coulomb’s constant k to the volumes of subatomic particles. We define a new characteristic of subatomic particles, quantum volume, which varies in an inverse proportion to the mass of the subatomic particle. As an immediate corollary, we propose an explanation to the Proton’s radius puzzle that reconciles the various seemingly contradictory results obtained, checking our postulates with a prediction of upper and lower bounds for the electron’s radius which is consistent with the current experimental bounds.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s8: {N,n} QM Field Theory Development on the E/RFe-force, the G/RFg-force, and the Spin-spin Interaction

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 28 Pages.

The foundation of a brand new {N,n} QM field theory has been established in the articles of SunQM-6, -6s1, -6s2, -6s3, and -6s4. In the current article, I added some new developments. 1) For either an E/RFe-force field or a G/RFg-force field, or the spinning of a force field, we can use |n,l,m> QM state to describe, and then we can simplify the description by using nLL and nL0 QM modes only, or even by using n = 2 (with |2,1,0> and |2,1,±1>) for the description; 2) Alternatively, for a static force field (including either the G-force, or RFg-force, E-force, or RFe-force field), we can use n = 1 QM state |1,0,0> to describe. When this G-force field (or RFg-force, or E-force, or RFe-force field) increases the speed of either the translational motion or the spin motion, we can use the higher n number of nLL/nL0 mode to describe. 3) Based on that, either a single pair of E/RFe-force, or two pairs of E/RFe-force in turns of spin-spin interaction, or a single pair of G/RFg-force, or two pairs of G/RFg-force in turns of spin-spin interaction, was analyzed; 4) That the Moon is slowly moving away from the Earth can be re-explained as the weakening of the parallel spin-spin attractive force between them; 5) A complete description for the nLL QM-force was given, it not only includes the QM force in θ-1D that forming a disk (from a sphere), but also includes the QM force in Δr-1D that dissecting a disk into several rings; 6) the formation of the two spiral arms of a galaxy can be explained by using the "|nL0> elliptical/parabolic/hyperbolic orbital model". Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Variable Nature of the Charge of Subatomic Particles

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we propose a variable modeling for the electric charge of subatomic particles, postulating that the charge of some subatomic particle with charge is dependent on its relativistic speed, with the speed of light as the main inertial reference frame.
Category: Quantum Physics

Measurements Clear the Fog of Quantum Interference

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 10 Pages.

There are many quantum optical experiments whose effects are supposedly not classically explainable. In this paper, the experiments of Hong-Ou-Mandel and Franson are rebuild, measured and explained with classical radio frequency waves.
Category: Quantum Physics

Approaching the Value of Vacuum Permittivity Using Vacuum Ether Dipoles Concept

Authors: Ophelliam Loiselet
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we compute an approximate value of vacuum permittivity constant (epsilon naught), with an error of less that 5%, using ether vacuum dipoles concept (Dirac's sea). We start from first principles by defining a field equation that will give bounded states dipoles, described as stationnary waves, and an equation for their polarizability density, very close to the vacuum permittivity value.
Category: Quantum Physics

Intrafunctorial Calculus: An Example Solution

Authors: Emmerson, Parker
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper presents a novel approach for calculating the solution to n-CongruencyAlgebraist Topologies using intrafunctorial calculus equations. We use a com-bination of the Primal Solution to n-Congruency Algebraist Topologies and theinterpspace calculus equation to calculate the finite integral associated with thealgebraic equations and the corresponding solutions for n. We show how thelogical operator "not" can be used in conjunction with the interpspace calculusequation to both calculate the integral and to negate the algebraic statement.We also provide an example of how this approach can be used to solve a partic-ular form of the equations. The results discussed in this paper can be appliedto a variety of problems in the field of algebraic topology.This paper explored the use of interpspace calculus and logical operations to calculate the finite integral solutions associated with the n-Congruency Algebraic Topologies equation and the associated solutions for n. We then applied this combination of methods to study the dynamics of the sun's gravitational pull on the planets orbiting it. Additionally, we developed a mathematical formulation to calculate the stability of a wormhole solution. Finally, we used the interpspace calculus equation and logical operations to derive an equation for the stability of a wormhole solution. This paper provides a comprehensive approach for studying the mathematics of stable wormholes.
Category: Quantum Physics

万物皆模式 (Everything is a Pattern)

Authors: Yiming Zhao
Comments: 499 Pages. In Chinese (Translation added by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

本书提出了一个不同于粒子物理学与弦论的基本粒子物理学模型，认为基本粒子是一个自维持的定值时序模式，由先后出现的一系列量子涨落组成，基本粒子的物理特征是量子涨落所激发的场的积分总效果。该模型可以很好地统一量子力学与相对论，统一物质、光与真空，统一场，统一物理定律与一切物理存在。

This book proposes an elementary particle physics model that is different from particle physics and string theory. It believes that elementary particles are a self-sustaining fixed-value timing pattern, consisting of a series of quantum fluctuations that appear successively. The physical characteristics of elementary particles are The integrated total effect of the field excited by quantum fluctuations. This model can well unify quantum mechanics and relativity, unify matter, light and vacuum, unify fields, unify physical laws and all physical existence.
Category: Quantum Physics

Weyl Scale Factor as a Global Dynamic Variable in Physics to Eliminate the Infinites in Quantum Theory

Authors: Qiubao Pan
Comments: 22 Pages. The copy right belongs to TOKU-E Foundation in Singapore.

