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[28] viXra:2312.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-30 22:17:31
Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 6 Pages.
A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system in which it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the components of the energy impulse tensor (thus reducing energy density) by an arbitrary value.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[27] viXra:2312.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-29 22:46:44
Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 6 Pages.
A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system in which it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the components of the energy impulse tensor (thus reducing energy density) by an arbitrary value.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[26] viXra:2312.0159 [pdf] replaced on 2025-02-22 11:51:10
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 18 Pages.
In this paper, we will obtain a variation of the energy-momentum relation:E2=m2c4+p2c2To:E2=m2c4+p2c2-Rℏ2c2Where the R corresponds to the Ricci scalar curvature. In very small gravitational fields, the last element (which it can be considered a kind of dark energy) is almost neglectable. Anyhow, we will check the consequences of this in big gravitational fields and in the mass at rest, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations. In fact, the value of this R has been found to be equal to the cosmological constant (both in the order of 1E-52) making it a perfect candidate for the Dark Energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[25] viXra:2312.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-29 22:37:22
Authors: David Selig
Comments: 14 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)
The CMB Power Spectrum is one of the most important concepts in Big Bang theory. However, the mathematics of power spectrum analysis are complex and less than intuitive. This paper discusses the mathematics of the power spectrum analysis for CMB, with a focus on bringing clarity to this topic. We discuss the concepts involved and provide examples of the calculations that build towards the CMB power spectrum chart. We examine topics such as the angular power spectrum calculation and associated amplitude calculation. We discuss the spherical harmonic equations and the Legendre functions. We provide example calculations to assist readers in understanding the mathematics behind developing the power spectrum chart. Our audience is those individuals that are interested in cosmology and the Big Bang, and who want to have a better understanding of the mathematics behind the CMB power spectrum analysis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[24] viXra:2312.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-29 22:10:58
Authors: Russell R. Smith
Comments: 15 Pages.
The weak, strong, gravitational, and electromagnetic forces collectively propagate at a rate that is bounded by the speed of light. Since all of the particles within a clock communicate with each other through these forces, when the speed of light dilates, the clock speed changes giving the illusion of time dilation. This can be confusing because the clock slows down, but only due to light speed slowing down, not time itself physically dilating. When you try to measure the speed of light, the clock speed therefore changes proportionally with the change in light speed, so you always measure a value of c no matter what the local speed of light is or how much it changes.Rather than proper time, you have proper light speed, which is how a specified reference frame perceives the speed of light relative to a stationary reference frame in zero-g. The faster an object moves, the slower its proper light speed, which means that all of the fundamental forces slow down causing the moving clock to tick slower than the stationary one. When a muon travels at relativistic speeds, its proper light speed is slow, so all of the forces involved in its decay are slow, causing it to exist for a longer clock-time in the stationary reference frame.The presence of matter changes the local index of refraction, causing light to curve and change velocity. The event horizon of a black hole is where the speed of light is zero. Inside the event horizon, the speed of light is reversed, causing all matter and energy to be forced towards the event horizon, not a singularity.If x is nothing, then by definition, all components of x are also nothing. That is, if a and b are components of x, then [a = x] - [b = x] = x proving that if A - B ≠ x, then A and or B are not components of x. Thus, even in quantum mechanics, something never comes from nothing. Since you cannot produce something from nothing, and something exists today, the fundamentals for said something have always existed. As shown below, time therefore has always passed. We therefore need to consider a model of the universe in which time has always passed, and the universe was organized from fundamentals that have always existed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[23] viXra:2312.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-27 02:38:40
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 19 Pages.
Gravity is already recognized as form of Acceleration, but the nowadays Science of Physics does not recognize (yet) the Electric Field also as a form of Acceleration. However, Structural Identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, strongly indicate that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration. The implications resulting from the realization, that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, might not seem to be very significant implications, at first glance. However, this paper does present that, the implications resulting from the realization that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, are indeed very significant. One immediate implication, from the realization that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, presented in this paper, is the realization that Newton's Second Law of Motion (F=ma) might not be always valid. Newton's Second Law of Motion is accepted, by the nowadays Science of Physics, as a Universal Law, and as such, it is accepted as being valid for any scenario containing a Force exerted on a massive body. However, as presented in this paper, if the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, then, Newton's Second Law of Motion might not be valid for Electrically Charged bodies attracted or repelled under Coulomb's Law, and, in such a scenario, Newton's Second Law of Motion should be replaced by a different Law. In addition to the above, additional more significant and revolutionary implications, regarding how Humans perceive, the very Nature of the entities of Space and Time, also arise, if the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, which also might provide an answer to the question: why Electric Charges attract or repel each other? That question is still a mystery today, although the answer to the question: why Mass bodies attract each other? is already provided by Einstein's General Relativity theory. The above might also provide a lead to achieve a simple Unification between Gravity and Electricity, a quest which the nowadays Science of Physics is still struggling with, without achieving yet satisfactory results. In addition to presenting very convincing arguments that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, based on Structural Identities between Newton's Universal. (Truncacted by biXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[22] viXra:2312.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-26 14:31:16
Authors: Wim Vegt
Comments: 33 Pages.
Differently than in General Relativity, the Interaction between Gravity and Light [35] fundamentally has been based on the sum of the "Stress Energy Tensor" and the introduced "Gravitational Tensor". The theory describes "Gravitational-Electromagnetic Interaction" resulting in a mathematical Tensor presentation for BLACK HOLEs. (Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinements) [1] The "Electromagnetic Energy Gradient" creates a second order effect "Lorentz Transformation" which results in the Gravitational Field of BLACK HOLEs which determines the interaction force density between the confinement of Light (BLACK HOLE’s) and the Gravitational Field.Einstein approached the interaction between gravity and light by the introduction of the "Einstein Gravitational Constant" in the 4-dimensional Energy-Stress Tensor (1). In this alternative approach related to General Relativity, the interaction between gravity and light has been presented by the sum of the Electromagnetic Tensor and the Gravitational Tensor (2) . The new approach presents mathematical solutions for the BLACK HOLEs (Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction) introduced in 1955 by Jonh Archibald Wheeler in the publication in Physical Review Letters in 1955 [1]. The mathematical solutions for BLACK HOLEs are fundamental solutions for the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac equation (Quantum Physics) in Tensor presentation (35). Assuming a constant speed of light "c" and Planck’s constant ħ within the BLACK HOLE, the radius "R" of the BLACK HOLE with the energy of a proton, is about 1% of the radius of the hydrogen atom (14). The New Theory has been tested in an experiment with 2 Galileo Satellites and a Ground Station by measuring the Gravitational RedShift in an by the Ground Station emitted stable MASER frequency [2]. The difference between the calculation for Gravitational RedShift, within the Gravitational Field of the Earth, in "General Relativity" and the "New Theory" is smaller than 10-16 (12) and (13). In all "General Redshift Experiments" General Relativity and the New Theory predict a Gravitational RedShift with a difference smaller than 15 digits beyond the decimal point which is beyond the accuracy of modern "Gravitational Redshift" observations. Both values are always within the measured Gravitational RedShift in all observations being published since the first observation of the gravitational redshift in the spectral lines from the White Dwarf which was the measurement of the shift of the star Sirius B, the white dwarf companion to the star Sirius, by W.S. Adams in 1925 at Mt. Wilson Observatory.Theories which unify Quantum Physics and General Relativity [32], like "String Theory", predict the non-constancy of natural constants. Accurate observations of the NASA Messenger [11] observe in time a value for the gravitational constant "G" which constrains until ( /G to be < 4u2009×u200910-14 per year) . One of the characteristics of the New Theory is the "Constant Value" in time for the Gravitational Constant "G" in unifying General Relativity and Quantum Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2312.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-25 08:40:08
Authors: Archan Chattopadhyay
Comments: 4 Pages.
Fundamental results of special relativity, such as the linear transformation for Lorentz boosts, and the invariance of the spacetime interval, are derived from a system of differential equations. The method so used dispenses with the need to make any physical assumption about the nature of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[20] viXra:2312.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-24 23:51:51
Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 18 Pages.
This paper extends the ideas presented in our previous work, "Introduction to the Theory of Time Frames: 1) Time Flow."Central to this theory is the notion that time can flow at different rates in different regions of space, leading to a reevaluation of time dilation.As a logical consequence of observing inertial reference frames within the context of different time flows, the need to introduce the concept of "time frames" became apparent. The concept of time frames includes inertial frames of reference within a region of space with a definite flow of time.To compare physical phenomena between time frames with distinct time flows, we introduced a set of relations or formulas referred to as "time transformations." These time transformations enable observers to translate and relate measurements made in one time frame to those made in another time frame with a different time flow.Within the framework of time transformations, several novel concepts were additionally introduced. These concepts include the "time flow coefficient (p)," the "time flow ratio ()," and the "time deceleration coefficient (δ)," which are necessary for furthering our understanding of the relationship between different time frames with varying flows of time.It should be noted that the theory of time frames departs from Einstein's established theories of relativity, rejecting the concept of four-dimensional spacetime and describing a universe with three spatial dimensions and time as a separate, variable entity.This unconventional viewpoint aims to open up new perspectives on the underlying nature of time and its role in shaping the universe.With these advancements, we have laid a solid foundation for the theory of time frames and established a robust framework for its ongoing exploration and refinement.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[19] viXra:2312.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-23 01:59:18
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 18 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
Results from a recent paper, and accompanying popular articles, have argued that the observed asymmetry in the numbers, and distributions, of stars tidally ejected in front, versus at the tail of open stars clusters, would favor the MOND theory (Modified Newtonian dynamics), over Newton gravity, and hence General Relativity (GR). This paper disputes such conclusions by showing that the observed asymmetry can equally well be qualitatively explained with multi-fold mechanisms, which propose that macroscopic entanglements between real particles are behind the effects of Dark Matter, and that entanglements of virtual particles explain gravity. This is captured by the E/G conjecture. Considering other similar results, and the fact that we encounter hints of multi-folds in our real universe, in particular with GR at Planck scales, we believe that the explanation proposed in our paper is another viable alternative to relying on MOND. As the multi-fold theory recovers GR, our approach does not require modifying GR, with ideas like MOND. In such a universe we can justify why more starts are ejected in the front than at the tail of galaxy clusters, where the galaxies tends to dilute.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[18] viXra:2312.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-22 17:59:10
Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 6 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.
Null geodesics of a spacetime are a key factor in determining dynamics of particles. In this paper, it is argued that, within the scope of validity of Cosmological Principle where FLRW model can be safely employed, expansion of the Universe causes the null geodesics to accelerate, providing us with a universal acceleration scale a_0=cH_0. Since acceleration of null rays of spacetime corresponds to null rays of velocity space, demanding the invariance of acceleration of light a_0 yields a new metric for the velocity space which introduces time as a dimension of the velocity space. Being part of the configuration space, modification of distance measurements in velocity space alters the Euler-Lagrange equation and from there the equation of motion, Newton's Second Law. It is then seen that the resulting modification eliminates the need for Dark matter in clusters of galaxies and yields MOND as an approximation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2312.0110 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-31 16:46:04
Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 48 Pages.
Because the CMBR follows the Planck's radiation law more or less exactly, it should, because of the indistinguishability of individual photons, apply to a whatever black emitter. Therefrom arises the guess, that the existence of an upper cut-off frequency of the vacuum could be the cause for the decrease in the upper frequency range. Since the lower-frequent share of the curve correlates with the frequency response of an oscillating circuit with the Q-factor ½, it is examined, whether it succeeds to approximate the Planck curve by multi-plication of the initial curve with the dynamic, time-dependent frequency response of the above mentioned model. Reason of the time-dependence is the expansion of the universe. This work is based on a model published in [7]. It is shown, that the Planck graph can be approximated by application of the cumulative frequency response given by the model, upon the spectrum of an oscillatory circuit with the Q-factor ½. Furthermore the progression of frequency, energy and entropy is analyzed. The results point out, that origin and progression of the CMBR have elapsed in a totally different manner than generally assumed. Because photons behaved like neutrinos immediately after BB they did not interact with other matter then. Thus, we can exactly calculate back to 8.08·10—106s instead of 379,000 years after BB. Section 6. has been reworked.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2312.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-18 16:17:31
Authors: Steffen Haase
Comments: 50 Pages.
In the present paper we use a modified flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric containing g_00(t) describing a spatially homogeneous and isotropic universe to derive the cosmological redshift distance in a way which differs from that which can be found in the general astrophysical literature. Using the flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric the radial physical distance is described by R(t) = a(t)r. In this equation the radial co-moving coordinate is named r and the time-depending scale parameter is named a(t). We use the co-moving coordinate r_e (the subscript e indicates emission) describing the place of a galaxy which is emitting photons and r_a (the subscript a indicates absorption) describing the place of an observer within a different galaxy on which the photons - which were traveling thru the universe - are absorbed. Therefore the physical distance - the real way of light - is calculated by D = a(t_0)r_a - a(t_e)r_e ≡ R_0a - R_ee. Here means a(t_0) the today’s (t_0) scale parameter and a(t_e) the scale parameter at the time t_e of emission of the photons. The physical distance D is therefore a difference of two different physical distances from an origin of coordinates being on r = 0. Nobody can doubt this real travel way of light: The photons are emitted on a co-moving coordinate place r_e and are than traveling to the co-moving coordinate place r_a. During this traveling the time is moving from t_e to t_0 (t_e ≤ t_0) and therefore the scale parameter is changing in the meantime from a(t_e) to a(t_0). Using this right physical distance we calculate some different redshift distances and some relevant classical cosmological equations (effects) and compare these theoretical results with some measurements of astrophysics (quasars, SN Ia and black hole). We get the today’s Hubble parameter H_0a ≈ 65.2 km/(s Mpc) as a main result. This value is a little smaller than the Hubble parameter H_0,Planck ≈ 67.66 km/(s Mpc) resulting from Planck 2018 data. Furthermore, we find for the radius of the so-called Friedmann sphere R_0a ≈ 2,586.94 Mpc. This radius is not the maximum possible distance of seeing within an expanding universe. Photons, which were emitted at this distance, are not infinite red shifted. The today’s mass density of the Friedmann sphere results in ρ_0m ≈ 9.09 x E-30 g/cm3. For the mass of the Friedmann sphere we get M_Fs ≈ 1.94 x E+55 g. The mass of black hole within the galaxy M87 has the value M_BH,M87 ≈ 1.56 x E+43 g. The redshift distance of this object is D ≈ 19.60 Mpc but its today’s distance is only D_0 ≈ 12.27 Mpc. The radius of this black hole is R_S ≈ 1.498 x E-3 pc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2312.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-12 07:55:08
Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 11 Pages.
Will the universe allow us to talk past each other forever? Impossible! All theories of the universe proposed by physicists and humanity will eventually compete for a theory of everything, the true universe. For most physicists, a theory of everything has not yet been discovered. However, as a free individual, I used Einsteinian science to discover how cosmic inertia governs the true universe in 2021. Sadly, no physicist knows Einsteinian science (a fact I consider the ultimate absurdity of science), or the true universe would have been uncovered earlier than 2021, and science would have already transformed itself. Whereas Einsteinian science has a sympathetic understanding of the universe, physicists have a cold understanding of the universe. This paper focuses on how Einsteinian science analyses the universe as a single significant whole by highlighting how it tackles intelligibility and avoids and overcomes intellectual obstacles in order to uncover cosmic inertia ruling the true universe. Physicists seek theories of the universe using disciplinary physical research within a cosmic synthesis paradigm as opposed to the cosmic analysis paradigm in Einsteinian science, which leaves them ill-equipped to pursue the true universe. This paper expands on Einsteinian science with the true universe and cosmic inertia, the beginning or ending point of science, the future work of science, and the new role of physicists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2312.0066 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-02 21:34:50
Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 16 Pages. Creative Commons License, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
As shown by Larmor (1927a & b), Gödel (1949) and Kühne (2002), absolute time is indispensable at the cosmic scale, and is required by the General Theory of Relativity. Melia (2007; 2012) and Melia and Shevchuk (2012) have argued that FLRW-type metrics reduce to the Minkowski metric, and the Hubble horizon is a ‘gravitational horizon’, as defined by Melia (2018), as opposed to either a particle or an event horizon, as these are defined by Rindler (1956). Their argumentdepends on the mass of the Hubble sphere being variable, whereas, if it is constant, its radius becomes that of a black hole, and its horizon is an event horizon. In every direction we look, total cosmic distance is given by the present age of the Universe multiplied by the speed of light in vacuum. If we abandon the cosmological principle as defined by Milne (1933), we can see we are at the centre of a chronosphere, with the ‘Big Bang’ singularity at its circumference. Eddington (1939) would doubtless have seen the numerical ‘coincidences’ that arise in cosmology as proof of God’s existence and creation of the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2312.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-11 20:25:06
Authors: Barbara Spangenberg
Comments: 6 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)
Starting at the volume element of four-dimensional space-time and the determinant of the metric tensor as Einstein did in his derivation of his field equations in 1915, we want to try here to tread a new path to derive field equations for gravity. Here, in contrast to Einstein’s work in 1915, the space itself is treated as the field of gravity, not its curvature as in general relativity. The newly derived field equations become astonishingly simple and comprise the well-known solutions within solar systems. However, they lead to an increased gravity for galactic systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2312.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-10 23:11:02
Authors: Richard Benish
Comments: 198 Pages.
Certain preconceptions about the physical world inherited from antiquity as yet permeate our established theories of physics and cosmology. Tacitly prominent in this world view is the fact that humans evolved on a 5.97 x 10^24 kg ball of matter.One of the consequences is the "relativistic" point of view, according to which accelerometers may or may not be telling the truth, whether they fall (a = 0) or when they are "at rest" on a planet’s surface (a > 0). The result of an experiment proposed by Galileo in 1632, but not yet performed, would unequivocally prove whether this schizoid relationship with accelerometers rings true or not.An imaginary alien civilization (of Rotonians) evolved on a rotating world in which the truthfulness of accelerometers is never doubted. Adopting a Rotonian perspective leads to a model of gravity according to which the result of Galileo’s experiment dramatically conflicts with the predictions of both Newton and Einstein.The consequences of this new perspective bear on and invite a rethink of many facets of established theories of physics and cosmology. Herein we discover that the Rotonian perspective is consistent with what we actually KNOW about the physical world and -- depending on the result of Galileo’s experiment -- it opens the door to a much more coherent, contradiction-free world view, which spans all scales of size, mass, and time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2312.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-10 23:10:42
Authors: Richard Benish
Comments: 134 Pages.
Failure of LIGO physicists to provide a spacetime diagram showing the simultaneous laser paths and gravitational waves propagating through their interferometer is argued to be fatal to the whole enterprise.After establishing the cogency of this argument, the seemingly "unhackable" multi-messenger event GRB170817A is similarly placed under suspicion. Claims to have detected the gravitational waves from a coalescing neutron star binary suffer the red flag of a prominent (and suspiciously placed) glitch which prevented the event from triggering a real time alert to the community.Altogether, we have many reasons to suspect that all the claims of having detected gravitational waves are false. LIGO is a hoax. Perhaps the most dramatic way to expose the charade would be to at last perform the simple gravity experiment proposed by Galileo in 1632. We predict a result that conflicts with both Newton’s and Einstein’s theories of gravity. If our prediction is confirmed, gravitational waves and much else about modern gravitational theory would be falsified.Even if the result of Galileo’s experiment supports Newton and Einstein, we are way overdue to find out directly from Nature, instead of pretending to know, based on faith in popular theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2312.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-09 22:46:15
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug, Gianfranco Spavieri
Comments: 11 Pages.
Haug and Spavieri have recently presented a new exact solution to Einstein’s field equations. In this paper, we will explore how this new metric could potentially lead to a new model for the cosmos. In the Friedman model, the cosmological constant must be introduced ad-hoc in Einstein’s field equations or, alternatively, directly into the Friedmann equation. However, a similar constant automatically emerges in our cosmological model directly from Einstein’s original 1916 field equations, which initially did not include a cosmological constant. We will analyze this, and it appears that the cosmological constant is little more than an adjustment for the equivalence of the mass-energy of the gravitational field, which is not taken into account in other exact solutions but is addressed in the Haug and Spavieri solution. Our approach seems to indicate that the Hubble sphere can be rep- resented as a black hole, a possibility that has been suggested by multiple authors, but this is a quite different type of black-hole universe that seems to be more friendly than that of a Schwarzschild black-hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2312.0048 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-14 21:58:44
Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 25 Pages. (Title modified by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission or replacement will not be accepted)
This manuscript provides a new determinative atom model. The magic number 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 can be well explained without using quantum mechanics. In addition, spin-orbit coupling can also be deducted without quantum mechanics. In the final part of the manuscript, modified su(5) model called Hu SU(5) model includes all the fundamental particles and explain mass origin and decay mode in a clear picture.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2312.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-09 22:29:48
Authors: Greg Filewood
Comments: 39 Pages.
The purpose of this study is to entrench the Copernican principle into cosmology with regard to dark energy (DE). A dual-universe solution is proposed for both the scale and coincidence problems of DE which is simple and involves no `fine-tuning'. It is also, in principle, testable and falsifiable. The model enables computation of the total entropy of the universe contained within the horizon expressed holographically projected onto the area of the cosmic horizon in units of Planck area. We subsequently compute the Planck entropy, which takes an irreducibly simple form. A derivation of the relation $[{DE}]={sqrt{m_{pl}.H_0}}$ is provided and we further show that this relation is valid in all (local i.e. $H'_{tau}=H'_0$) observer frames. We prove that the vacuum energy is exactly zero in this dual universe model. Lastly we propose that our analysis implies that the MOND paradigm is due to gravitation interaction of the two universes and we compute the MOND acceleration scale $a_0$ and scale invariant ${cal.{A}}_0$ as a consequence of cosmology, completely independent of galaxy dynamics. Significantly, this allows us to bring the MOND paradigm into a cosmological model without modifying General Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2312.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-09 23:43:15
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 7 Pages.
We will demonstrate that the vacuum catastrophe can be solved by utilizing Bekenstein- Hawking entropy and applying it to black hole type cosmology models, as well as to a large class of Rh = ct models. Additionally, we will examine a recent exact solution to Einstein’s field equation and explore how it may potentially resolve the vacuum catastrophe rooted in both steady-state universe and possibly growing black hole universe scenarios.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2312.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-08 07:42:48
Authors: En Okada
Comments: 16 Pages.
Inspired by numbers of hardly-to-be-coincidence relations between the current state of universe and its Planck scaled precursor, we audaciously propose a hypothesis in which the mass of all elementary particles is generally proportional to the inverse cube of the cosmic scale factor, while their electric charge is inversely proportional to the square of scale factor, both of which are due to a scale factor or time-dependent evolution of the Planck constant. It implies that the Rydberg constant may be actually a variable, urges us to re-examine the raw redshift data and our well-established theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, which in turn demystifies the delusion that the matter content of the universe is insufficient to let it expand so fast, let alone accelerate.In spite of its pivotal importance in physics, the entity of time and energy has successfully evaded all attempts for revelation to date. We present a novel theoretical paradigm where all perceivable physical realities can be concretely defined by the degree of asymmetry in a digital field made of Planck scaled spatial quantum. The field has an inherent potential to spontaneously and totally stochastically break its symmetry. Our scheme not only solves numbers of hierarchy problems in one shot but can also theoretically calculate the mass of elementary particles and exotic baryons only with fundamental physical constants and fractional powers of pi or integer or half integer. By providing clearcut physical images for why particular Lie group may rightly characterize its corresponding force, it proves itself as a powerful guide toward the super-unification of all the four fundamental interactions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2312.0020 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-08 22:33:52
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.
There are growing indications today that complex dynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems lies at the root of primordial cosmology and the ultraviolet (UV) sector of particle physics. We recently pointed out that dimensional fluctuations of the UV sector can reproduce the morphology of the cosmic web. Expanding on the same line of inquiry, this provisional report explores the link between the long-range temporal correlations of critical phenomena and primordial cosmology. Excluding systematic measurement errors, our report sheds new light on the tension in the age of the Universe sparked off by the latest observations of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2312.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-03 23:48:16
Authors: Harvey Scribner
Comments: 6 Pages.
Special relativity time dilation has until now a un-discovered physics disconnect, "the signals used to derive the expression for time dilation (1) are actually from fixed sources in space". This observation presents a dilemma for the foundation of special relativity where it assumes a moving source emits the signals with time delayΔt'. The physics is shown that two fixed sources emit the signals independent of the velocity of the supposed moving source.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2312.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-03 23:32:58
Authors: Harvey Scribner
Comments: 10 Pages.
A source S moving with a constant velocity v emits a signal s moving with the velocity of light c relative to source S position with time t. The velocity v of signal s is the sum of v and c. The time of flight t for the signal s when emitted from S and observed at O is calculated using purely Galilean transformation of velocities in Euclidean Space Geometry. O must reside in the s light cone to observe s and avoid the artificially introduced infinities that plague classical relativity models. The geometrical interpretation of the physics is valid for velocities greater than c.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2312.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-02 23:56:06
Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)
In the previous paper ref 1 the group symmetric relation of (243 x √2 x 6)2 = 1.375941 1010 years for the age of the universe was stated and not derived. Further also the reciprocal transformation of one year is 8677 or 5 x 1728 = 8640 hours, as it seems as a group symmetric number and determining the time scale of a galaxy around a super massive black hole was used, which was not understood and let alone derived. This will be remedied here in par 1.Another subject also treated in ref 1 was the initial condition, apparently generating the super massive black holes in time sequence for an initial macro mass of M40 = 4.4587 1040 kg compromising the entire universe. The state of these BH from M35 to M40 consequently releasing superfluous dark matter as galaxy matter, was not checked provided these BH states where really possible from the view of the weak gravity condition for the intermediating dark matter medium. This is remedied in par 2.The appendix shows some work from around 2017, about the LIGO gravity wave detection of colliding black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2312.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-01 22:25:55
Authors: Martin R. Johnson
Comments: 19 Pages.
This is a presentation of the gas-cold-dark-matter model of Universal development designed for a younger audience. It uses simple language and has elementary development of gas thermodynamic principles appropriate for undergraduates and the general public. The essay also explores the origin of the Hubble tension in more detail than originally provided.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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