Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity as an Emergent Structure in a Timeless Euclidean Model (In Russian)

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 41 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition may not be accepted)

model is considered in which the observable spacetime structure emerges from a real scalar field satisfying the Laplace equation in a four-dimensional Euclidean space without distinguished time or directions. The observer is described as a localized configuration of the same field on the hypersurfaces of a foliation; events are defined as local detector activations specified by a functional of a finite number of mode-decomposition coefficients of the field and the observer’s parameters. It is shown that the choice of foliation gives rise to inertial reference frames, and that a consistent reconstruction under transitions between them is possible without introducing a global set of events—solely on the basis of the observer’s operational description.

The model implies that the event structures of different inertial frames may differ, so no global event space exists. It is proven that within the model it is impossible to transmit information about an event absent in a given frame but present in another. This leads to two kinds of transformations: direct transformations, which describe the actual rearrangement of the event structure under a change of the inertial frame, and observable transformations, which represent the operational re-description performed by an observer within their own frame, based on a hypothetical global event set.

The invariance of all foliations (resulting from the full O(4) symmetry of the Laplace equation), together with the justified existence of a finite maximal propagation speed v_max, leads to Lorentz-type observable transformations with invariant v_max. Thus, both postulates of special relativity are reproduced, and the causal structure emerges as a cone, norm(Delta r) = v_max * |Delta t|, within each frame. The results demonstrate that special relativity can emerge within a strictly Euclidean, timeless model.

Special Relativity as an Emergent Structure in a Timeless Euclidean Model

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: published in International Journal of Quantum Foundations, Volume 12, Issue 2, pages 272-312

A model is considered in which the observable spacetime structure emerges from a real scalar field satisfying the Laplace equation in a four-dimensional Euclidean space without distinguished time or directions. The observer is described as a localized configuration of the same field on the hypersurfaces of a foliation; events are defined as local detector activations specified by a functional of a finite number of mode-decomposition coefficients of the field and the observer’s parameters. It is shown that the choice of foliation gives rise to inertial reference frames, and that a consistent reconstruction under transitions between them is possible without introducing a global set of events—solely on the basis of the observer’s operational description.The model implies that the event structures of different inertial frames may differ, so no global event space exists. It is proven that within the model it is impossible to transmit information about an event absent in a given frame but present in another. This leads to two kinds of transformations: direct transformations, which describe the actual rearrangement of the event structure under a change of the inertial frame, and observable transformations, which represent the operational re-description performed by an observer within their own frame, based on a hypothetical global event set.The invariance of all foliations (resulting from the full O(4) symmetry of the Laplace equation), together with the justified existence of a finite maximal propagation speed v_max, leads to Lorentz-type observable transformations with invariant v_max. Thus, both postulates of special relativity are reproduced, and the causal structure emerges as a cone, norm(Delta r) = v_max * |Delta t|, within each frame. The results demonstrate that special relativity can emerge within a strictly Euclidean, timeless model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The IRPL model of Nature: a Theory of Everything

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 48 Pages.

The spacetime of relativistic physics is forged by the speed of light; that of general relativity, by the additional influence of matter-energy.Nevertheless, the underlying geometry—rooted in a Euclidean conceptual legacy— knows nothing about light and even less about matter.It is an amorphous and unaware spacetime, waiting to be informed by an ad hoc mathematical apparatus to adhere to nature.The purpose of this paper is to show the existence of a geometry made of light and matter that embodies the universal interaction, where the laws of nature are not imposed, but rather found.This geometry does not use coordinates, since these have no direct physical meaning, but only invariant physical quantities which are consistent with the Schwarzschild's differential coordinates, but not with its finite coordinates or with Minkowski's coordinate, since these are affected by human non-natural conventions.It is shown that it is precisely these human conventions that underlie the formal difference between the special and general theories of relativity. Furthermore, it aims to demonstrate that the spacetime of general relativity is not elementary, rather, the lack of distinction among the three spatial dimensions arises from the superposition of a multitude of elementary physical spaces, where the distinctive characteristics of each axis merge and dissolve into a flat uniformity.Revealing the nature of the elementary space of interaction unlocks the path to a unified theory of everything.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Gravitational Entropy of Cantor Dust

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 Pages.

