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[29] viXra:2509.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-30 20:59:53
Authors: Phuc Le, Jokubas Tamulis
Comments: 6 Pages.
By now, every high school Physics student has been familiar with the famous Special Theory of Relativity proposed by Einstein. The foundation of Special Theory of Relativity rests on two postulates: (1) The laws of Physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference and (2) The speed of light in a vacuum c = 3 × 10^8 m/s is the same in all inertial frames of reference. The consequences of such postulates are thefamous Time Dilation and Length Contraction formulas. Historically, in his paper Onthe Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies (1905), he derived Length Contraction through Lorentz Transformation. However, this article explores another way Length Contraction could have been discovered: through changing one bit of Einstein’s thought experiment, using the mathematical tool of infinite sum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[28] viXra:2509.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-29 16:05:43
Authors: V. B. Verma
Comments: 13 Pages.
Motivated by the observation made by R. H. Dicke in 1957 that the speed of light seems to be correlated with the gravitational potential of the entire universe, we suggest a modification of general relativity to incorporate a wavelike gravitational potential. We show that the gravitational force derived from such a potential is an emergent property of matter and critically dependent on the distribution of mass on both local and global scales throughout the universe. The theory is free of gravitational singularities. It provides a path to numerically computing the critical acceleration in modified Newtonian dynamics theory (MOND), providing an alternative explanation for dark matter. Finally, we develop a cosmological model and fit the model to high-redshift supernova data from the Supernova Cosmology Project, showing that we obtain an excellent fit with only baryonic matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[27] viXra:2509.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-27 13:01:43
Authors: Miquel Piñol
Comments: 4 Pages.
It is widely assumed that collapsing stars become black holes.It is also commonly accepted that the edge of a black hole, its so-called "event horizon", is a surface that can be crossed inward but not outward.However, a collapsing star is properly described by the Oppenheimer—Snyder metric, which corresponds to an eternal asymptotic process in Schwarzschild coordinates, and, as we show, its edge can be crossed outward, but not inward.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[26] viXra:2509.0132 [pdf] replaced on 2025-11-03 20:22:01
Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 19 Pages. In Spanish
The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a wave that a receiver experiences due to its relative velocity with respect to the source. As we will see, in the special relativity of fields, we will also take into account other effects such as the potential.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[25] viXra:2509.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-24 16:21:22
Authors: Liu Enjun
Comments: 28 Pages. The core point of this paper is : The standard cosmological model , by default using volume - weighted average .parameters in the path integral formula to calculate the luminosity distance of supernovae , leads to a systematic underestimation of the predi
This paper focuses on analyzing the following four aspects:First, light passing through galaxy clusters "lacks" a portion of cosmological redshift. The universe is expanding, but galaxy clusters, bound by gravity, do not expand. Consequently, light traversing a galaxy cluster does not undergo cosmological redshift during its passage through the cluster.Second, the expansion of galaxy clusters affects the calculation of the average scale factor of the universe in the past.Third, galaxy clusters accumulate a large amount of matter, leading to a reduction in the matter density of void regions. Although the matter within galaxy clusters also participates in constraining cosmic expansion, its constraining effect on the expansion of void regions is relatively small. This results in a slower time evolution of the expansion rate in the void regions of an inhomogeneous universe, implying that the age of our universe is greater than that of a homogeneous universe. Even the expansion rate of void regions (at the same time calculated backward from the present) is lower than the value predicted by the homogeneous model. By combining the time evolution curves of the Hubble parameter in both models, this paper demonstrates that even after supplementing the "missing" redshift caused by light passing through galaxy clusters, the distance to supernovae calculated using the homogeneous model formula remains smaller than that derived from the inhomogeneous model.Fourth, the standard cosmological model, which默认 uses the volume-weighted average Hubble parameter in the path integral formula to calculate supernova distances, has significant systematic biases. It employs the FLRW metric, effectively treating the large-scale uniformity of the universe as absolute uniformity. This introduces an implicit assumption that the volume-averaged Hubble parameter is equal to the path-averaged Hubble parameter, leading to substantial systematic errors in distance measurements. For example, at a certain redshift, in the model established herein, based on the derived formulas for the path-averaged and volume-averaged Hubble parameters combined with astronomical observation data, the supernova brightness calculated using the path-averaged Hubble parameter is 75% of the brightness predicted by the homogeneous model, while that calculated using the volume-averaged Hubble parameter is 99.1% of the predicted brightness. These results suggest that the formation of stable structures in galaxy clusters may be a crucial reason why the observed brightness of distant supernovae is dimmer than predicted.This paper is an exploratory study and has not yet undergone cross-validation. Any errors are welcome to be criticized and corrected.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[24] viXra:2509.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-22 10:17:20
Authors: Huseyin Ozel
Comments: 51 Pages.