In the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), the perturbation propagators do not all have the same Weyl scale weight when integration is carried out over all momentum spaces. A dynamic scale factor is introduced to all dynamic variables in physics in this paper. The requirements for physics equations, including the Maxwell equations to be invariant under scale factor transformation is investigated. If a Planck type term with energy momentum dependence (not coordinate dependent) as scale factor is introduced to the propagator of QED, the renormalization theory is no longer needed. Instead of inventing different scheme of removing infinites, more experimental data collection is needed to determine the scale factors for different scenarios. The scale factor can also be introduced through replacing the momentum by a re-gauged momentum. Another approach of introducing the scale factor is to replace Fourier Transformation by Laplace Transformation in all quantum mechanics. The quantum gravity self-interaction terms shall no longer be infinite by choosing different scale factors.
Category: Quantum Physics

Review of the Substance Structure Theory and Its Application of Wave Elements

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 21 Pages.

Existing theories of material structure and quantum field theory cannot describe the specific sources of fundamental particles. In quantum field theory, the generation of particles is the instantaneous transformation of the field, rather than the true creation of particles. It is necessary to explore the composition (or source) of the next level of elementary particles or fields. The material structure theory of "all fundamental particles mainly originate from photons" has great advantages in combining logic and fact. By utilizing this new theory of material structure, quantum theory, Bohr theory, and classical electromagnetic theory can be mixed to describe the same particle. Both this new theory of material structure and its application examples demonstrate that there is no longer a gap between the micro world and the macro world in calculating the spin angular momentum of basic particles, atomic ionization energy, and molecular dissociation energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Law of Malus and Principle of Least Action.

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 14 pages + 6 for source code.

This document proposes to apply a principle of least action to the law of Malus in the context of using a photon model with local variables. It shows that in this context, a principle of least action does not seem to apply. It proposes an interpretive hypothesis allowing to assume that this principle really applies.
Category: Quantum Physics

Experimentally Feasible Inconsistency Within Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is our pleasure to say that some of theoretical analyses on quantum mechanics are scientifically beautifully and comprehensibly represented using the Kronecker delta notation. It happens that Nagata and Nakamura discuss a novel inconsistency within quantum mechanics when accepting we use the property of the Kronecker delta without extra assumptions about the reality of observables. Based on the argumentations, we propose an experimental accessible inconsistency in terms of imperfect source and detector. In more detail, we encounter an imperfect quantum state, the dark count, and the quantum efficiency,which cannot be avoidable from a real experimental situation. However, such an error of the number of particles becomes less and less important as we increase trials more and more by using the strong law of large numbers.One of the objectives of this paper is for us to remain wondering the extension of quantum mechanical axiom to concrete commuting observables themselves.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Experimental Study of the Hong-ou-Mandel Effect

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 4 Pages.

The HOM effect is based on the fundamental properties of quantum physics. Since the discovery of the effect [1], a huge amount of experimental work has been carried out to study its nature. However, the most important, interesting and simple experiment here has not yet been brought to its logical end.
Category: Quantum Physics

Observation of Multiplex Photon by Iccd

Authors: Kazufumi Sakai
Comments: 10 Pages. Journal for Foundations and Applications of Physics

The image intensifier is a revolutionary device that allows direct observation of the particle nature of photons. This outstanding instrument can simultaneously detect the presence and position of photons, which has greatly improved the study of interference at the photon level. However, this instrument can not measure the energy or wavelength of the photon, so even if multiple photons are detected at the same location, it is still detected as one. We found that the histogram of the ratio of the total light intensity to the peak value of the individual fluorescence images obtained by the image intensifier splits into two peaks. We show that this peak splitting occurs with a high probability near the bright line of the interference fringes and can be explained by the continuous photon incidence.
Category: Quantum Physics

Barnett’s Resolution of the Minkowski — Abraham Dilemma Holds, no 4-Vector Issue

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 4 Pages.

There has been a century long controversy about the momentum density of photons in a medium, with two models getting experimental confirmation: the Minkowski model and the Abraham model. The latter being experimentations targeting the particle aspects of light, while the former focuses on its wave aspects. In 2010, Barnett proposed a simple resolution to the dilemma: both approaches are correct models, but one needs to distinguish what the momentum densities represent. The model is elegant and consistent with Maxwell’s equations in a medium. Subsequently, Changbiao Wang published two papers arguing that the reasoning is incorrect because the Abraham light momentum in the medium would not be a 4-vector. This paper shows that such a view is incorrect: the author incorrectly sets the kinetic momentum density of the medium to zero. Finally, we point out another paper that explains that the controversy is a relativistic effect between the reference frame in proper time for the wave and external observers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Probability Waves in a Classical Experiment

Authors: Konstantin Korzov
Comments: 10 Pages.

Observing quantum interference properties in macroscopic objects is difficult because the size of the diffraction grating must be of the same order of magnitude as the de Broglie wavelength. The article shows a simple method of experimental observation and theoretical description of the interference pattern in experiments with macroscopic objects. The results obtained coincide with the solutions of the Schrödinger equation for quantum particles and can complement these solutions for macroscopic objects.
Category: Quantum Physics

DIY Computer Calculates like Quanta

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 8 Pages.

The quantum mechanics appropriates the superposition and entanglement. However, both phenomena also work in classical physics. Following this insight, a 2 Dollar DIY computer is built that calculates the optimum of n-dimensional systems in a single microsecond step. This can be used to compute a large class of complex scientific problems. The examples show network optimization and the 3-body problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Electron Interaction with the Dirac Delta Pulse

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 13 Pages. original ideas

After the clasical approach to acceleration of a charged particle by delta-formimpulsive force, we consider the corresponding quantum theory based on the Volkovsolution of the Dirac equation. We determine the modied Compton formula forfrequency of photons generated by the scattering of the delta-form laser pulse on theelectron in a rest. The article follows the physical ideas involved in the author text -Electron in an Ultrashort Laser Pulse (2003).
Category: Quantum Physics

Direct Current Generation of Radio Wave Photons from an Antenna

Authors: Marvin Motsenbocker
Comments: 10 Pages.

Radio wave trains are the basic unit for communication and it is assumed that antennas require alternating resonant electric vibrations to operate. This assumption is challenged by experiments that created, sent and received single photon sized energy between a transmitting wire and a receiving wire. By completely avoiding resonance and impedance changes, single photon duration signals made by direct current were transmitted and received by wires placed 3.5 wavelengths apart. The transmitting antenna is analogous to a long molecule that has delocalized valence electrons throughout its long dimension. Radio photons may be emitted from an antenna by the same basic process whereby light photons are emitted from long molecules.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s7: The Face-to-face Tidal-locked Binary Orbital Rotation May Be the Origin of the Electron Spin and the Nucleon Spin

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 26 Pages.

1) Many QM text books showed that the matter wave has the relationship of v(n,ph) = (1/2)v(n,gr), my research result suggested that v(n,ph) = (n/2)v(n,gr) may be the more Eigen description. My research result revealed that the non-Born probability (NBP) or de Broglie wave can be used for either the group wave, or the phase wave. My research result also revealed that it is the phase wave that reflects each single electron/object’s true matter wave property, the group wave only reflects the property of all electrons/objects as a group. 2) The paired up/down spin information of the electron and the nucleon may have already been presented by the positive/negative wave peaks (of the phase wave) in either the Schrodinger equation/solution (in form of NBP), or in the de Broglie wave in the Bohr H-atom model. 3) The spin of both the electron and the nucleon (in an atom) may originate from the face-to-face tidal-locked binary circular orbital rotation between them. This hypothesis also perfectly fits to the new "proton-electron mirror-coupled orbit" model (in SunQM-6s6). The result of Bohr-QM formula L(n,orbit) = mv(n)r(n) = nℏ may directly support this hypothesis. 4) Ultimately, the real meaning of spin ½ℏ for an electron may be: the electron always has an effective orbital angular momentum (between the inner and outer edges of the n shell) that is ½ℏ higher than the value at the inner edge of the n orbit. And because of the face-to-face tidal-locked, this ½ℏ effective orbital angular momentum is carried over by the electron as the electron’s effective spin angular momentum. 5) For a pair of spin up/down electrons, their (electron-proton face-to-face tidal-locked) orbital movement in φ-1D (in the opposite ±m directions) may have transformed into a uni-directional orbital movement in θ-1D. 6) A spin configuration for each of the four nucleons in an alpha particle has been proposed. 7) Planets’ spin origin may also can be explained by using the similar Bohr-QM formula L(n,orbit) = mv(n)r(n) = nℏ(gen) (that is specified for the Solar system). 8) This analysis again showed that, the quantum phenomenon is produced by the interference of the 3D spherical wave of a point-centered field (of force, mass, energy, etc.) to become a spherical 3D wave packet, so that the NBP (= wave) peaks at some positions and valleys at some other positions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Custom Quantum Devices and Their Use in a Neural Network at a Quantum Level

Authors: Sophia Ivanko, Peter Farag
Comments: 20 Pages.

Current quantum computers are expensive and require professional equipment for building it. The price for such computers depends on the amount of qubits but a 2 qubit device in average costs $10000 so the goal of this paper is to show the way of creating an optical quantum computer that is cheap and prove it utility by using the device as a quantum layer in a neural network that analyzes pictures.The article describes a way of building two devices: with 1 qubit and with 2 qubits. The devices were built from materials that everyone can easily find in a shop. A library called WavePlate was created for this project. It is made publicly available so everyone can use it.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Method for High-Accuracy Determination of Time-Span of Electron-Photon Interaction Based on Quantized Beer’s Lambert Absorbance

Authors: Sardar Dilbag Singh Khalsa
Comments: 6 Pages.

Actual Determination of Time-span in Absorption Spectroscopy and variation of absorbance vs.concentration is crucial in chemistry and biology. We investigated molecular absorption spectraof 1,4 -diamino anthraquinone taking concentration 20 − 90μM. We primarily report a violationand quantization of Absorbance in Beer’s Lambert Law and propose an alternative explanationfor the inherent phenomenon, quantum mechanically. Upon laser pulse excitation yielded photontransfer excited state having 17-96 attoseconds lifespan is formed for different concentrations ofsamples. We furnished a general equation for the electrostatic field, the wave function of photonsand its correlation with absorbance. Further, we propose an intricate relationship between theelectromagnetic field generated by particles and its wavefunction.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Dark Energy

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 14 Pages.

Vacuum is the fundamental state of the electromagnetic field & this is the dark energy. Dark Energy has a characteristic frequency which is an universal constant. Every point of space-time is considered as an oscillator in its fundamental state. Vacuum has also a density of entropy.General Relativity should be revisited.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Realist Formulation of Quantum Theory

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 27 Pages.

This article presents a new way of looking at and understanding quantum physics through the lens of a novel realist framework. It addresses core issues of realism, locality, and measurement. It proposes a general quantum ontology consisting of two field-like entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- and particle-like aspects of quantum systems. Unlike Bohmian mechanics, however, it does not take the conjunction of wave and particle literally.W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state enforces entanglement obligations and mediates the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The framework brings quantum theory much closer to general relativity. The two share common language, concepts, and principles. It offers a sensible alternative to the Copenhagen dispensation, which actively discourages - indeed, oracularly proscribes - inquiry that seeks to explain quantum mechanics more deeply than the fact that the mathematical formalism works.
Category: Quantum Physics

Test of Bell/chsh

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the "Experiment: Classical fields masquerade as quanta", the Bell/CHSH inequality was violated with classical fields, which until then was considered an indicator for a successful QM experiment. The false positive result raises questions.In the current paper, the Bell/CHSH mathematics is tested with artificially generated classical and quantum data, respectively.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Deep Relation of the Non-Trivial Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function with Electromagnetism and Gravity

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 4 Pages.

In one of my previous articles (https://vixra.org/abs/1701.0042) I already demonstrated the deep relationship of this Riemann function (canonical partition function of the imaginary parts of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann z function) with gravity and electromagnetism. In this work we recover it to show its deep connection with a new very simple function that uses the imaginary part of the first zero of the Riemann zeta function together with another well-known function of the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function.Its extraordinary simplicity, without random terms appearing, and that in both functions (the canonical partition function of the imaginary parts of the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function and the new one, derived from the imaginary part of the first zero of zeta) are present the Planck mass, Newton's gravitation constant and the elementary electric charge, implies that their coincidence is completely impossible. At the same time, and for some time now, both mathematicians and physicists have been trying to demonstrate the Riemann hypothesis from quantum mechanics, but so far this has not been achieved. Our work works in reverse and demonstrates that the Riemann zeta function for non-trivial zeros plays an essential role in quantum mechanics and in a possible unification theory, as will be observed by the equations that we will show. We even dare to conjecture that the Physical baryon density ( value 2018,0.0224±0.0001 ) parameter is obtained with a function involved in this work (non-trivial zeros of the function z)
Category: Quantum Physics

Physical Explanation of Wave-Particle Duality

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 4 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future)

We propose a Physical explanation of duality by considering two new concepts, namely that every particle is made up of a stationary wave and that empty space is a granular medium which is a fluid quantum. The corpuscle can be considered as a vortex of this medium in a balance state with it, the wave is so the resonant state of the medium-space .This interpretation is compatible with quantum and relativistic theories .
Category: Quantum Physics

Requiring Negative Probabilities from "The Thing" Researched, Else that Thing Doesn’t Exist, is Insufficient Ground for Any Conclusion

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is demonstrated that the statistical method of the famous Aspect- Bell experiment requires negative densities and negative probabilities from "the thing" researched, else that thing doesn’t exist. The thing refers here to Einstein hidden variables. This requirement in the experiment is absurd and so the results from such experiment are meaningless.
Category: Quantum Physics

What is Entanglement?

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 9 Pages.

Entanglement is information distributed over the parts of a system, classical or quantum. It can be modeled as a reduction of the structure group, of horizontal symmetries, extending the Gauge Theory paradigm. Many conflicting interpretations are rooted in considering quantum properties as ``intrinsic'', e.g. in the Point-Form QFT / Gauge Theory, and needing a causal connection for ``changing'' the unknown state of the partner-particle, or confirming that QM is (was) ``incomplete'': EPR. The natural explanation of entanglement starts with Einstein's time synchronization and takes advantage of the advancement in our models of particle physics and quantum computing. The ``external variables'' emerge from the ``intrinsic variables'' and the entanglement relations are in fact generalizations of conservation laws. New aspects will be discussed: beyond Noether Theorem, from gauge fiber to horizontal symmetry groups, Hopf algebras model change of symmetry group, analogous to creation-annihilation of pairs of particle-antiparticle, but for information, corresponding to entanglement. Relations with quantum eraser, 2-slit experiment and retrocausality are discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Why Quantum Mechanics Must Be a Probability Theory

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 7 Pages.

It’s not a question of nature being inherently chaotic or random, an issue like a dead horse that has been beaten multiple times. It’s a question of reality versus fantasy. As curious beings, we have a need to know, we want to understand, and the data required to validate our theories compels us to observation. By re-examining what the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle entails at quantum scale, we are faced with the brute fact that the very nature of the real world demands that any theory describing it faithfully is a probability theory. And Quantum Mechanics is such a theory. Einstein once famously said that God doesn’t play dice with the universe. We agree with this view, however for different reasons. In this paper a deity will play, surprisingly, a different role.
Category: Quantum Physics

Rethinking of the Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 7 Pages.

Matrix mechanics is very convenient to express all the operations in quantum mechanics that are vague to use probabilities. However, we are not always aware of disadvantages of matrix mechanics. Matrices have generally properties of asymmetric, and the symmetric are very limited as in the case of the diagonal ones of matrices. So far, most experiments with their observables are in case of asymmetric cases in using two matrices for two measurements to any of two objects, for example a position and the related momentum of a particle at any condition. Here, naturally these objects could not be symmetric in terms of matrices, and slightly related between each other. That means it happens we have a convenient but disqualified explanation for the uncertain principle on confusion between experiments with errors and a disadvantage of using matrices. Therefore, using matrices looks fine analytically, but the essential of the uncertainty principle using matrices are not always correctly mentioned when we measure true symmetric cases between two objects and then their two observables.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Quantum Model

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 11 Pages. (Correction to Title made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm - Please conform!)

In contradistinction to the Copenhagen nterpretation of quantum mechanics [1], Louis DeBroglie considered the wave function and the particle as two distinct quantities[2]. David Bohm followed up on this to provide a deterministic ontological description of quantum mechanics [3]. This paper builds on the above to posit a 'mechanical' model for quantum mechanics. An interpretation of superposition, entanglement and the nature of time is proposed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Evidence of Hidden Variable and its Consequence

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 9 Pages.

In 3D space, a vector needs three basis vectors. It was found that the Lorentz force uses only two basis vectors, leaving the third basis vector as an undefined variable. It is put forward that the third basis vector and its component is able to serve as the quantum hidden variable. Gravitational force also has the similar hidden variable which is responsible for the quantum gravity effects. As an application of the hidden variable theory, it is found that human lifespan is determined by this quantum gravity, further calculation shows that human average lifespan is about 84 years.
Category: Quantum Physics

Discrete Space, Continuous Time: A Study of Relativistic and Quantum Mechanics on a Discrete Non-Hausdorff Manifold

Authors: Blazej Kot
Comments: 26 Pages.

We seek to present a novel model of motion which underlies, and provides interpretations for, both the theory of relativistic motion (including gravity) and quantum mechanics. We reject the continuity of space and instead treat motion and space as discrete phenomena. Crucially, we also allow space to have "holes" and "branches" in it in the sense of it being a non-Hausdorff manifold. Thus space is not an all-pervading background "stage" but rather a dynamic entity built up as particles interact with each other. Only paths a particle may physically take enter into building this manifold. We reject the idea of space existing for a particle even where it cannot physically be present, such as inside the barrier in the double-slit experiment. We present our theory of motion then show the key phenomena and equations of special and general relativity as well as quantum mechanics can be recovered from it.
Category: Quantum Physics

Photons Do Not Exist[?] Light Does Not Move, It is Transmitted by Electromagnetic Resonance

Authors: Luis Rodolfo Cabrera Juárez
Comments: 8 Pages.

Is exposed a theory, according to which the light no moves, like "photons". Is transmitted as a electromagnetic resonance phenomen. To support this principle, is used the Helical Solenoid Model of the Electron to calcular the quantum transition frecuency of the first line of Lymann serie, of the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Erasure Experiment is not a Miracle

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper rejects the common notion that "erasing path information causes interference fringes to reappear". This paper argues that it is a misnomer to call this experiment a quantum "erasure". Instead of "erasing", the diagonal polarizers actually filter the photons, and it is this filtering that causes the interference fringes to reappear. Further, there is no need to introduce anticausality to explain the delayed-choice experiment. The wavefunction of a photon does not collapse after it comes out of the double slit until it reaches the position of the screen. It is meaningless to ask which slit the photon came through. Therefore, instead of calling this experiment a "quantum erasure experiment", it would be more appropriate to call it a "quantum screening experiment", and it is this means of screening that restores coherence.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Soliton Model of Elementary Particles

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper we show that a unification of gravity and inertia, as it comes out of a correct implementation of Mach‘s principle, leads to elementary particles being oscillatory solitons in the gravitational field (or more general: a unified field including the gravitational one). We show how the properties of elementary particles then give rise to the phenomenology of special relativity as well as quantum mechanics in the usual classical framework and in flat, 3 dimensional Euclidean space. The oscillatory solitons exhibit the same structure as was originally postulated by De Broglie for the quantum wave function. This structure of the elementary particles naturally gives rise to elementary quantum phenomena, like their wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, the De Broglie relations E=ℏω and P=ℏk and discrete energy levels for bound states. A formula for h can in principle be obtained. This opens up a possibility to explain the origin of quantum mechanics in a purely classical framework. At the same time, also the special relativistic phenomena like length contraction, time dilation, the relativistic energy-momentum relation and the apparent constancy of the speed of light can be explained from just the structure of the solitons. The speed of light is just an apparent constant when measured with co-moving rulers and clocks, provided by the elementary particles themselves. It obeys the usual vector addition, just like all other velocities and vectors do, too. Ultimately, mass itself can be explained as entirely of (gravitational) field origin, as the field-energy which is concentrated within the soliton. This will also yield an explanation for the energy-mass equivalence. No additional scalar field like the Higgs field is needed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Statistical Foundation of Black-Body Radiation

Authors: Michalis Psimopoulos
Comments: 38 Pages.

We consider the black-body cavity as a closed system consisting of a fixed total number s of quanta that in turn form a random total number N of photons. The states describing this photon gas are equiprobable according to Bose statistics and their number is equal to the number of partitions of the integer s. Using the Hardy-Ramanujan formula for large s, Planck's distribution is derived without resorting to Boltzmann's law and to interactions between radiation and matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 103 Pages. Updated/fixed mathematics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics.The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schrödinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this framework, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid.The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter pair creation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid's topological properties. The SSH's implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell's law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unified description of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell's equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH's potential as a generalization of general relativity, capable of describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides a solid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Solution of the Equations of the Galaxy Gravitational Field

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 7 Pages.

The general solution of the equations of the gravitational field of the galaxy with an additional variable parameter n is found. The additional variable parameter n determines in GR the distribution of the average mass density mainly in the friable galactic nucleus. The velocity of the orbital motion of stars is close to Kepler only for n>2^25. At n<2^15, it is slightly less than the highest possible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. The maximum allowable value of the average mass density of a substance outside the friable galactic nucleus negligibly weakly depends on the parameter n in GR. If the energy-momentum tensor is formed not on the basis of external thermodynamic parameters, but on the basis of intranuclear gravithermodynamic parameters of the substance, then the dependence of the average mass of the substance on the value of the parameter n becomes very significant. The permissible value of the average mass density of matter outside the friable galactic nucleus is determined by the value of the parameter, which is responsible for the curvature of space. And it can be arbitrarily small. Therefore, in relativistic gravithermodynamics, in contrast to GR, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Book on Ancient History of Proto-slavic-speaking Sarmatian Super-ethnos and Its Genetic Descendants

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 676 Pages.

The work, which collects both ancient, antique and medieval as well as modern convincing evidence of dark- red-skinnedness of the medieval Slavs and their Sarmatian ancestors and ancient Germanic people, as well as about the Slavic speaking of our ancestors Ukrainians who lived cross-strait together with ancestors of the Chinese and Tungusic people (which is confirmed by the fact that hereditary Slavs preferred to use mainly hard vowel "e", and not the soft Turanian "je", as well as by the numerous Slavic-Chinese, Slavic-Japanese, Slavic-Evenki and Slavic-Manchu isoglosses). This work allows us to look in a new way at the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians and finally give up naive search for the ancestral homeland of the medieval dark- red-skinned Slavs in Europe. So, the work that formed on the basis of the materials of the previously published article "History of the tribes and peoples that formed the Ukrainian ethnos and the state of Ukraine", can be useful both for scientists and students of history and other faculties of higher education institutions, as well as for ordinary citizens of Ukraine who are interested in the history of their ancestors. Refusal of those historical myths imposed by the Turanians of Muscovy will significantly contribute to the formation of civil society in the country. The other thing that can also significantly contribute to this is the recognition of the state of our ancestors Slavic-speaking Goths Greutungi > Hrosi > Rus as the first state of Ukrainians.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Measurement Problem as Loss of Adiabatic Invariance

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

The measurement problem of Quantum Mechanics reflects the tension between the deterministic evolution of wavefunctions and their random collapse caused by experimental observations. Here we argue that, in the Hamiltonian picture of quantum dynamics, wavefunction collapse follows from the destruction of adiabatic invariance on ultrashort time scales. Once adiabatic invariance is lost, Planck’s constant becomes meaningless, and Quantum Mechanics breaks down. We also suggest that, in the long-time limit, action quantization is a result of Arnold diffusion, a process describing the instability of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems with more than two degrees of freedom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Chirality (Electroweak Interaction) Using Geometric (Real Clifford) Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 44 Pages.

In this paper, we obtain the left and the right-handed (chirality) representation of the wavefunction using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra Cl 3,0. We will use both the Chiral representation and the Pauli/Dirac representation. Also, a summary of how all the interactions can be calculated and represented using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra is shown.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sieve of Eratosthenes as Generating Algorithm and Riemann Zeta Function as Generating Function in Quantum Field Theory, Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 35 Pages. Finalized Preprint Version for submission to journal.

Relevant to Quantum field theory, Sieve of Eratosthenes (as generating algorithm for all prime numbers) and Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) are essentially infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. We ignore even prime number 2. The complete set with its derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. Having these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems. Riemann hypothesis proposes complete set of all nontrivial zeros in Riemann zeta function is located on its critical line. It is separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sieve of Eratosthenes as Generating Algorithm and Riemann Zeta Function as Generating Function in Quantum Field Theory, Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 30 Pages.

Relevant to Quantum field theory, Sieve of Eratosthenes (as generating algorithm for all prime numbers) and Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) are infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. We ignore even prime number 2. The complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while fully satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. With these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems. Riemann hypothesis proposes all nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function are located on its critical line. It is separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 52 Pages. Math updates: More details were requested by reviewers

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter pair creation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties. The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unified description of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed.Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capableof describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides a solid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 26 Pages.

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understandingof gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter paircreation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties.The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and lectromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unifieddescription of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed.Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capableof describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides asolid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Atomic Structure

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

Atomic Structure

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Structure and the Cause-Mechanism of Energy Levels of Quantized Atoms

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

Extreme Oscillation Phenomenon of Relativistic Propagator

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 22 Pages.

We study the relativistic Schrodinger equation of a massive point particle in one dimension both with analytical calculations and with numerical computations, and we find that this equation is almost consistent with Special Relativity, with a problem of small amplitude leaking from outside the past light cone. We find a paradox and a mathematical conjecture related to the relativistic propagator. We find a conjecture about how the relativistic path integrals maybe work, which maybe solves the problems.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Quantum Description of Inertia

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 11 Pages. This paper builds on the combined theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics: https://viXra.org/abs/2106.0167

By extending the Gaussian gravitational flux theory, it is shown that the inertia of an accelerating object is proportional to the flux of its positional uncertainty in space. The constant of proportionality is found to be c/A where  is the density of the object, c is the speed of light and A is the diameter of the smallest possible black hole in nature - itself another constant of nature. In the case of a rectilinear acceleration, the proposed quantum formulation leads to F_I= -Ma. In the case of a rotational acceleration, the formulation leads to the rotational inertia T_I =-I dΩ/dt; both cases consistent with the predictions of the classical mechanics. In the case of a disc spinning under a constant rotational velocity Ω, the inertia resulting from the centripetal uncertainty of its constituents is found to reduce to T_I = -2/3 M R Ω^2, again identical to that of the classical mechanics. The latter, however, is found to be an underestimation of the actual quantum-relativistic solution wherein RΩ is non-negligible compared to c.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: Total Quantum Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 61 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor $10^{61}$, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone inthe Universe. The Egyptian length unit, the meter shows that the physical parameters are optimal calculus basis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: Quantum Total Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 61 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant anda return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces theCosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 10^61,which explains at last the enormous vacuum quantum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gaugeboson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: Quantum Total Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 58 Pages. in French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 10^61, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Matter is the Representation of Space-Time

Authors: Xiaohan Deng, Zhiyong Deng
Comments: 27 Pages.

The continuous flowing spacetime forms a spacetime group G, one of its fundamental groups is the Poincare group PO(1,3), and the matter and interaction fields are representations of its intrinsic spacetime group. As a kind of quantized space-time unit, space-time group elements generate both space-time manifolds and matter. Matter and fields are aggregates of the quantum space-time within them and determine their type: the Lorentz group SO(1,3) represents a rotating spacetime corresponding to visible matter and the translation group P1,3 represents a translational spacetime corresponding to dark matter and dark energy. The aggregation mode of space-time degrees of freedom in matter reveals that charge conjugation symmetry is the inverse symmetry of internal time of charged particles, and the external parity breaking of neutrinos is also due to their internal spatial aggregation mode.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravity Subtitle: the Merger of Qantum and Classical-Physics

Authors: A.V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 22 Pages. Version update; minor clarifications, extended conclusions, addition prologue

In this 3rd paper of a triptych in quantum theory, a mathematical description ab initio of gravitational field theory is presented. In this reconciliation description, quantum physics and classical general relativity (GR) merge seamlessly — instead of deviations from general relativity, the treatment results in identical (photon and massive Higgs boson coupled energy) trajectory curvatures in gravitational fields, however with 3 deviating conclusions regarding (naked) singularities, spacetime-curvature and graviton i.e. deviating from predicted by the Einstein tensor metrics of GR. The fundamental gravitation-potential treatment of the field description is developed in the complex Hilbert space. The gravity field then is mathematically identified by the causal relation between two vector-fields in convolution and emerges as scalar field, evolving pre-determined in space from the moment of mass creation i.e. the symmetry breaking. The gravitational field-theory eventually evolves in spacetime curvature, emerging as geodesic-trajectory curvature by energy objects in the spatial field of a gravitation source. In the field, the trajectories of objects are being determined only by the principle of least action (LaGrange, Feynman).
Category: Quantum Physics

Merging of Classical & Quantum Physics

Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: Pages. After editorial adaptation, the article is published in Hyperscience International Journals Title: Gravity: where quantum physics and classical physics finally merge. 2024-03 | Journal article DOI: 10.55672/hij2024pp1-9

In this 3rd paper of a triptych in quantum theory regarding gravity, quantum and classical physics are merged seamlessly - however with deviating from classical physics conclusions regarding singularities, space-curvature and graviton.Mathematically, singularities (Schwarzschild, Droste) vanish by a proper definition of the gravity source. Space(-time) curvature is shown to be geodesic-trajectory curvature by (energy) objects in the field of (a) gravity source(s). The gravity field is found to be a scalar field in which the trajectories are being defined only by the principle of least action (LaGrange, Feynman) by compensation of accelerations due to different physical causal sources of acceleration.The graviton is argued to be a massive Higg’s type scalar boson with ubiquitous presence since the creation of quantum and clustered mass in the universe: the influence of a settled gravity field on mass (in) entering this field therefore is instantaneous, i.e. unlike a vector boson.Gravity waves, occurring in mergers/transitions of mass, are defined by changes in time of the gravity field dM/dt (at max. c m/s) in space and only become observable when substantial mass/energy is involved due to the weakness and spatial decay of gravity fields.All mathematics (e.g. integral transformations, vector space etc) and related used operators in the paper are part of the Abelian group for validity at the Planck scale. Results thus constitute the description of gravity on all scales.
Category: Quantum Physics

Interference Field as Quantum Randomness Generator.

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 9 Pages.

This document presents a principle of a wave field contained in a closed space producing fluctuations with random appearances at any point in the space. A 2D simulation shows that interference patterns produced by the interaction of this field with physical objects contained in the space make it possible to produce non-zero correlation measurements between distant points in space and specific to the objects position configuration. These correlations properties are used to explain experimental coincidences measurements having non-local appearance.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Deep Mystery of the Universe Behind Zeno’s Paradox

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 13 Pages.

Zeno's paradoxes of motion are four related paradoxes created by an ancient Greek philosopher in 500 B.C. In one of the well-known paradoxes, Achilles, who is a fast runner, chases a tortoise who is initially at a point P ahead of him and moving slowly forward. Zeno argued that, by the time Achilles arrives at point P, the tortoise will have moved forward to another point P1. Although Achilles is now closer to the tortoise, he will not catch up on the second try again because by the time Achilles arrives at point P1, the tortoise will have moved to another point P2 and so on. Therefore, Achilles will never catch up with andovertake the tortoise. But we know that a fast runner can overtake a slow runner in reality. This paradox has puzzled philosophers, mathematicians and scientists for millennia. This paper reveals the mystery of the universe behind Zeno's paradoxes. There is no entity called an electron or an atom or a ball movingfrom one point to another point in space as we know it. It is profound that philosophers were able to probe the deep mystery of the universe by logic alone 2500 years ago!
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos[:] Total Quantum Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 64 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 1061, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The universe half radius is given by an elementary 3 minutes dimensional analysis, ruling out the universe expansion and the Initial Big Bang. This re-introduces the Perfect Cosmologic Principle, so the "impossiblegalaxies" were predicted and announced. However, tight correspondance with standard model suggests the Permanent Bang, a matter-antimatter oscillation at 10^104 Hz. Dark matter is clearly a quadrature oscillation. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations of Human characteristics with both the physical parameters and the Earth and solar system characteristics are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe. The relations are so tight that one may consider that the Cosmos results solely from Human parameters. The Egyptian length unit, the meter, confirms that the physical parameters are optimal calculus basis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: From Analogy to Solanthropy in a Billionth-Precision Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 47 Pages. In French

Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws, the Holographic Principle and Arthur Haas's forgotten Principle of Coherence induce a steady-state cosmology down to the billionth precision, which explains the observation of "impossible galaxies", and predicts the isothermicity of the background radiation at temperature 2.725820456 Kelvin. The connections of parameters with those of the solar system impose the Solanthropic Principle: we are alone in the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Variable Nature of Electric Charge of Subatomic Particles

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we propose a variable modeling for the electric charge of subatomic particles, postulating that the charge of some subatomic particle with charge is dependent on its relativistic speed, with the speed of light as the main inertial reference frame. This variable modeling provides a solid explanation of the quantization of electric charge, and opens a new path of research in quantum physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Remarkable Phenomenon in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 4 Pages.

It happens that Nagata and Nakamura discuss a novel inconsistency within quantum mechanics when accepting we use the property of the Kronecker delta notation without extra assumptions about the reality of observables. Here, we discuss a further strong novel inconsistency within quantum mechanicswithout the property of the Kronecker delta notation. Based on the argumentations, we propose an experimental accessible inconsistency in terms of imperfect sources and detectors.In more detail, we encounter an imperfect quantum state, the dark count, and the quantum efficiency, which cannot be avoidable from a real experimental situation. Such an error of the number of particles becomes less and less important as we increase trials more and more by using the strong law of large numbers.Our discussion gives in some sense the limitation of von Neumann's model for quantum measurement theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is it Possible to Reconcile Space and Time with Spacetime?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 4 Pages.

Is it possible to reconcile Newton’s claim that space and time in the universe are two distinct and not related entities, whereas Einstein claimed that space and time are inextricably linked in one entity called space-time?Yes, it is possible to reconcile these two claims that at first glance seem to be contradictory. I claim that these terms can be reconciled when taking into account the structure of the entire universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dark Energy & Dark Matter: the Theory of Nothing for Everything

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 37 Pages.

Vacuum is the fundamental state of the quantum field & this is the dark energy. Dark Energy has a characteristic frequency which is an universal constant. Every point of space-time is considered as an oscillator in its fundamental state. Vacuum has also a density of entropy. Dark Matter is a high density of vacuum energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Dark Energy

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 31 Pages.

Vacuum is the fundamental state of the electromagnetic field& this is the dark energy. Dark Energy has a characteristic frequency which is an universal constant. Every point of space-time is considered as an oscillator in its fundamental state. Vacuum has also a density of entropy. Universe is considered as a space of 5 dimensions where the Dark Energy is hidden in two dimensions.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Dark Energy

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 24 Pages.

Vacuum is the fundamental state of the electromagnetic field & this is the dark energy. Dark Energy has a characteristic frequency which is an universal constant. Every point of space-time is considered as an oscillator in its fundamental state. Vacuum has also a density of entropy. Universe is considered as a space of 5 dimensions where the Dark Energy is hidden in two dimensions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Can the Effect of the Uncertainty Principle be Seen by Simultaneous Measurements?

Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 12 Pages.

We respect profoundly the uncertainty relation in describing properly physical phenomena more even in today's or future experiments with opposite results. We explain such a conflict with the uncertainty principle as follows:Through a feature of matrix theory the results of some special experiment should be regarded as exceptional, but theoretically symmetric in using only diagonal matrices for observables. More concretely,we perform an experiment by simultaneous measurements.Only commuting observables must be measured in such a physical situation. Thus, the effect of the uncertainty principle can not be seen.This explanation of the experimental data is our main assertion in this paper.And, the time evolution of the uncertainty relation is also proposed here. As a result, the effect of the uncertainty relation can be seen by no-simultaneous measurements. That is, the effect indeed appears in the different times $t$ and $t'$.
Category: Quantum Physics