Cantor Dust (CD) is a hypothetical Dark Matter (DM) condensate of relic spacetime dimensions left over from the primordial Universe. A plausible assumption is that, in the complex dynamic regime of primordial cosmology, CD consists of continuous dimensional fluctuations acting as a fractal mass distribution. Starting from these premises, here we study the gravitational behavior of CD in the context of Rényi and Tsallis entropies. Our findings offer a fresh perspective on structure formation as a complex dynamical process.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Traversable Wormholes in Anti-de Sitter Spacetime Without Exotic Matter: A Classical Solution Satisfying The Null Energy Condition

Authors: K. Mubaidin, H. Manougian, Y. Singh
Comments: 8 Pages.

We present a novel static, spherically symmetric traversable wormhole solution to the Einstein Field equations in the presence of a negative cosmological constant ($Lambda < 0$). Our solution does not include a redshift function and a shape function $b(r)=frac{r^2_0}{r}$ embedded in an Anti-de Sitter, (textit{ADS}), background. Through embedding the cosmological constant into the geometry, we show that the resulting spacetime satisfies $NEC$, Null Energy Condition, everywhere. This solution avoids the need for exotic matter. This solution suggests a possible classical, non-exotic mechanism for wormhole stabilization and uses a geometric interpretation to dark matter effects. The implications of this result are explored in the context of relativistic astrophysics and potential observability near galactic centers
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Three Fatal Errors in the Relativity Theory [?]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 16 Pages.

Though the Relativity Theory is over 100-years old, some questions still remain. Or this is the current accepted view of the Relativity Theory and this is how I was adviced to start this article. I was to pose some questions, not to state that there are fatal errors in the theory, to camouflage this article as aiming to fix some small problems in the theory, not refuting it. Supposedly it would help to get the article pass the editor to a review. But I could not bend the truth so much, not as a retired professor. The truth must finally be told: the article proves that the Relativity Theory is completely wrong, all of it. It is extremely strange that this theory was ever accepted and it is scandalous that it has been considered correct and verified for so long.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Magnetism in the World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 5 Pages.

In electromagnetics, the term magnetic field refers to two distinct but closely related vector fields: magnetic flux density B and magnetic field intensity H . These fields differ in how they account for the medium and magnetization M . In a vacuum, they are related by B=μ_0 H. In a magnetized material, this relation becomes B=μ_0 (H+M) . Within the framework of the World-Universe Cosmology (WUC), the Cosmic Medium (CM)—comprising protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and Universe-Created Particles (UCPs)—acts as a universal agent governing all physical processes and is inherently a magnetized medium. UCPs, conceptualized as DIRAC dipoles formed by Dirac’s magnetic monopoles, possess a magnetic dipole moment proportional to the Bohr magneton. Any local concentration of DIRACs within any material, including CM, induces both a magnetization field M and a magnetic field intensity H . This approach to magnetic fields within WUC offers a framework for explaining a wide range of observed magnetic phenomena, including the dark magnetic field, the large-scale structure of the Milky Way’s magnetic field, and other magnetic effects that are only partially correlated with objects observable in other spectral ranges.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Closed, Expanding Universe with a Radial Curvature Gradient

Authors: Alaa H. Kheder
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a novel cosmological model in which the universe is spatially closed and expanding, yet features a radial gradient in curvature that intensifies near its outermost regions. Unlike the standard closed FLRW universe with constant positive spatial curvature, our model introduces a smooth radial deformation of the angular part of the metric. This curvature profile bends geodesics inward as they approach the outer regions, yielding a finite yet unbounded spatial geometry. Notably, unlike many inhomogeneous cosmologies or big bang-type models, the proposed geometry permits geodesic completeness without encountering singularities, due to the regulating effect of the radial curvature gradient. We derive the spacetime metric, compute the Ricci scalar and Einstein tensor, and analyze the physical implications of the associated energy-momentum distribution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Five-Dimensional Time Dilation on a Spinning Disk

Authors: Gauti Einarsson
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This investigation explores time dilation within a speculative five-dimensional warped spacetime,grounded in the Randall-Sundrum model, which posits an unconfirmed extra dimension. The experimental setup employs a 1-meter carbon fiber disk rotating at 1500 m/s, equipped with thorium-229m nuclear clocks with a precision of 10−19 s. Simulations predict a time dilation shift of 1.25 × 10−11 s over 106 s at a warp factor k = 2.5 × 107 m−1, a 15% enhancement over four-dimensional predictions. The five-dimensional model achieves a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.920 × 10−10 s, approximately 30,000 times more precise than its four-dimensional counterpart. A 16U CubeSat mission is proposed to test these predictions in orbit, with potential applications in precision timingfor navigation systems and probes of hypothetical extra dimensions. This interdisciplinary effort integrates nuclear physics, aerospace engineering, and theoretical physics to advance fundamental science and practical technologies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Relativistic Space-Time Displacement Model for Electron and Neutron Emergence: Request for Experimental Validation

Authors: Adrian Guerrero
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a novel hypothesis where space-time is a superfluid-like field, and particlessuch as electrons and neutrons emerge as solitons or composite configurations from proton-induced displacements. The proton is modeled as a 2+1D boundary at radius rp ≈ 0.84 fm, with no interior volume, akin to a black hole shell. Electrons arise as solitons with energy E = gempc2 · αγrp ℏ/mec2 , and neutrons are composite states of proton, electron-like, and neutrino-like modes. Relativistic time dilation, with Δtobs ≈ 1.96 × 10−20 s for electron emergence and τobs ≈ 71.2 days for neutron decay at γ = 7000, governs soliton formation and stability. The model reinterprets the double-slit experiment’s wave-particle duality, integrates Quantum Chromodynamics(QCD) via a 2+1D confinement shell, and addresses anomalies like LHCb’s RK ≈ 0.85(3.1σ), ATLAS’s t¯t entanglement (6.7σ), and Fermi-LAT’s electron excess ( 3σ). Witha likelihood of 25—30%, competitive with supersymmetry ( 10—20%) but below theStandard Model ( 80—90%), we request experimental tests at LHC, JLab, and NISTto validate predictions, including 2D form factors, jet angularity, neutron radius, andlifetime variability.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Arbitrary Reduction of Energy in Alcubierre Warp Drive Solutions with Positive Energy in the Warped Region for Superluminal Motion

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 5 Pages.

Building on the article [16] where a superluminal Alcubierre propulsion system with positiveenergy density and positive energy is possible as an improvement over [16], we make a smallmodification to have a positive energy and positive energy density for a curvature bubble of genericradius R and introduce a way to arbitrarily reduce such energy sources in the warped region.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Equivalence Between Spacetime Curvature and Electroelastic Deformations in Reactionless Propulsion

Authors: Gabriel Brennan
Comments: 26 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose that an asymmetric piezoelectric crystal, subject to strong, localized electric gradients, undergoes internal strain patterns whose second-order spatial derivatives form a structure directly analogous to the Riemann curvature tensor in general relativity. In this view, the crystal lattice encodes a "virtual spacetime" — not in the metaphorical sense, but as a real, emergent geometric field with measurable consequences.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Observer-Dependent Rotation in Accelerated Motion: Philosophical Insights on Terrell-Penrose Rotation, Thomas Precession, and the Impossibility of Static Black Holes

Authors: Gabriel Brennan
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This conceptual paper explores the subtle and intertwined phenomena of Terrell Penrose rotation and Thomas precession in the context of accelerated motion toward black hole singularities. We argue that the apparent rotation induced by relativistic aberration (Terrell-Penrose rotation) couples with the intrinsic relativistic spin precession arising from non-collinear boosts (Thomas precession), yielding an effective rotational term that challenges the notion of perfectly static black holes. We propose heuristic formulas encapsulating this coupling and discuss profound implications for the ontology of spacetime, gravity, and observation. Finally, we suggest that rotation and angular momentum in black holes are fundamentally observer-dependent and emergent from relativistic effects, blurring the boundary between physical reality and perceptual illusion. While this work does not claim to present a definitive or formal theory, we argue that these ideas collectively suggest an intriguing consequence: static black holes may be incompatible with the full relativistic picture, particularly when visual and precessional effects such as Terrell-Penrose rotation are considered in conjunction with Thomas precession. By highlighting the ontological similarities between visual relativistic phenomena and geometric curvature, we explore how dynamic interpretation of spacetime may be more natural than a static one, and invite the reader to treat this as a speculative but motivated philosophical contribution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Information, Entropy and Entanglement in Black Hole Physics