This work comprises an effort to develop a framework to construct various space geometries in 3 and higher dimensions, and also in flat and curved settings. Such construction is based on scientific knowledge, existing approaches, and own approach and imagination. Higher dimensional geometries are presented in forms of 2 and 3 dimensional projections. Curvature settings are considered along regular object bending and also gravitational space warping, however the exact space curvature is rendered according to a proposed methodology that makes use of glissette geometric formation to resolve the shape of space under expansion and contraction conditions. The resulting geometric forms point to potential various physical shapes of the universe and possibly offer an opportunity to help expand our imagination and understanding of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[23] viXra:2509.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-21 21:23:45
Authors: Anival Barca
Comments: 15 Pages.
We rigorously follow the foundational principles of Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, and Sommerfeld to their natural conclusions and present an operational critique of the ER = EPR conjecture. Employing the bedrock axioms of symmetry and repeatability, which demand that identical experiments yield consistent, directly measurable results; we evaluate the observable claims of both theories without introducing new formalisms. Our analysis reveals that the ER = EPR equivalence is internally inconsistent: the Einstein-Rosen bridge, as a consequence of general relativity's Lorentzian foundation, implies the physical reality of transformed coordinates, which we demonstrate violates repeatability. In contrast, the EPR criterion of reality and Sommerfeld's 1909 spherical model align strictly with direct observability. Via the CST appendix we demonstrate that Sommerfeld's geometric framework naturally satisfies the EPR criterion, reformulating entanglement as deterministic antipodal symmetry on a sphere and offering a collapse-free model of quantum measurement. The results expose a fundamental paradox within Einstein's own legacy, showing that his 1935 papers on ER and EPR advance irreconcilable interpretations of physical reality under the constraints of symmetry and repeatability. This work does not propose new ideas but reveals that the natural conclusions of these classic works are logically incompatible, challenging the coherence of the ER=EPR conjecture.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[22] viXra:2509.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-19 07:51:27
Authors: Vladimir B. Belayev
Comments: 18 Pages.
The dynamics of particles in a gravitational field is investigated using Lagrange mechanics. Dynamic equations are obtained, including the rate of energy and momentum transfer to the gravitational field. The motion of particles in the Schwarzschild field is considered and, in the case of weak gravitation, it is determined the passive gravitational mass of a photon and a massive particle under condition of the relationship between the gravitational potential and its velocity $alpha /r<<V^{2} /c^{2} $. The active gravitational mass is found for the system special case of two identical bodies moving in opposite directions.[
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2509.0103 [pdf] replaced on 2026-04-04 02:21:38
Authors: Alfredo Muñoz
Comments: 7 Pages.
In the present article, we want to analyze a particular case of the twins paradox. As everyone knows, this paradox has been widely discussed and satisfactorily answered. So, Why is another paper necessary? We believe this problem is important because from his solution emerges the existence of a privileged reference frame within the Minkowski space-time that is consistent with the Lorentz transformations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[20] viXra:2509.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-15 00:36:36
Authors: Cevdet Caner Telimenli
Comments: 4 Pages.
We analyze the theoretical implications of faster-than-light (FTL) signaling using an Alcubierre warp drive framework. Unlike conventional signals propagating continuously through spacetime, FTL communication via warp bubbles represents discrete spacetime events that must intersect the receiver's worldline precisely in both space and proper time. We show that this intrinsic targeting constraint prevents the formation of closed timelike curves (CTCs) that lead to causality paradoxes. Specifically, failure to account for relativistic proper time and frame differences results in the FTL message "missing" the recipient, thus preventing paradoxical signaling loops. Additionally, we discuss the practical impossibility of docking or interacting with relativistic or superluminal ships, further limiting causality-violating scenarios. This note clarifies misunderstandings about causality violations in Alcubierre-based FTL scenarios and emphasizes operational limits on messaging in warped spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[19] viXra:2509.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-15 20:11:39
Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 58 Pages.
