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[18] viXra:2510.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-31 16:29:16
Authors: Juan Truchado Martin
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please be scholarly - Cite and list scientific references)
By folding a sheet of paper, we prove that length contraction (special relativity) and spacetime curvature (general relativity) are the same geometric effect seen from inverted observers. In a dynamic universe, light travels the same proper distance for all observers. The radius of the observable universe (~8.8 × 10²u2076 m) coincides with the event horizon scale of the central galactic black hole (2GM ≈ 1.09 × 10²u2077 m), with a maximum Lorentz factor of 1/cu2074 (~1.23 × 10u207b³u2074)—matching the order of the Planck constant h (~6.626 × 10u207b³u2074 J·s). One coincidence could be chance. Two, across 60 orders of magnitude, are not. Mass is spherical self-interaction; time is work done by self-observation. Constants (π, G, c, e) are determined per ds with intrinsic uncertainty. Key equations treat radii and masses as critical quantized values—absent from literature. No citations. Only geometry and motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2510.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-28 20:35:34
Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 9 Pages.
We propose that gravity arises not from curvature induced by mass—energy, but from weak nonlocal entanglement between microscopic spacetime fabrics associated with each particle. These fabrics exchange information through a decaying entanglement field that scales as 1/��2, producing time dilation and curvature as emergent synchronization effects. We derive modified Einstein field equations incorporating an entanglement scalar field ��(��) show how the resulting potential yields asymptotically flat galactic rotation curves without invoking dark matter, and demonstrate consistency with relativistic lensing constraints. This framework, termed the General Theory of Relative Fabrics (GTRF), unifies general relativity and quantum entanglement under a single geometricinformational principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2510.0131 [pdf] replaced on 2025-11-15 19:30:17
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 139 Pages. updated formulas
The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of non-baryonic dark matter in the Universe in principle. Evolutionary self-contraction of microobjects of lower layers of gravithermodynamically bonded matter outpaces the similar self-contraction of its upper layers. This is the exact reason of the curvature of intrinsic space of matter. That is why gravitational field itself should be primarily considered as the field of spatial inhomogeneity of evolutionary decreasing of the size of matter microobjects in the background Euclidean space of expanding Universe. In correspondence to this the gravitational field itself is the field of spatial inhomogeneity of gravithermodynamic state of dense matter of compact astronomical objects, as well as of strongly rarefied gas-dust matter of space vacuum. And, therefore, the gravitational field fundamentally cannot exist without matter. That is why it is not an independent form of matter. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. Only conditional identity of inertial mass of moving matter to its gravitational mass only by gravity-quantum clock, which is located in the point, from which the matter started its inertial motion, and due to the usage of corrected value of gravitational constant in its pseudo-centric intrinsic frame of reference of spatial coordinates and time, is justified. This is related to the equivalence of inertial mass of matter to the Hamiltonian of its inert free energy, while the gravitational mass of matter is equivalent to the Lagrangian of its ordinary rest energy. The identity of the multiplicative component of the Gibbs free energy to the ordinary rest energy of matter, which is equivalent to its gravitational mass, is substantiated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2510.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-23 21:07:20
Authors: Rik Gielen
Comments: 41 Pages.
The Cosmic Microwave Background CMB is a powerful evidence for the Big Bang theory and is accepted as such by the vast majority of the scientific community. There are always those who doubt the CMB and its interpretation. I am one of those!A sneak peek: "The CMB started 380,000 years after the big bang, when the universe became transparent. The entire universe was filled with mainly neutral hydrogen, and flashes of light (photons) were shooting everywhere and in various directions through the cosmos. The cosmos continued to expand, but no new flashes of light were generated, which means that the photons did not expand with the cosmos either. The hydrogen-filled cosmos expanded, but the photons did not expand with it. They continued to follow their flash directions undisturbed. 300 million years after the big bang, we are interested in some of the CMB radiation near the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0. We want to see how the two types of radiation behave. The redshift of the CMB 300 million years after the big bang is about 75 according to the scientific literature. From that moment on, the CMB and the light from JADES-GS-z14-0 travel towards us together. I cannot accept that the CMB arrives at z = 1,100 (from about 75 to 1,100) while JADES has a redshift of only 14.32 (from 0 to 14.32). To explain the large redshift of the CMB, a fourth redshift was introduced: the cosmological redshift (as space expands, the wavelength of the radiation increases proportionally). When the CMB undergoes this cosmological redshift, so should the light from JADES. But it doesn't! Therefore I would dare to conclude: the CMB redshift cannot be 1,100."In this paper I try to prove that there is no CMB. What then are the radiations measured by Penzias and Wilson in 1964 and subsequently measured with increasing accuracy by the COBE, WMAP and Planck satellites. The measured spectrum of the radiations is a property of the dark, or rather, cosmic energy. The radiation of this cosmic energy caused the unexpected noise in the radio receivers of Penzias and Wilson. The cosmic energy is full of quantum energy and particles and antiparticles that appear for a very short time and then disappear again. They give off strange signals, and these signals are called quantum fluctuations. The strange signals that are emitted here, the quantum fluctuations, can be picked up as electromagnetic background noise. And these are the signals that the researchers call the cosmic background radiation. I would rather call that radiation the Cosmic Foreground Radiation. Cosmic Microwave Foreground (CMF) instead of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2510.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-23 21:04:19
Authors: Rik Gielen
Comments: 22 Pages.
As we all know, the universe originated 13.8 billion years ago from a single point in nothingness through a massive burst of energy known today as the big bang. The extremely dense and hot point began to expand and cool down, causing some of the energy to concentrate into particles. According to modern physical theories, this should have created an equal number of matter particles, each with a sort of twin with opposite electric charge: antimatter.In the second after their formation, matter and antimatter particles should have annihilated each other, leaving behind an empty, radiation-filled space with no matter, no gases, no galaxies, and no planets. The problem is that we live in a universe full of matter and very little antimatter. So the question is: what happened to the other half of the universe, the antimatter particles? The disappearance of antimatter is one of the biggest mysteries and most open questions in physics. In this article we will show in detail that it is highly unlikely that baryogenesis is a valid explanation for the asymmetry between matter and antimatter. After that we will attempt to propose a solution that preserved symmetry in the universe. The result: an anti-universe in its own three spatial dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2510.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-21 20:35:19
Authors: Samuel A. Prescott
Comments: 10 Pages. License: CC BY 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
The Λ—Ω Advanced Scalar Field Law provides a unified field-theoretic description of gravitation and cosmic expansion, demonstrating that inertia and gravity arise from local coupling between matter and the pervasive Λ-field rather than spacetime curvature. This coupling, modulated through frequency and phase interactions, yields modulated inertia and drives cosmic acceleration without invoking dark matter or dark energy. Numerical simulations of field resonances yield stable normalized densities ⟨ρ⟩ = 0.998 ± 0.002 and fractal evolution from Df(z = 5) ≈ 2.5 to Df(z = 0) ≈ 1.85, addressing key cosmological tensions and predicting measurable deviations in ΔH/H and Δχ consistent with DESI and LISA forecasts
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2510.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-20 16:10:26
Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 6 Pages.
In Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR), gravitation is considered as a consequence of space and time curvature, whereas Newton's law of gravity applies strictly in a Euclidean or flat space. Logically, then, Newtonian gravity must relate solely to the time curvature contributionin GR, and instances where Newton's law does not describe phenomena correctly, such as the erihelion rotation of the planet Mercury and the bending of starlight, must be attributable to an effect ofspatial curvature. In this paper, the GR solution for a static point mass is calculated on this basis for correspondence with Newton's law, andfound to be crucially different from the usual interpretation in the current scientific literature. It is shown here that gravitational attraction does not diverge to infinity as masses approach each other, but tails off to zero. This means there is no singularity at the origin of coordinates where physical laws would break down, and, furthermore, speeds of free-falling objects do not exceed the speed of light. There is also noevent horizon obscuring a black hole at the origin of coordinates, since the spacetime behaves perfectly regularly.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2510.0089 [pdf] replaced on 2025-11-05 04:44:56
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 30 Pages.
We develop a theoretical framework in which the equations of General Relativity (GR)emerge from dimensional fluctuations of the early Universe. The derivation points outthat primordial fluctuations in the effective dimensionality of spacetime are governed bythe complex Ginzburg—Landau equation (CGLE), which is a coarse-grained description ofcomplex dynamics near the Planck scale. Elaborating on the behavior of CGLE as generichydrodynamic flow, our paper offers an intriguing path from fractal dimensionality ofprimordial cosmology to the onset of gravitational physics in the late Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2510.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-16 07:16:59
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 17 Pages.
The result of this article is that the gravitational field is a field in flat space, not the geometry of space-time. This result is reached from eight considerations of General Relativity and a scalar gravitation field. The reasons why gravitation is not space-time geometry include the following. The Einstein equations do not have valid solutions that can describe the gravitation field of the Sun and the Earth and therefore they are wrong. The geodesic metric of General Relativity does not work. General Relativity cannot be quantised. Einstein's equations are not derived from anywhere. But the strongest argumentsare from considering when a mass can be reduced into a point mass. This is possible onlyif the ball of the geometry grows as r^2 implying flat 3-dimensional spatial space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2510.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-16 22:10:12
Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 32 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This work presents a framework for the derivation of key physical constants and their interrelations, building the basis for the geometric structure underlying Quantum-Elastic Geometry (QEG) model, a unified field theory in which spacetime is described as an elastic substrate. From QEG Lagrangian and a generally covariant action, we assume the foundational principles of homogeneity, isotropy, covariance, and Lorentz invariance for a physical substrate, showing that imposing self-consistency -formalized through a minimal set of geometric normalization conditions compatible with QEG basis— uniquely determines the substrate's emergent structure and properties. The outcome is a deductive framework in which fundamental constants are geometrically enforced, emerging as predictable consequences of a stable and symmetrically constrained geometry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2510.0075 [pdf] replaced on 2025-10-26 05:48:00
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 18 Pages. typo corrections, there was a typo in the title, need to correct it
Section 1 of the article shows that the Schwarzschild metric and cosmological models with similar metrics are invalid because the spatial part of the metric is not a valid Riemannian metric in local Cartesian coordinates, as it should. Theorem 1 proves that a metric for the spatial part given in the spherical coordinates of R3 with only dr2, dθ2 and dϕ2 defines a valid metric in local Cartesian coordinates only if the spatial part of the metric is a scalar metric, i.e., a metric induced by a scalar field. Section 2 has some solutions for a scalar metric in the situation of a point mass in an otherwise empty space. Section 3 and 4 look at the Friedmann’s cosmological model from Chapter 5 of Einstein’s book combined from his lectures in Princeton. The findings are that each of Einstein’s equation can be solved for a model that only depends on t and r, but the Einstein equations do not have a solution that solves them all and gives a valid metric. Additionally the Friedmann model does not give the cosmological solution that Einstein’s book says.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2510.0057 [pdf] replaced on 2025-10-16 22:49:56
Authors: Juchi Ye
Comments: 11 Pages. License: CC BY-NC-ND
The ability to measure the exact one-way speed of light had often been thought to be impossible [4, 6]. Under most simplified theoretical conditions, there appears to be no intuitive method of measuring the strict one-way speed of light, with the main problem being the synchronization of clocks at point A and B [4, 6]. The significance proving or disproving the illusion of invariant lightspeed may shed light on the incompleteness and possible improvements of special relativity [5], while leading to new discoveries and verifications of hypotheses and theories. However, as of relative recency experiments designed to measure the one way speed of light appears to still be highly limited, where special cases may give false positives [3]. The experiment designed in this paper can provide a precise measurement, when performed under ideal conditions will produce no false positives, while taking time dilation into account. Two spacecraft launched together are sent into a stable solar orbit between the Earth and Mars, spaced out a significant distance (>10 light minutes). Both spacecraft will be synchronized to constantly observe a pulsar - counting pulses, our start signal. Upon reaching a specified number of pulses the probes send signals to each other while starting their timer, ending their timer when they receive the signal from the other side. The experiment is performed once when the probes form an isosceles triangle, with atomic clocks that start as a documentation of their orbital period. The observation of the pulse rate differences should overlap at certain points on orbit where light is hitting the two probes simultaneously, where the experiment can be performed again to provide a measurement.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2510.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-09 20:43:54
Authors: P. K. Meher
Comments: 22 Pages.
This paper introduces the Energy Hole Model (EHM), as a framework that interprets gravitational interaction as the manifestation of the persistent energy deficit, termed as "energy hole", formed concurrently with the synthesis of mass. It is based on a core hypothesis which states that the synthesis of a mass $M$ requires the confinement of energy $E = Mc^2$, extracted from the surrounding spacetime. This process leaves a corresponding energy deficit (hole) of $-Mc^2$, which acts as the source of the gravitational field. From this premise, we derive the energy hole density profile for point masses, generalize that for stabilized extended objects, and propose a modified Poisson equation. It is demonstrated that a modified Poisson equation recovers Newtonian gravity as a limiting case, and the classical tests, including light bending, Shapiro delay, and gravitational redshift, are in full agreement with observations, establishing their empirical consistency. Beyond reproducing the established tests of general relativity, the EHM provides conceptual resolutions to cosmological puzzles like:(i) the cosmological constant problem, via the corollary of the core EHM hypothesis, which states that energy confinement is a unique physical process, which is not observed in any other phenomenon except mass formation.(ii) the dark matter as the additional energy deficit over that of baryonic mass, (iii) the dark energy as the residual, positive energy of the spacetime vacuum,(iv) and the gravitational behaviour of compact objects and black holes, including the black hole singularity and the hard horizon problem. The gravitation by negative energy is shown explicitly in the Friedmann equations. The EHM thus offers a unified and physically intuitive description of gravity and cosmic structure, fundamentally linking the concepts of energy synthesis, binding, and deficit formation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2510.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-08 18:26:18
Authors: Kenesov Nursat
Comments: 48 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)
In this paper, I explore the idea that time might not just be a parameter we measure events by, but something deeper — a physical quantity that has its own energy and structure. I start with the problem that modern physics, despite all its achievements, still doesn’t really explain what time is. In classical mechanics, it’s just a background variable; in relativity, it becomes flexible but still undefined. So I propose that time should be seen as a measure of energy density — the higher the energy, the slower the flow of time.Using Einstein’s energy equation and the Schwarzschild metric, I show that changes in the rate of time flow (the time dilation factor) can directly describe a body’s total energy. This means that rest energy, kinetic energy, and even gravitational energy are all connected through how time itself "flows" around an object. In short — energy and time are the same thing seen from two sides.Then I extend this idea to antimatter and symmetry. If time can flow forward, it can also flow backward — and that reversed flow corresponds to negative energy, antimatter, and even antigravity. I rewrite Maxwell’s equations for such an inverted world and show that they still work, only with reversed signs: like charges attract, and electromagnetic energy moves "backward." This creates a consistent mirror-world picture that fits CPT symmetry.Finally, I discuss the discreteness of time — whether time moves continuously or in small jumps ("chronons"). Overall, the paper suggests that the flow of time itself could be the key to understanding why our universe is dominated by matter — not antimatter — because time doesn’t just move; it expands in one direction, creating asymmetry at the most fundamental level.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2510.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-05 08:21:13
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 14 Pages.
If a gravitational theory derived from a metric has metric induced by a scalar field, it is called Nordstr"om's gravitational theory. Einstein claimed that light does not bend in Nordstr"om's theory. The article shows that light does bend in the scalar gravitational theory if light travels along geodesics of the space-time with a scalarmetric. If the scalar theory is understood as describing a field's geometry, not space-time geometry, then light does not travel along geodesics of the gravitational geometry. Lightdoes bend e.g. when passing close to the Sun, but this is caused by matter in the space around the Sun. The article concludes that there are no good reasons to think that light should travel on geodesics of the gravitational field. The article also refutes the geodesic metric for a small test mass and therefore also Einstein's correction to the precession speed of Mercury's perihelion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2510.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-04 16:19:56
Authors: Bernard Lavenda
Comments: 37 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We propose Ricci UNsuppressed Gravity (RUNG), a framework that rejects Ricci-flat assumptions in favor of full Riemann dynamics. We present a unified framework that demonstrates sectional curvaturesof the Riemann tensor—-not Ricci contractions-—govern gravitational wave (GW) physics. Through rigorous analysis of connection coefficients, we identify how Christoffel symbols mediate stress term suppression while preserving essential physics. Our model reveals longitudinal "breather modes" (ell=0) represent spacetime expansion/contraction at sub-luminal speeds ((v_{ttheta}<1)), distinct from GR's transverse-traceless (v_{ttheta}=c) waves. Static curvature stresses, highlighting nonlinear stress-energy effects absent in General Relativity (GR), and restoring suppressed terms in static solutions like Schwarzschild, are shown to have observational consequences even though they are deemed unobservable through projections onto non-timelike surfaces.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2510.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-03 19:53:48
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references of other authorities besides self-citations)
Section 1 of the article shows that the first Maxwell's equation is not Lorentz invariant when the charge is nonzero and not stationary. The reasons for the failure of Lorentz invariance is that in order for the transformed equation to allow a solution of the untransformed equation, the charge must transform because of velocity of the inertial frame. This is not possible for reasons explained in Section 3. Section 2 looks at the Lorentz covariant formulation of Maxwell's equations that is used in quantum gauge field theories. The equations this formulation use a Lorentz invariant operator but a Lorentz invariant operator does not imply that theequation is Lorentz invariant. Maxwell's equations are not Lorentz invariant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2510.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2025-10-03 19:54:08
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references of other authorities besides self-citations)
The Schwarzschild metric is not a valid metric. Additionally, it does not make the local speed of light equal to c to all directions. It follows that all physical experiments which claim to verify the General Relativity theory by using the Schwarzschild solution as a substantial part of the argument are invalid as verifications of the theory. These include the Pound-Rebka experiment, precession of the perihelion of Mercury, clock dilatation in GPS satellites, Shapiro delay, black holes and bending of light in a gravitational field. Alternative explanations that do not use the the Schwarzschild metric exist [3][6]{19]. By selecting a valid metric that agrees with the Schwarzschild metric on the $x$-axis the article proves that the Einstein equations are not Lorentz invariant. This fact makes the requirement that equations of motion should be Lorentz invariant irrelevant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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