Authors: Alok Kr. Nirala, Suruchi Kumari
Comments: 73 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

This project develops a non-geometric framework for black hole physics by rejecting the existence of spacetime geometry as a fundamental structure independent of the observer.It interprets the emergence of geometric features as a byproduct of memory and comparison between informational states within finite time intervals. Entropy is redefined as a measure of accessible uncertainty shaped by the observer’s record, rather than as a geometric quantity. The black hole information paradox is resolved by discarding the notion of objective information loss across the horizon and instead understanding evaporation as an update in the observer’s informational context.Three original computational models substantiate this framework: Model 1 captures entropy growth through internal decoherence and coherence disintegration; Model 2 models entropy dynamics as conditioned by observer-dependent informational access; Model 3 simulates nonlocal scrambling of mutual information without invoking geometric transport. These simulations demonstrate that black hole evaporation and information recovery can be consistently explained through observer-relative informational transitions. This perspective offers a coherent foundation where evolution, entropy, physical structures and known interactions emerge from information-theoretic constraints, without invoking underlying geometric assumptions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Covariance as a Spontaneous Subsidiary Symmetry of Lorentz-Covariant Gravity

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 6 Pages.

Physical phenomena other than gravity are customarily assumed to be described by Lorentz-covariant theories, and the validity of the Lorentz transformation has been empirically verified to very high accuracy. But if all nongravitational phenomena really are Lorentz covariant, it would challenge physical consistency for gravity not to be Lorentz covariant as well. Here we work out the Lorentz-covariant dynamics of test bodies that interact with, respectively, any electromagnetic four-vector potential and any gravitational symmetric-second-rank-tensor potential. A subsidiary symmetry spontaneously emerges in each case: gauge invariance in electromagnetism, and general coordinate covariance in gravitation. We then work out field equations for the electromagnetic and gravitational potentials which incorporate their respective subsidiary symmetries; such field equations unavoidably have an infinite number of candidate solutions for their potentials, but candidate potentials which aren’t Lorentz covariant are of course excluded, as are candidate potentials which violate causality or introduce singularities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Damping of Light in Cosmos and the Quasar Misunderstanding

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 4 pages

Electromagnetic radiation in space experiences damping as it moves through the universe [1]. We argue that the damping rate must behave according to the square of the frequency in the low frequency limit. Correspondingly, the supposedly high-intensity radiation of quasars at radio frequencies must, on the one hand, be a misinterpretation originating in the much lower damping rate compared to that of visible light. On the other hand the incorrectly pretended expansion of space, claimed by General Relativity, erroneously supposes an additional weakening of radiation of distant sources.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Self-Consistent Model of Cosmology Inspired by Hierarchy Problems

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this study, we drew hints from the hierarchy problems and investigated the possibility that certain physical constants might actually evolve in accordance with the cosmic expansion, a process that has evaded all careful inspections to date due to a concerted evolution of those physical constants. We demonstrate that the hierarchy gaps, along with observations of the Hubble’s constant and the cosmic microwave background, all point to a consistent narrative that the Hubble radius has expanded by a factor of exactly 3.25×10^24 since the very beginning of the universe. The Planck constant is inversely proportional to the Hubble volume in our model, which further drives an evolution of not only the scale of the Planck units but also that of the elementary charge and the mass of elementary particles. This temporal evolution of the nature of the universe is a consequence from the mathematics of a stochastic symmetry breaking in the space as a binary field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fundamental Cycle: A Harmonic Reinterpretation of Relativity and Its Cosmological Implications

Authors: X. Aupí
Comments: 45 Pages.

In this article, we present a harmonic reinterpretation of the theory of relativity, wherein the circle emerges as the mathematical entity underlying physical reality. This approach stems from a reconsideration of the Minkowskian rotation. Its imaginary character—both in angle and in time—is attributed to the observer’s embeddedness within the physical structure of reality, while the rotation itself is understood as a physical manifestation of an underlying fundamental cycle. This cycle, which operates across all physical scales, is posited as a potential organizing principle of nature, possibly reflecting a deeper layer of physical law. At its largest possible scale, this reinterpretation yields a cyclic, observer-dependent cosmological model in which the observable universe is understood as only half of a broader, more complete cosmological scheme, the other half remaining beyond direct observation. This novel perspective arises from a philosophical analysis of what is known in cosmology as the problem of the beginning, offering a logically grounded framework for the origin of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Gravity of Probability --- Quantum Gravimetry: A Semi-Classical Framework for Gravitational Effects Driven by Quantum Decoherence and Collapse

Authors: Jordan Waters
Comments: 28 Pages.

This paper introduces a semi-classical gravitational framework in which spacetime curvature is sourced not only by realized mass-energy, but also by the probability amplitudes of uncollapsed quantum states. The theory predicts that the gravitational field responds not only to realized mass-energy, but also—transiently—to quantum probability amplitudes before collapse, with measurable effects in macroscopic systems that maintain partial coherence. This reinterpretation offers an alternative to particle-based dark matter by proposing that observed gravitational anomalies—such as flat galaxy rotation curves and mass distributions inferred from gravitational lensing—arise from decoherence-modulated probabilistic curvature. A central prediction is that high-entropy, quantum-informational systems should exert measurably more gravitational influence than inert systems of equal rest mass. The theory is formalized through a toy model extension of Einstein’s field equations, introducing a decay-weighted probabilistic stress-energy term ( T^{text{prob}}_{muu} ), derived from the amplitude structure of quantum states. A phenomenological decoherence function ( Gamma(E) ) is introduced and constrained using astrophysical data. Three falsifiable tests against SPARC rotation curve data are presented:begin{itemize} item A derived probability field density ( ho_0^Q ) shows consistent scaling with baryonic mass, item A modified acceleration law reproduces Milgrom-like behavior without invoking new particles, item The parameter-free fit across diverse galaxies yields low ( chi^2 ) residuals compared to $Lambda$CDM.end{itemize}The framework also addresses gravitational lensing in the Bullet Cluster and reframes the black hole information paradox by treating singularities as null probability domains. While speculative, the model introduces no new particles or ontologies and remains grounded in established physics. It is offered as a testable augmentation to general relativity—a bridge between quantum uncertainty and gravitational geometry that reframes what mass is, and when it matters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reconstructing H(z) from Spiral Geometry and Rotation Curves Without Dark Matter

Authors: E.P.J. de Haas
Comments: 22 Pages.

We introduce a new method for empirically determining the cosmic expansion history (H(z)) using galactic structure alone, based on a gravitational metric inflow framework that does not require dark matter halos. In this model, both spiral arm geometry and galaxy rotation curves arise naturally from the motion of spacetime itself, driven by a central gravitational mass and the Hubble parameter at the time of structure formation. We derive analytical expressions for the effective orbital velocity and pitch angle of the inflowing metric, demonstrating that these quantities encode the value of (H(z)) directly. By fitting observed rotation curves and spiral geometries from well-resolved galaxies, one can potentially extract empirical (H(z)) estimates and compare them to standard (Lambda)CDM predictions. Unlike traditional chronometers or BAO measurements, our approach relies solely on observed galaxy morphology and redshift, enabling a scalable and purely geometric reconstruction of the expansion history. We estimate that future surveys could yield (10^5) to (10^6) independent (H(z)) measurements using this method, offering a powerful new observational test of cosmology and gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Construction of the Cosmic Theory Based on Electric Primitives and Magnetic Primitives and Its Interpretation of Cosmic Mysteries

Authors: Xiaoliang Tian, Xiaohua Li, Hui Sun
Comments: 34 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This study, rooted in the first principles of the universe, systematically defines Electric Primitives (EPs) and Magnetic Primitives (MPs) as the fundamental building blocks of the cosmos through quantum analysis and cross-scale logical reconstruction, constructing a rigorous, self-consistent, and entirely new cosmological theoretical framework. This framework breaks through the logical barriers between macroscopic astrophysics and microscopic quantum domains, achieving the essential unification of physical laws across these two scales and providing a novel cognitive paradigm for decoding the operational mechanisms of the universe.The theory achieves disruptive breakthroughs in three core domains:- Nature of Matter and Energy: It profoundly reveals the quantum structural properties of dark matter and the spatiotemporal evolution essence of dark energy, offering a trans-era new pathway to understand the distribution of matter and energy in the universe.- Unification of Fundamental Forces: By systematically elaborating on the synergistic mechanisms of gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force, it achieves the theoretical unification of fundamental forces, propelling theoretical physics a crucial step closer to the "theory of everything."- Interpretation of Frontier Phenomena: It proposes a new "quantum primitives self-organization" mechanism for the origin of the Big Bang singularity and innovatively deciphers the non-local nature of quantum entanglement, transcending the philosophical boundaries of traditional physical cognition.Verified by multidisciplinary approaches including astrophysical observations, high-energy physics experiments, and quantum information research, this theory demonstrates robust explanatory and predictive capabilities in cosmological model construction, fundamental particle property interpretation, and quantum technology principle innovation. The cognitive revolution it brings not only pioneers a new paradigm for basic scientific research but also holds the promise to reshape the research directions of physics and cosmology. It is poised to become a pivotal theoretical breakthrough that rewrites the history of science in humanity quest to understand the essence of the universe, erecting an epoch-making theoretical cornerstone for exploring the ultimate mysteries of the cosmos.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

3D Horizons in an Alternative Natario Warp Drive Using the Adm-MTW-Alcubierre Formalism with Constant Speeds Over the X-Axis

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 46 Pages. Related to viXra:2506.0148v1

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001.Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than light predated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drive vector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates using the Hodge Star but Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a real spaceship is a 3D object inserted inside a 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates. In this work we present the alternative warp drive vector in 3D Spherical Coordinates without the Hodge Star for constantspeeds.Our alternative warp drive vector also satisfies the Natario requirements for a warp drive spacetime.One the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of theHorizons(causally disconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control thefront part of the bubble.The behavior of a photon sent to the front of the warp bubble in the case of the alternative Natario warp drive with constant velocity and a lapse function is also one of the main purposes of this work.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the alternative Natariowarp drive in the 3+1 spacetime with and without the lapse function using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and the ADM(Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner) formalism equations with the approachof MTW(Misner-Thorne-Wheeler) and Alcubierre.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

KGS Onon Theory

Authors: K Gowtham Siddharth
Comments: 5 Pages. This theory should not be copied without the author's legal permission.

I make this theory to define division by zero. This can be useful to study black hole and big bang theory which I included in the pdf.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Collection of Properties of Matter

Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko
Comments: 141 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

This collection includes separately written works. These works are included practically without changes. Some point representations of properties are clarified and presented more fully. But speaking about one work, revealing some properties of matter, it is difficult not to mention other properties, knowing their existence. Firstly, matter is one. Yes, it is presented by the diversity in the Artificially Created Axioms created by us, as properties that do not require proof, and in the models based on them. But in such diversity, we are talking about matter. It is one in the single dynamics of the visible Universe and in the depths of the physical vacuum. This is all matter. We are talking about the material world, without fantasies. Secondly, when describing the properties of matter, we avoid building fictitious ideas, hypotheses, the words "probably", "maybe", and models, projects, systems based on them. Facts of properties were taken, and the consequences of such facts. This is like cause and effect. As they say - nothing personal. And the reason for writing this collection is that, when speaking about this or that "face", it is difficult to resist showing the entire "polyhedron" of the unified matter. It is like the second derivative of a separate charge (one "face") and the electromotive force of self-induction in a circuit (the second "face") have one "polyhedron" in Maxwell's equations, when we answer the question WHY, with such a cause there is such a consequence. Or, WHY in a vacuum with zero mass, the force of gravity arises. In Newton's law there is no curved space, but the force of gravity works, and this force is derived from the equation of curved space (tensor) of Einstein, and again the question WHY. Physics answers the questions WHY. Mathematics answers the questions HOW this happens. Often, emergent properties of matter are hidden in such mathematical answers. Such a concept provides good prospects for research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Necessary to Involve the Ether and Its Analogues to Explain Dark Energy and Dark Matter?

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article considers a model in which the initial elements are metric constraints imposed on an initially rotating and radially reacting vacuum.It is assumed that the Hubble constant H and the acceleration parameter q can be derived without using energy densities, pressure, or a cosmological constant, but only through the internal dynamics of the metric, which depends on the angular velocity, radial response, and their derivatives.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Necessary to Involve Ether and Its Analogues to Explain Dark Energy and Dark Matter (In Russian)?

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article considers a model in which the initial elements are metric constraints imposed on an initially rotating and radially reacting vacuum.It is assumed that the Hubble constant H and the acceleration parameter q can be derived without using energy densities, pressure, or a cosmological constant, but only through the internal dynamics of the metric, which depends on the angular velocity, radial response, and their derivatives.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inertial Force in the D’Alambertian Formalism of Mechanics

Authors: Wenceslao Segura
Comments: 8 Pages.

We argue that the inertial force is a real force of gravitational origin. Specifically, it is a passive induction force that arises when a test particle accelerates relative to the gravitational field of the Universe. In the classical approximation this force depends linearly on the acceleration and has the opposite direction, allowing us to identify it with the classical inertial force. Using the d'Alembertian formalism of mechanics, we demonstrate that the inertial force arises from the interaction of the particle with the cosmic gravitational field, thus providing a consistent implementation of Mach's principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Combined H(z) Dependece of Quantized Space Cells Volume and Space Cell Doubling Time Results in a Unified Metric Scenario for Modelling Dark Matter and Dark Energy Related Phenomena

Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: 4 Pages.

In a previous paper, I introduced a quantized space cell using the Hubble constant H0 and I used for the space cell doubling time today’s value, so also at H0 . In this paper, I will improve the approach by replacing the Hubble constant by the time dependent Hubble parameter H(z) for both the quantized space volume and the space cel doubling time. I then insert the (Λ)CDM function for H(z) in my model. The resulting scenario is capable of for modeling of both Dark Matter and Dark Energy related phenomena. In this way, my model can replace ontological Dark Matter and ontological Dark Energy with an ontological metric and still be in full agreement with (Λ)CDM cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Emergent Dark Energy from Spontaneous Alignment of a Timelike Vector Field

Authors: Bin Li
Comments: 21 Pages. 3 Figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We investigate a geometric mechanism for dark energy arising from the spontaneous alignment of a unit-norm, future-directed timelike vector field Φµ(x), which dynamically selects apreferred temporal foliation of spacetime. In this framework, known as Chronon Field Theory,misaligned regions in the early universe give rise to metastable domain walls whose residualtopological stress acts as a slowly redshifting vacuum energy component. We derive the modified cosmological dynamics induced by these structures and show, through both analytic andnumerical analysis, that they can drive late-time cosmic acceleration with an effective equationof state w ≈ −2/3, in agreement with prior estimates for frustrated domain wall networks.As this energy continues to redshift, the acceleration is predicted to be transient, potentially transitioning to non-accelerated expansion in the far future. This model provides a minimal, covariant, and background-independent account of dark energy, without invoking a fine-tuned cosmological constant or new scalar degrees of freedom.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativism Killer: The Collapse of Conceptual Relativity at the Speed Limit

Authors: Rubén Yruretagoyena Conde
Comments: 5 Pages.

This article introduces a conceptual function named relativism killer(), which demonstrates how the framework of relativity ceases to hold coherence once a fundamental maximum is defined. We explore the paradoxical boundary where relativistic logic collapses under its ownlimit: the speed of light. At this precise threshold, the relative becomes absolute, and the structure of reference frames disintegrates. We introduce the concept of an ontological observer the definitional entity, which reveals why the condition x = 1 terminates relativity. This argument serves both as a philosophical reflection and as a structural clarification of Einstein’s prediction, stripped of assumptions and exposed as a necessary geometrical condition. It also supports post relativistic models such as the Hijolum´ınic Theory
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Exploring the Geometry of a Closed Universe: Light Propagation in the Fourth Dimension

Authors: Mohammad Hossein Rahimi Abkenar
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper proposes a novel theoretical model to explore the geometry of a closed universe, treating it as the crust of a four-dimensional sphere. Building upon the FLRW model and considering alternative cosmological scenarios, the study examines the motion of light in the fourth dimension to infer the universe's curvature. The approach involves mathematical modeling of spiral light trajectories, a theoretical framework for the nature of time across quantum and cosmic scales, and the determination of the universe's four-dimensional radius using Hubble's law. The model predicts the existence of mirror points and provides calculations of their positions relative to Earth under various parameters. This work aims to refine our understanding of the universe's structure and its implications for cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spiral Arms as Fossil Tracers of Cosmic Expansion: Inferring Galaxy Formation Epochs from Pitch Angle Morphology

Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose that the pitch angle of spiral arms in disk galaxies encodes the cosmological expansion rate at the epoch of galaxy formation. By modeling spiral structure as a geodesic inflow determined by the balance of gravitational binding and cosmic expansion, we derive a direct mapping between spiral pitch angle and the Hubble parameter $H(z)$. Applying this framework to a sample of nearby galaxies with known pitch angles, we infer consistent formation redshifts of $z approx 10$, corresponding to $t approx 150$ Myr after the Big Bang. These results suggest that spiral arms serve as fossil records of early-universe conditions, offering a novel chronometric tool for galaxy formation and a new observational window into the expansion history of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Time Dilation Sheds New Light on the Metric of a Static Point Mass

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 3 Pages.

We show that gravitational time dilation constrains the 00 components of metrics of static gravitational fields of finite extent to be nonnegative. Since this constraint is violated by the textbook "Schwarzschild metric" of a static point mass (which is due to Droste and Hilbert, not Schwarzschild), that metric must be reconsidered. It in fact is only one member of a one-parameter family of similar metrics which all meet the requirements set out in textbooks. Although those requirements don't include a boundary condition at the location of the static point mass, gravitational time dilation causes the 00 component of the metric to vanish there. The consequent unique metric of a static point mass turns out to be precisely the metric given in Karl Schwarzschild's January 13, 1916 paper. Schwarzschild's paper, however, doesn't take gravitational time dilation into account; it instead improperly attaches physical significance to a singularity in a factor of a metric component which itself is nonsingular.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Poster Describing "Should Einstein’s 1915 Gravitational Coordinates Replace Friedmann’s in Cosmology?"

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 1 Page. This poster was created for display at the GR24/Amaldi19 conference in Glasgow, Scotland - July of 2025.

The DESI collaboration has found that the acceleration of the universe’s expansion weakens with time, and JWST has found a large population of galaxies with z > 10. The Friedmann coordinates of the Robertson-Walker metric imply a Big Bang birth of the universe with unbounded expansion speed and perpetual gravitational deceleration of that expansion. The 1998 discovery that the universe’s expansion instead accelerates led to trying a cosmological constant in the Einstein equation, but this doesn’t accommodate the acceleration’s weakening with time found by DESI. Also, the large population of galaxies with z > 10 doesn’t jibe with the universe’s unbounded initial expansion speed. Einstein’s observationally-tested 1915 coordinate condition, however, is Lorentz covariant, which bounds all speeds by c. It also implies refractive gravitational slowing of incoming light, so outgoing light is accelerated. Outgoing galaxies whose z > 0.94 are similarly accelerated, so the universe’s expansion is accelerated, a gravitational effect that inherently weakens as the universe expands. We illustrate the above effects by plotting the time evolution of the simplest expanding-dust-sphere model universe in both Friedmann and Einstein coordinates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Photon Redshift as Vectorial Energy Decay Through Curved Spacetime

Authors: Daniel M. Rodrigues
Comments: 6 Pages. A full expansion of UMT. Axioms, Framework, Analogs, and Falsifiability (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite scientific references listed)

We present a metric-based model in which cosmological redshift arises from the vectorial energy degradation of photons along their trajectory through curved spacetime. This formulation reproduces observed redshifts and magnitudes of Type Ia supernovae (including iPTF16geu and SN Zwicky) without invoking cosmic expansion, inflation, or dark energy. Photon energy evolves through cumulative geometric interactions, encoding path curvature over effective time. This framework provides a consistent, non-expansion-based interpretation of large-scale redshift phenomena using only metric principles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology