Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmology of the Instant Reconstruction of the Path of Light

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 15 Pages.

A new cosmological model is presented, with characteristics and trends very similar to those of the standard model, but without dark energy.
It differs from the standard one essentially for a constant of integration, which derives from a hypothesis at the centre of this work, which gives rise to an extra spatial distance and an extra fictitious component of matter.
Due to these extra parts, the density parameter of matter is no longer constant but increases from 0.5 to 1 from the beginning of time to the present day, although the universe is homogeneous and isotropic, and although the total amount of energy and matter are constant.
Consequently, the new model, which has one less parameter, satisfies all the constraints arising from the current accurate measurements of the BAO and the angular power spectrum of the CMB with the values of the density parameters of matter which, according to the theory, apply in each context.
Analogously, it solves the Hubble tension and the primordial lithium problem, although it introduces a deuterium problem.
Finally, it shows that it is the pressure of matter due to its variability, not dark energy, that drives the current acceleration phase of the expansion of the universe started by z ≅ 0.5099, when the universe was 7.99 billion years old, about 5 billion years ago.
On a small scale, the same hypothesis has very similar effects to the MOND theory and explains the rotational motion of galaxies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter is the Effect of Antimatter in Space 2 on Space 1

Authors: Redouane belfakih
Comments: 4 Pages. Redouanebelfakih@gmail.com

In this paper, we propose a new model for dark matter by assuming that dark matter does not interact with any particle, and we explain why proper time for light is null and to solve one of the problems about the law of conservation of momentum and energy and the stability of the sum ofmasses in the universe. we suggested that energy turns into mass somewhere in this universe and that antimatter is in the form of energy and that there is another space in which antimatter exists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Determination of the Value of Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant Through the Relativity Tensor

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 2 Pages.

The value of Newton's universal gravitation count has been calculated based on the relativity tensor, the speed of light, the Hubble constant and the radius of the universe. The result obtained is very close to the experimental value.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why the JWST Won't See the First Galaxies

Authors: Tom Fuchs
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper explains why the JWST won't see the first galaxies. Among the farthest galaxies it sees will be ones that look much older than expected. The case is made that, rather than assume that galaxies can mature faster than we thought, we should adopt a model of the universe in which space itself doesn't expand. The new model is based on a new, experimentally confirmed metric for Schwarzschild geometry. Unlike the Schwarzschild metric, the new metric obeys the equivalence principle, so it can explain our observations when space itself doesn't expand. In the new model: space expands relatively, so that the expansion depends on the observer; an object thrown upward can accelerate up; black holes aren't predicted, so there's no black hole information paradox; and there's no flatness problem, horizon problem, or need for dark energy. Code is given to numerically integrate the relativistic motion of an object thrown upward. The code shows that equations of special relativity approximate the new metric locally, as required for the metric to obey the equivalence principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Schwarzschild Black Hole Solution for Kerr-Newman-Like Black Holes

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 3 Pages.

When $\Lambda$ is the cosmological constant about $\left(g^{\theta\theta}\right)^{2}$\cite{3}. We assume that both the macroscopic system and the microscopic system are closed systems, the entropy of the system increases to 0, the entropy of the macroscopic open system increases, and the entropy of the microscopic system decreases. We know that Ads space can constitute Ads/CFT theory, and ds space has serious difficulties (experimentally proves that the universe is ds spacetime). Assuming that there is a spontaneous entropy reduction process in the microscopic system, the Ads space can evolve into a ds space. We got that new Schwarzschild black hole.At that time we saw a similar situation with the new Schwarzschild black hole and the Kerr-Newman-like black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Theory for the Origin of the Universe Through a New Relativistic Wave Equation for Bosons: a Universe of Matter and Light.

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 7 Pages.

I have studied in this work the beginning of the universe using a new relativistic wave equation for bosons developed here. It predicts the creation of a universe of light and matter from zero energy states and leads to energy density values close to those measured. This explains dark matter without the need to modify the Standard Model. Values close to the experimental ones in the determination of the Hubble constant are calculated that explain the expansion of the universe without the need for additional hypotheses
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Interpretation of Gravity

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 13 Pages.

Gravity was discovered accidentally by Newton after he observed an apple falling from a tree. But what actually is gravity and what is its role in nature? However, gravity remains much of a mystery. We experience gravity and are affected by it all the time, and yet we do not know what it really is except for interpreting it as a force or field. This paper, which is published in an international physics journal, takes on the challenging task of examining gravity and suggesting the possible actual role of gravity in nature, from our macro-world to the micro quantum world, and hence the possible unification of gravity with all the other forces of nature, through two modes of reasoning, namely reasoning by reductio ad absurdum and by analogy. The paper contains preliminary and explanatory materials which lead to the author’s hypotheses in Sections 5 and 6; Section 6 also provides some anecdotal evidence of what gravity is.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galilean-Zhou Transformation Is the Only Subjectively Existing Space-Time Transformation in Galiliean Space-Time

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 40 Pages. In Chinese

Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity has received much criticism and doubts on its theoretical bases. In this paper, a comprehensive and detailed analysis on Lorentz Transformation is produced. The crucial and fatal mistakes made in the proposed system of equations for deriving Lorentz Transformation are: in the same one system are introduced equations defined in different Space-Time: Galilean Space-Time with ‘absolute time’ and Minkowski Space-Time with ‘relative time’, which therefore make Lorentz Transformation being ‘Identical Transformation’ , not existing in Galilean Space-Time. Consequently, the crucial mistake makes derived transformation mathematically depicting an observing process of two relatively rest observers instead of two relatively moving observers. In the article, two relevant Laws, namely, (1) Law of Light Propagation and (2) Law of Motion Observation, are firstly put forward. These Laws would be the fundamental laws in motion observation theory. Galilean-Zhou Transformation is logically and accurately deduced, utilizing both of these two Laws.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravidynamics of an Affine Connection on a Minkowski Background

Authors: Iago T. S. Silva
Comments: 42 Pages. New version substantially revised, including the addition of an extra section and an appendix

In this paper, a post-Riemannian formalism is constructed based on a minimalistic set of modifications and suggested as the framework for a classical alternative to General Relativity (GR) which, notably, can be formulated in Minkowski spacetime. Following the purely geometrical exposition, arguments are advanced for the transport of matter and radiation, a Lagrangean quadratic in the gravitational field strengths is considered, and several of the resulting properties are analyzed in brief. Simple models are then set up to explore the astrophysical and cosmological reach of the proposed ideas, including their potential (and so far tentative) agreement with the ’classical tests’of GR. Some arguments are also presented towards quantization within the proposed formalism, and a few other issues are discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sketches of the Theory of Reality

Authors: Savinov Sergei
Comments: 4 Pages.

This preprint discusses the concept of interpreting matter as a mathematical system.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Землетрясения, как тест для обнаружения ударных гравитационных Кильватерных волн в Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени
Earthquakes as a Test for Detecting Shock Gravitational Wake Waves in Absolute Space-Time. (Ru)

Authors: A.V. Antipin
Comments: 12 Pages. Это статья на РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ.

В рамках гипотезы об Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени, было выдвинуто предположение о существовании гравитационных ударных Кильватерных волн. Солнце и планеты могут являться источниками таких волн. Результаты обработки официального каталога РАН по землетрясениям за 28 лет дают аргументы в пользу воздействия таких Солнечных ударных волн на Землю. Т.о., гипотеза гравитационных ударных Кильватерных волн в Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени получает экспериментальное подтверждение.

Within the framework of the hypothesis of Absolute Space-Time, the assumption was made about the existence of gravitational shock Wake waves. The Sun and planets can be sources of such waves. The results of processing the official catalog of the Russian Academy of Sciences on earthquakes for 28 years provide arguments in favor of the impact of these Solar shock waves on the Earth. Thus, the hypothesis of gravitational shock Wake waves in Absolute Space-Time receives experimental confirmation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Dark Matter only Intreacts with Gravity?