We present a unified field theory, termed Quantum-Elastic Geometry (QEG), wherein spacetime is modeled as a fundamental, physical substrate with quantum, elastic, and dissipative properties. The state of this medium is described by a single, symmetric rank-2 tensor field, whose dynamics are governed by a generally covariant action. Known physical interactions are shown to emerge as distinct, irreducible deformation modes of this unified field: gravity, electromagnetism, and a new field --denominated "thermo-entropic field"-- that gives rise to irreversible thermodynamics. Furthermore, fundamental constants of nature are shown to be uniquely determined and interrelated by the substrate's properties through a principle of self-consistency, and predicts a scale-dependent gravitational coupling that resolves key cosmological tensions, including the Hubble crisis. In summary, the developed framework offers a coherent origin for fields and constants, unifying them as emergent properties of a single, dynamic spacetime substrate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[18] viXra:2509.0081 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-15 07:26:18
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 9 Pages. The values on Table 3 are incorrectly calculated in the version in viXra
The article shows that the energy-momentum relation is incorrect. Kinetic energy does not grow with velocity. Bertozzi's experiment only show that there is an energy component that does grow with velocity, it may be thermal energy. The article looks at Bertozzi's measurements. It is seen that Bertozzi's experiment refutes relativistic kinetic energy. Bertozzi's experiment gives the longitudinal mass of an electron in kinetic energy as roughly $m=gamma^{1.5} m_0$ for the Van der Graaf accelerator supporting the new concept of weakening of force.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2509.0074 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-26 05:04:53
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 9 Pages.
Hypersphere World-Universe Cosmology (WUC) offers a new perspective on the Observable World and the discipline of Cosmology. Rooted in Classical Physics, WUC challenges fundamental assumptions in both cosmology and physics. Rather than claiming to account for all available data or provide a fully finalized theory, WUC establishes a foundation for the New Cosmology anticipated by Paul Dirac in 1937. While further refinement by the global physics community is essential, WUC’s principles—together with groundbreaking discoveries from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Dirac’s enduring vision—highlight the urgent need for a transformative shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2509.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-12 16:54:26
Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 6 Pages.
In 2025 Prof. Jorma Jormakka and Wolfgang Sturm published the paper: "Can relativistic mass or weakening of force be measured with a vacuum tube?" This paper develops a mass spectroscopic measurement method using an oscilloscope vacuum tube that answers this question.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2509.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-11 20:06:06
Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 94 Pages. [Further] developments of viXra:2408.0126 and viXra:2506.0148
The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001.Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than light predated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drivevector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates but remember that a real warp drive must accelerate or de-accelerate in order to beaccepted as a physical valid model so it must possesses variable speeds.We developed the extension for the original Natario warpdrive vector that encompasses variable speeds.Also Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a real spaceship is a 3D object inserted inside a 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates.In this work we present the new warp drive vector in 3D Spherical Coordinatesfor variable speeds.One the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causally disconnected portions ofspacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble.The behavior of a photon sent to the front of the warp bubble in the case of aNatario warp drive with variable velocity and a lapse function is also one of the main purposes of this work.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the 1+1 and 3+1 spacetimes with the lapse function using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics ds^2=0 of General Relativity and the ADM(Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner) formalismequations with the approach of MTW(Misner-Thorne-Wheeler) and Alcubierre.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2509.0053 [pdf] replaced on 2025-10-06 20:29:53
Authors: P. K. Meher
Comments: 11 Pages. Minor changes were [made].
It presents a novel physical interpretation of the Einstein Field Equations (EFE) by introducing the emph{source-energy tensor} as the negative of the emph{stress-energy tensor} $(E_{muu} = -T_{muu})$ and the emph{strain tensor} as the negative of the emph{Einstein tensor} $(S_{muu} = -G_{muu})$, recasting the field equations as a constitutive relation $E_{muu} = kappa S_{muu}$, where $kappa = c^4/(8pi G)$ plays the role of the stiffness modulus of spacetime. From this formulation, a generalized Poisson equation is derived together with its Newtonian limit, demonstrating full mathematical equivalence with the original EFE while offering a mechanistic explanation of gravitational phenomena. The modified equations align with the Energy Hole Model (EHM), which interprets gravity as the manifestation of energy deficits arising due to the investment of energy during the synthesis of mass, rather than positive energy densities. Within this framework, the Friedmann equations are reformulated with new physical interpretations that naturally explain both the attractive gravity of matter and the repulsive effect of dark energy. This interpretation allows the EHM to resolve key cosmological puzzles, including the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant problem, while preserving the predictive successes of general relativity, thereby offering a unified and physically intuitive foundation for gravity with potential pathways toward quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2509.0051 [pdf] replaced on 2026-04-06 00:35:59
Authors: Ashir Azeem
Comments: 12 Pages.
There are some unresolved paradoxes and inconsistencies in special relativity and general relativity. This paper is an attempt to fix them all. I presented the true version of relativity. And it is shown conclusively that speed of light cannot be same with respect to source or observer. Simultaneity is absolute. Galilean invariance is indeed deep symmetry of the universe. And it applies on the speed of light too. In Michelson and Morley experiment there is simple addition and subtraction of velocities with respect to source and mirror so that is why there is no fringe shift when apparatus moves with a certain velocity. In moving conductor and magnet problem, in both cases same phenomenon is involved. If the conductor is moving there is Lorentz force on the moving charges in the conductor. And if the magnet is moving then there is same force involved i.e. Lorentz force on charges. Maxwell’s equations cannot be used to determine that the speed of light is constant for all inertial frames. I conceived that the flaw is not in Galilean invariance but in Maxwell’s electrodynamics. 3 × 108 m/s is not the speed limit of the universe. When a galaxy goes away it gives red shift. It is because of photons or light slows down. There is simple addition and subtraction of velocities. Light behaves just like other particles. Speed of light is not constant. Time dilates and inertial mass increases as an object moves. In gravity there is increase in time dilation and increase in inertial mass. Equivalence principle is not very extraordinary. No matter how much you curve spacetime it will not result in acceleration. The idea of spacetime curvature seems unrealistic and fictitious.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2509.0041 [pdf] replaced on 2025-11-15 19:32:45
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 68 Pages. updated formulas
The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy,cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension ofphysical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena andobjects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special and General Relativity.The author has analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and has shown thepossible ways to overcome them. Such constructive approach gives us the hope for getting rid of the majority ofrevealed here misconceptions and misunderstandings. Unfortunately, this is the problem of not only the astronomy andcosmology, but also of physics in general. Our perception and reflection of physical reality is still very primitive and,foremost, mainly mechanistic, macrocentric and anthropo-limited. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonicdark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The current usage of exponential scale instead ofmetrically homogeneous scale of cosmological time in cosmology is shown. Therefore, the ignorance of the fact thatonly the infinitely far cosmological past on the event horizon and infinitely far cosmological future on Schwarzschildsphere are simultaneous with any event in people’s world is shown. The ignorance of the fact that this pseudo-horizoncovers the past of all infinite Universe is also shown. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron starsand quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The bigredshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of thegravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The absence of gravitational fields in theUniverse up to the moment of discontinuity of its uniform gas continuum is shown. The origination of the gravityphenomenon is related to the formation of spatially inhomogeneous thermodynamic states by the matter and to thetendency of the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter to reach the minimum of the integral values of its inertfree energy and Gibbs free energy. The temporal invariance of not only all thermodynamic parameters and potentials ofmatter and its momentum but also of Lagrangian of ordinary rest energy and of equivalent to it gravitational mass ofmatter (to which the inertial mass is identical only in intrinsic time of this matter) is justified. The fact that spatialdistribution of gravitational field strength, defined by logarithmic gravitational potential, perfectly corresponds toastronomical observations is shown. It is shown that according to the General Relativity and the RelativisticGravithermodynamics equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a galaxy in a quasi-equilibriumstate corresponds to reality. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead ofluminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It isconcluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of thepresence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown. The possibility of spiral-wave nature of the matter microobjects — theterminal local drains of turns of the spiral waves of high frequency space-time modulations of the dielectric andmagnetic permeabilities of the physical vacuum (singularities of the field according to Einstein hypothesis) — as a wholeis shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2509.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-03 20:11:18
Authors: Mohd Ubaidur Rahman Udoy
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper proposes a concept of Modulus Time, denoted as |T|, a framework where time is treated as a symmetric quantity with magnitude independent of direction. In contrast to the conventional concept of time, which flows only in the forward direction, Modulus Time integrates two symmetric directions, +T and -T, each corresponding to contrasting entropy evolution. This symmetrical property naturally suggests a cyclic cosmological framework, where the universe experiences phases of expansion with increasing entropy (+T), followed by contraction with decreasing entropy (-T), forming an indefinitely repeating cycle. We discuss the theoretical significance of Modulus Time, addressing the thermodynamic causality, the arrow of time, and contrasting entropic evolution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2509.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-03 20:03:16
Authors: Jorma Jormakka, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 15 Pages.
Most physicists do not actually believe that mass depends on velocity as in the relativistic mass formula, but still keep this concept, for instance because an identical formula, energy-momentum relation, is seen as useful. However, there is no sense in keeping false concepts and valid results that have been derived by using false arguments can also be derived in other ways, even in a correct way. Yet, if an alternative explanation is proposed, it would be good to get a proposal for an experiment that can support the new explanation.The presented article discusses experiments that could add strength to the explanation thatrelativistic mass is actually a wrong interpretation of force becoming weaker if the object of the force is escaping the force with nearly the propagation speed of the force. The article considers if such an experiment could be done with a vacuum tube but no experimental results are given yet in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2509.0021 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-10 20:59:27
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.
The Sigma 8 anomaly of cosmology refers to discrepancies in the amplitude of matter fluctuations, where low redshift observations favor weaker matter clustering than predicted by the standard Lambda-CDM model. Elaborating from the hypothesis of continuous spacetime dimensions, this work offers an alternative explanation of the anomaly, based on scale-dependent corrections to the evolution of density fluctuations. In our interpretation, the σu2088 anomaly can be viewed as observational evidence for fractal spacetime effects at cosmological scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2509.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-02 05:31:01
Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 5 Pages.
When we want to measure something we use a measuring device appropriate for the quantity we want to measure. For instance, if we want to measure the width of a doorway we could use a tape measure or a ruler. Space is not defined by what is used to measure it; space exists independently of the measuring device. Similarly, if we want to measure the pressure in a car tyre we use a pressure gauge. Pressure is not defined by what is used to measure it; pressure exists independently of the measuring device. In the case of measuring time we can use a clock or a watch. A measuring device is used to measure something other than itself. Any measuring device invented to do nothing but measure itself or copies of itself is unnecessary. No measuring device defines what it is used to measure. What it is to be measured is what motivates the invention of the measuring device in the first place. Strangely, in developing his theory of relativity, Einstein used his clocks to define time and thereafter spoke of his clocks. In other words, Einstein’s clocks only ever measure themselves so that clocks running at different rates means, for him, time running at different rates. In doing so Einstein detached his clocks and watches from physical reality and created a fantasyland in which clocks and watches reign supreme. His moving clocks running at different rates constitute moving times running at different rates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2509.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-02 20:56:55
Authors: Constantin Sandu
Comments: 5 Pages.
In two earlier studies, we demonstrated that due to the enormous accelerations arising during the perpendicular reflection of a photon by a mirror, the photon’s energy distribution behaves as a quadrupole, thereby generating a graviton (or gravitational wavelet) at the same frequency and direction as the reflected photon. For simplicity, only the contribution of the quadrupole component Qxx was previously considered. Here, we extend the analysis to include all quadrupole components associated with perpendicular photon reflection. By applying the standard Einstein quadrupole radiation formula, we show that the energy of the emitted graviton scales as ν^3, revealing a direct coupling between electromagnetism and gravitation. This finding challenges the long-standing but unverified assumption that graviton energy depends linearly on frequency (ν^1). Our results establish that quantum gravity theories must instead incorporate cubic frequency dependence. The proposed framework provides a new bridge between general relativity and quantum approaches, suggesting that confined electromagnetic radiation can act as a direct source of high-frequency gravitational wavelets.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2509.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-02 20:48:11
Authors: Vu Tuan Hiep
Comments: 6 Pages. In Vietnamese (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
In the paper "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies -1905", Einstein concluded that time in an inertial moving frame of reference is dilated compared to a frame of reference considered to be at rest. In this paper, we will present the true nature of the time dilation effect. And analyze the time aspect in Einstein's 1905 paper, in order to present the nature of time dilation in the Special Theory of Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2509.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-02 20:39:03
Authors: Charles R. Fout
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Relativity is based upon just three guiding principles. A. The speed of light is constant for all observers. B. Observations made from every inertial reference frame are equally valid. C. Inertia and gravitational attraction are identical. To these, I propose adding a fourth: D. Energy density must be conserved. This simple addition leads to a model with particles of fixed and finite size in a Euclidean field of potential energy. The model is more simple and intuitive than general relativity. It also shows a "flattening" of gravitational attraction in low energy areas like the outer regions of rotating galaxies, where general relativity is known to fail.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2509.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2025-10-03 05:12:26
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 11 Pages. Added a new part to the paper, corrected typos
A favorite claim that editors of journals make when rejecting a manuscript proving serious errors in the Relativity Theory is that the Relativity Theory has been verified by countless experiments. The number of experiments that actually verify relativity may be much smaller than countless, as there are alternative explanations to of these all experiments. One claim related to the relativity theory is that the Dirac equation is Lorentz covariant. This claim has never been verified by any experiments. This article gives three different proofs that the Dirac equation is not Lorentz invariant. This is a simple mathematical question, all three proofs are simplemathematics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2509.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-01 22:45:01
Authors: Peter C.M. Hahn
Comments: 22 Pages.
This device generates gravitational waves which can be utilized as a thruster or as a communication device. It is comprised of a linear antenna array that is injected with a Radio Frequency (RF) signal. The antennas are configured to convert electromagnetic (EM) waves into gravitational waves.When the antennas are arranged in a linear phased-array configuration, a thrust is produced that allows the device to be used as a method of propulsion. Part I of this article describes the device when configured as a thruster and documents the test results.Part II will document the test results of the device when configured as a gravitational wave transmitter. If the injected RF signal is modulated with an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal, the gravitational waves produced are also modulated. The invention can then function as a communication device by using the gravitational waves as a carrier instead of EM waves. A gravitational wave detector at the receiving end can demodulate the gravitational waves, thereby extracting the original (IF) signal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2509.0004 [pdf] replaced on 2025-11-15 19:35:13
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 38 Pages. updated formulas
The solution to the gravitational field equations of a flat galaxy has been found. Itis shown that at the edge of the galaxy the excessively strong ordinary (unreduced)centrifugal pseudo-forces of inertia are compensated mainly by centripetal pseudoforcesof evolutionary self-contraction of matter in the background Euclidean spaceof expanding Universe, and not by the weak gravitational pseudo-forces at the edgeof the galaxy. The strength of the dynamic gravitational field of spiral and otherflat (or superthin) galaxies, according to their two-dimensional topology, isinversely proportional to the radial distance, not to its square. And this is the case,despite the inverse proportionality of the strength of individual gravitational fieldsof all spherically symmetric astronomical objects of the galaxy exactly to thesquare of radial distance. The general solution of the equations of the gravitationalfield of the galaxy with an additional certain parameter n is found. At possible valuesof n < 1, the velocity of the orbital motion of stars is slightly less than the highestpossible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. According to the General Relativity(GR) equations and the Relativistic Gravithermodynamics (RGTD) equations, theconfiguration of the dynamic gravitational field of a flat galaxy in a quasi-equilibriumstate is standard (canonical in RGTD). That is because it is not determined at all by thespatial distribution of the average mass density of its non-continuous matter. After all,this spatial distribution of the average mass density of the galaxy's matter is itself determined by the standard configuration of its dynamic gravitational field. Thestandard value of the average density of mass of matter at the edge of a galaxy isdetermined by the cosmological constant Λ and by the difference between unityand the maximum value of the parameter bc. And it is a non-zero standard value,despite the gravitational radius at the edge of a galaxy takes the zero value.Therefore, in the RGTD and in the appropriate interpretation of the GR, in contrast tothe orthodox interpretation of the GR, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass. Andtherefore, the Universe does not need dark non-baryonic matter at all.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2509.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2025-09-01 19:37:21
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 18 Pages.
For the collective gravithermodynamic Gibbs microstates the connection betweenall thermodynamic potentials and parameters of matter have been found. Thisconnection is realized with the help of four hidden wave functions that can takearbitrary values with certain probability. The possibility of obtaining the knownequations of thermodynamic state of real gases is shown based on the use of boththe coordinate velocity of light of the general relativity and the mathematicalexpectations precisely of these four hidden parameters (wave functions) andfunctions of them. It is substantiated that in a quasi-equilibrium state, a real gashas spatial homogeneity not only of its entropy but also of the resulting extensiveparameter (an indicator the compressibility coefficient). But the radial values ofresulting intensive parameter (an indicator of hierarchical complexity and ofquasi-equilibrium of cooling down) of a real gas are invariant in time. It has beenproven that the orthodox interpretation of general relativity is not consistent withgradually cooling matter and therefore with the evolutionary cooling of the earlyUniverse.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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