Authors: Redouane Belfakih
Comments: 6 Pages. Redouanebelfakih@gmail.com

In this paper, we develop the CPT symmetric universe theory by adding some modifications: There is another universe with antimatter in which energy is transformed into mass, is a mirror of our universe, and the characteristics of light have a very similarity with infinity. we suggest that antimatter has negative mass and that dark matter is the effect of antimatter in space 2 on space 1.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of the Energy Density of Space-time and Study of Zero Energy States: A Universe of Matter and Light

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 5 Pages.

A new relativistic wave equation for bosons has been developed. Applied to the cosmos, it predicts the creation of a universe of light and matter from zero energy states and leads to energy density values close to those measured. This explains dark matter without the need to modify the Standard Model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Simultaneity and Synchronization, the Preferred Frame and the Principle of Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper it is considered the physical meaning of simultaneity and synchronization, that has also been addressed in other previous papers, based on the existence of a Preferred Frame where the one-way speed of light is isotropic. Usually in the standard Special Relativity what is considered is the Einstein simultaneity and Einstein synchronization that has been introduced by Einstein in the 1905 article “by definition”. In the standard interpretation simultaneity and synchronization are not considered since the Einstein speed of light is considered the speed of light. However, in our previous work we have shown that this is a terminological confusion, a paralogism. Now we explain why this is so with a very simple concise formalism using two clocks in every point of a frame, frame that is moving in relation to the Preferred Frame, a synchronized clock, and a Lorentzian clock. With this approach the solution of the conventionality of simultaneity and synchronization controversy is addressed. This proposed formulation is based on the existence of a gap of “synchronizations” that standard formulation is unable to detect since the Preferred Frame is considered superfluous. The restricted Principle of Relativity emerge since exist two clocks in every coordinate and when we refer two simultaneous events, we mean that we are using two synchronized clocks and not two desynchronized clocks, marking the same number. The non-equivalence of the frames emerge with physical meaning through the analysis of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction and Larmor time dilation mathematical expressions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Note on Interpreting Special Relativity

Authors: A J Owen
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this note I have discussed Einstein's theory of special relativity, derived the coordinate transformations in a simple manner, and obtained expressions for time dilation, the relativistic Doppler effect and length contraction. In Einstein's original paper, a factor \phi appears, which he sets equal to unity. However, \phi can be reinterpreted as a scale factor when coordinate time is defined via a single coordinate clock and the time delay receiving information via light rays is included. Using Einstein's definition of coordinate time, a moving sphere is construed as an ellipsoid of revolution, whereas the practical definition of time intervals used here - implying simultaneity of reception rather than simultaneity of occurrence - shows it is a rotated sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Observational Relativity: Why Is the Spacetime Curved in Einstein’s General Relativity?

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 193 Pages. In CHinese, 14 pictures, and 7 tables

The theory of observational relativity (OR for short), based on the logical prerequisites different from that of Einstein’s special relativity, has derived the general Lorentz transformation that generalizes and unifies the Lorentz transformation and the Galileo transformation, which endows Bohr’s correspondence principle with more universal significance. On the basis of the theory of OR and Bohr’s correspondence principle, this article proposes the general correspondence principle (GCP for short). Having the aid of the GCP, the general observational relativity (GOR for short) has been established, which is isomorphic with Einstein’s theory of general relativity. The theory of GOR provides us with a new insight into Einstein’s general relativity: objectively real spacetime is not curved; the so-called “spacetime bending” is not an objective physical reality, but an observational effect resulting from observational locality. In the theory of GOR, Newton’s theory of universal gravitation and Einstein’s theory of general relativity are both “partial theories” that Hawking termed in his book “A Brief History of Time”, and belong to different observation systems. The Newton’s theory is the product of the idealized observation system; the Einstein’s theory of is the product of the optical observation system. The speed of light is limited, and therefore the optical observation system has observational locality, which is why Einstein’s gravitational spacetime looks somewhat curved; the idealized observation system has no observational locality, and therefore Newton’s gravitational spacetime represents the objective and real gravitational spacetime. The theory of GOR has generalized and unified the two great theoretical systems, Newton’s theory of universal gravitation and Einstein’s theory of general relativity. In the case of optical observation system, GOR field equation is strictly reduced to Einstein’s field equation; in the case of idealized observation system, GOR field equation is strictly reduced to Newton’s law of universal gravitation in the form of Poisson’s equation. Such strict corresponding relations show that the theory of GOR is logically consistent with both Einstein’s theory of general relativity and Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Meanwhile, such strict corresponding relations corroborate the logical self-consistency and theoretical validity of GOR. The theory of GOR signifies that human beings and the physics they create have to reexamine Newton’s theory of universal gravitation and Einstein’s theory of general relativity, to reexamine Einstein’s scientific predictions based on his general relativity, and to reshape human view of nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Beginning of a New General Theory of Relativity (Part 2)

Authors: Valentin Ibanez Fernandez
Comments: 80 Pages. In Russian

In the paper, as a preliminary preparation for create of the new general theory of relativity, the work focuses on the new scientific study of the movement of matter in space. Because it is fundamental theoretical approach about the motion of matter in moving inertial systems. Moving mater intro a gravitational field analyzed in the general theory of relativity. This section of physics cannot be investigate, without a new scientific view on the issues of gravity. The main theory that experimentally approved in the theory of gravity is the theory of a body in free fall. The most imported theory that experimentally approved in the theory of gravity is the theory of a body in free fall. The basis of the theory of a body in free fall founded on the theory of fundamental motions of matter, such as the uniformly motion of the body and the uniformly accelerated motion of the body. For this reason, in this work (part 2), a scientific historical analysis of the uniform movement of the body will be proposed, which will give a new scientific theory of the uniform movement of matter, based on the movement of solid material in space. The solid material cover the entire material environment of space and objects of motion on Earth and space, The solid material also includes infinitely small particles of matter, which are the material medium for the propagation of a beam of light in the space of the universe. Inside the inertial moving system, a new distribution of forces appears, causing a change in the laws of classical mechanics of movement (see Part1). Scientific physics philosophical analysis puts forward the need of the deeply analyze of the general theory of relativity from the point of view of experimental data in terrestrial space. Discovered in the theory of motion of matter flaws that led the general theory of relativity to a mathematical abstraction, in which time in a moving system changes. The beam of light next to the huge masses of matter is bent. The huge masses leads to the formation of black holes in the universe, etc. These flows caused development the new scientific theory of the uniform movement of matter and the new general theory of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Multifractal Modeling of Black Hole Thermodynamics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages.

The gravitational dynamics of many-body systems displays the properties of Hamiltonian chaos. It is known that multifractals define the behavior of Hamiltonian chaos in phase space. They represent collections of self-similar sets whose distribution of continuous dimensions follows a singularity spectrum. Building on the multifractal characterization of Black Holes (BH), this brief report argues that a) the gravitational mass of BH reflects an attribute of the singularity spectrum, b) shifting the maximum of the singularity spectrum produces effects analogous to the Hawking radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Energy Pairs Theory

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 8 Pages.

The acceptable notion today is that Electromagnetic waves from separate sources cannot consolidate [4]. However, the author of this article published several articles [1], [2], [3], [5] which argue that Electromagnetic (EM) waves from separate sources do consolidate. In addition to the scenarios described in articles [1], [2], [3], Article [5] adds further support to the statement that EM waves from separate sources can consolidate, support that everybody can experience, from everyday experience, every day, which can also be recorded on photos. This scenario is presented again, also in this article. However, if EM waves from separate sources do consolidate, this seems to embed paradoxes, which must be addressed, because the Energy Conservation Principle seems to be violated. The Energy Pairs Theory, proposed initially by the author of this article in article [1], and presented again briefly in this article, proposes a framework which resolves and explains the paradoxes embedded in consolidations of EM waves from separate sources, and other paradoxes and unanswered and open questions, as presented already in article [1], and presented briefly again in this article.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How the Twins Each Age Less Than the Other

Authors: Tom Fuchs
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper shows that the twin paradox hasn't heretofore been solved. It's shown that the asymmetry in a twin paradox experiment resulting in a difference in aging is that the twins move different distances relative to each other, due to length contraction. It's shown that the twins each age less than the other, yet unparadoxically after accounting for relativity of simultaneity. An equation is derived to calculate the constant speed at which a spaceship must travel so that its occupants age a given time during a trip. Code is given to numerically integrate a twin paradox experiment involving acceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Generally Understandable Description of the Theory of Relativity for Non-Experts

Authors: J. Schwander
Comments: The report in German contains only 10 pages of text, the rest are mainly animations (flip-book).

Albert Einstein's theory of relativity is a fundamental theory of natural science. It is often not understood because it is essentially based on mathematical considerations, and it contradicts everyday life. However, it is easy to explain if one relies primarily on the general principles of science. This report does not require any technical expertise, only general knowledge and logical thinking is required. The background and evolvement of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) is illustrated amongst others with animations in a way even non-professionals are able to understand. The theory cannot be refuted but it can be explained with the help of descriptive examples and scientific principles rather than with mathematics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hypothesis of Everything in the Universe Consisting of a Special Kind of Fluid

Authors: Zhi-Quan Liu
Comments: 8 Pages.

The origin of everything in the universe is one of the most fundamental questions in physics, the study of which is still inconclusive. This paper assumes that everything in the universe is made up of a fluid-like spacon, which is extremely tiny, has a very high speed and a certain momentum, and which makes up matter and space. The vacuum is an ideal fluid filled with spacons, and elementary particles are formed by the aggregation and vortex of spacons. Some particles are constantly vibrating at high speed, creating a constant expansion and contraction effect like a pulsating body, and in the vacuum ideal fluid the Coulomb and universal gravitation are formed through the remote interactions of hydrodynamic forces, thus a new explanation of the nature of charge and mass is given. The paper also deals with the structure and motion of electrons and photons, makes brief conjectures about the structure of other elementary particles, and concludes with some discussion of the structure of the universe and space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity and Cosmological Quantum Physics with Uncertainty Principles, Cosmological General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 18 Pages.

In cosmological special relativity theory, we study Maxwell equations, electromagnetic wave equations and functions. In the cosmological special theory of relativity, we study energymomentum relations, the Klein-Gordon equation and wave functions. We study Yukawa’s potential dependence on time in a cosmological inertial frame. If we solve the Klein-Gordon equation, we obtain the Yukawa potential dependent on time in the cosmological inertial frame. The Schrodinger equation is a wave equation. The wave function used as a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We make the Schrodinger equation from Klein-Gordon free particle’s wave function in the cosmological special theory of relativity. The Dirac equation is a one order wave equation. The wave function used as a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We make the Dirac equation from the wave function, Type A in the cosmological inertial frame. The Dirac equation satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation in the cosmological inertial frame. We found equations of complex scalar fields and electromagnetic fields on the interaction of complex scalar fields and electromagnetic fields in Klein-Gordon-Maxwell theory from Type A of the wave function and Type B of the expanded distance in the cosmological inertial frame. In the cosmological special theory of relativity, we quantized the Klein-Gordon scalar field. We treat Lagrangian density and Hamiltonian in a quantized Klein-Gordon scalar field. We address the particle’s force and kinetic energy in the cosmological special theory of relativity. In expanded universe, wefound gravity field equation and solution. We found Schwarzschild solution, Kerr-Newman solution in expanded universe. Hence, We found new general relativity theory-Cosmological General Theory of Relativity(CGTR).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Stationary Points in Space

Authors: Edward G. Lake
Comments: 6 Pages. Added an illustration and many new details and "implications."

When we look at a distant galaxy through a telescope, we do not see that galaxy where it is today, we see it where it was when the light photons we receive were emitted. That tells us that while light photons are emitted by atoms within a star, the points of emission remain stationary in space while the star and its atoms move on. All light originates from stationary points in space. That appears to be what Einstein meant when he wrote that a “’luminiferous ether’ will prove to be superfluous” since his theory of Special Relativity does “not require an ‘absolutely stationary space’ provided with special properties.” Wherever a photon is created there is “a stationary point in space.”
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Atomic Clocks and Time Dilation

Authors: Simon Zhou
Comments: 2 Pages.

The atomic clocks on-board each satellite tick faster than identical clocks on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day. People like to use this fact to prove Relativity and call it time dilation. With no doubt, Relativity is one of the explanations of the atomic clocks phenomenon, but is it the only one?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology