Relativity and Cosmology

A Note on Time Dilation and the 'Moving Clock'

Authors: Per Hokstad
Comments: 5 Pages.

This note discusses time dilation and the frequently referred statement that the effect of this phenomenon is that the ‘moving clock runs slower’. We point out that this effect is entirely caused by the experimental set-up. So, we cannot (of course) claim that the clock on one of the two reference frames (RFs) - moving relative to each other - runs more slowly than the clocks on the other RF. We follow up this by a detailed analysis of the ’travelling twin paradox’.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometry of the Universe in Extreme Cosmology: The v=c=0 Paradox

Authors: Mikheili Mindiashvili
Comments: 55 Pages.

Objective: To present a new geometric model for the analysis and visualization of relativistic effects, including velocity addition, gravitational phenomena, and extreme states of matter.Methods: A step-by-step analytical approach using simple geometry is employed, allowing complex concepts to be gradually understood. The method combines kinematic and gravitational interpretations. It is supported by mathematical justification and allows for experimental verification.Results: It is shown that the fundamental equality ��=��=0 arises as a consequence of the symmetric structure of spacetime. The method is consistent with relativistic formulas and enables clear computations and geometric interpretations.Conclusions: The step-by-step presentation ensures transparency of verification, reproducibility of results, and opens new possibilities for interpreting extreme states of matter and for practical applications of the model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Dark Matter Originates from Black Holes (in French)

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 53 Pages. French version of viXra: 2508.0157

In this paper, we discuss the possibility that black holes can indirectly and directly produce dark matter. As well as the possibility that neutron stars and hypothetical quark and boson stars could also produce it. We conjecture that, just as the relativistic jets emitted by radiation from the regions associated with high-mass black holes enable the creation of galaxies, the lateral jets of this same radiation enable the creation of dark matter in the regions surrounding the black hole. We disprove the ΛCDM theory, whose disproportionate cosmological constant leads to the "vacuum catastrophe". We argue that dark matter appeared after the Big Bang and that the production of the first lumps of the universe would have started with ordinary matter. By way of quantum physics, we explore the nature of dark matter and assume that dark matter and ordinary matter have hydrogen as their deep identity. During a quantum phase transition, molecular hydrogen would become analogous to a Cooper pair whose dibaryons behave like bosons. All matter particles at a certain threshold temperature become phased to form a coherent macroscopic wave of dark matter that has the characteristics of a soliton. When the crust of ordinary matter in hyper-condensed stars - the degeneracy pressure of quantum mechanics - overwhelms gravity, the soliton is repelled into space by "superdiffusion". Finally, we show that in many cases, a black hole can dissolve in whole or in part into dark matter. We hypothesize that there would be one or more other censorships between the event horizon and cosmic censorship. The trapped surface of one of these pre-Planck censorship would result in a quantum phase transition marking a change of state towards dark matter. This pre-Planck wall would trigger a spatial extension of the black hole into space in the form of a "macroscopic dark matter wave."

Dans ce papier, nous discutons de la possibilité que les trous noirs puissent indirectement et directement produire la matière noire. Ainsi que la possibilité que les étoiles à neutrons et d’hypothétiques étoiles à quarks et étoiles à bosons puissent aussi en produire. Nous conjecturons que, tout comme les jets relativistes émis par le rayonnement des régions associées aux trous noirs de grande masse permettent la création de galaxies, les jets latéraux de ce même rayonnement permettent la création de matière noire dans les régions entourant le trou noir. Nous réfutons la théorie ΛCDM, dont la constante cosmologique disproportionnée conduit à la « catastrophe du vide ». Nous soutenons que la matière noire est apparue après le big bang et que la production des premiers grumeaux de l’univers aurait été entamée avec la matière ordinaire. En passant par la physique quantique, nous explorons la nature de la matière noire et présumons que la matière noire et la matière ordinaire ont l’hydrogène comme identité profonde. Lors d’une transition de phase quantique, l’hydrogène moléculaire deviendrait analogue à une paire de Cooper dont les dibaryons se conduisent comme des bosons. Toutes les particules de la matière à une certaine température seuil se mettent en phase pour constituer une onde macroscopique cohérente de matière noire qui a les caractéristiques d’un soliton. Lorsque la croûte de matière ordinaire des étoiles hyper-condensées — la pression de dégénérescence de la mécanique quantique — dépasse la gravité, le soliton est repoussé dans l’espace par « supradiffusion ». Enfin, nous montrons que dans de nombreux cas, un trou noir peut se dissoudre en totalité ou en partie dans la matière noire. Nous émettons l’hypothèse qu’il y aurait une ou plusieurs autres censures entre l’horizon des événements et la censure cosmique. La surface piégée de l’une de ces censures pré-Planck entraînerait une transition de phase quantique marquant un changement d’état vers la matière noire. Ce mur pré-Planck déclencherait une extension spatiale du trou noir dans l’espace sous la forme d’une « onde macroscopique de matière noire ».
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Dark Matter Originates from Black Holes

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 48 Pages.

In this paper, we discuss the possibility that black holes can indirectly and directly produce dark matter. As well as the possibility that neutron stars and hypothetical quark and boson stars could also produce it. We conjecture that, just as the relativistic jets emitted by radiation from the regions associated with high-mass black holes enable the creation of galaxies, the lateral jets of this same radiation enable the creation of dark matter in the regions surrounding the black hole. We disprove the ΛCDM theory, whose disproportionate cosmological constant leads to the "vacuum catastrophe". We argue that dark matter appeared after the Big Bang and that the production of the first lumps of the universe would have started with ordinary matter. By way of quantum physics, we explore the nature of dark matter and assume that dark matter and ordinary matter have hydrogen as their deep identity. During a quantum phase transition, molecular hydrogen would become analogous to a Cooper pair whose dibaryons behave like bosons. All matter particles at a certain threshold temperature become phased to form a coherent macroscopic wave of dark matter that has the characteristics of a soliton. When the crust of ordinary matter in hyper-condensed stars - the degeneracy pressure of quantum mechanics - overwhelms gravity, the soliton is repelled into space by "superdiffusion". Finally, we show that in many cases, a black hole can dissolve in whole or in part into dark matter. We hypothesize that there would be one or more other censorships between the event horizon and cosmic censorship. The trapped surface of one of these pre-Planck censorship would result in a quantum phase transition marking a change of state towards dark matter. This pre-Planck wall would trigger a spatial extension of the black hole into space in the form of a "macroscopic dark matter wave."
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometric Origin of Mass, Charge, and Gravity from a Minimal 5D Scalar Field

Authors: Blake Eteme-Clement
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a minimal five-dimensional (5D) scalar field model in which the electron mass, the gravitational sector, Standard Model fermion masses, and cosmological dynamics all emerge from a single geometric mechanism. The model compactifies spacetime as ℝu2074 × S¹, where the compactification radius Ru2085 = Ru2080·e^Φ(x) is dynamically determined by a scalar field Φ. With only Newton’s constant G and the electron mass mu2091 as input, the framework predicts charged-lepton masses from a harmonic KK tower, reproduces the full quark spectrum using two flavour-blind parameters, and explains neutrino masses and mixing via a geometric seesaw. The same scalar field modifies gravity at galactic scales, reproducing observed rotation curves without dark matter. At cosmological scales, it drives inflation, reheating, baryogenesis, and late-time acceleration, with no new fields or fine-tuning. All predictions fall within current or near-future experimental reach, offering a falsifiable unification of mass generation, modified gravity, and cosmic evolution through geometry alone.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Under the (Fleeting) Iron Sky: Electron Mass is Tied to H0 Hubble Volume and the 26 Sporadics

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 2 Pages.

The total baryonic mass within a local Hubble volume, if collapsed into its most stable state (Fe-56), would form a single-nucleus-thick layer coating the surface of the global Hubble volume. In this configuration, the average distance between Fe-56 nuclei would closely approximate the electron's Compton wavelength. The energy released from collapsing hydrogen to Fe-56 is nearly sufficient to sustain an orbit at the global Hubble radius (about 1 in 1000 difference). The separation between the local and global Hubble radii is approximately defined by a particle accelerating at MOND's a0 over the Hubble time (see prior work). Thus, given infinite time in an instant, an "iron sky" would form. These characteristic distances arise from the direct product of the 26 sporadic groups (UNIVERSOID). This configuration holds only at approximately 13.8 billion years post-Big Bang under the Standard Model of Cosmology (SMoC). These findings challenge mainstream cosmology, raising further doubts about its validity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space-time Quanta: The Basic Building Blocks of the Universe Align Quantum World With Relativity

Authors: Pushpak N. Bhandari, Nandan M. Bhandari
Comments: 27 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces a theoretical framework that aims to bridge the conceptual divide between quantum mechanics and relativity by proposing a fundamental building block of the universe: the "Space-Time* quantum." The theory posits that every object possesses an inherent property, Time*u200a—u200adefined as the reciprocal of its intrinsic frequency. The Space-Time* quantum is a composite entity, consisting of a timeless space energy and a kinetic Time* energy. This framework provides a new perspective on wave-particle duality, the double-slit experiment, and quantum entanglement. It re-examines the principles of Special Relativity, offering a conceptual and visual explanation for phenomena like time dilation and length contraction as a consequence of changes in the Space-Time* quanta. The theory also offers an alternative view on the origin of the universe and the nature of gravity, suggesting that gravitational effects arise from an energy deficiency rather than a curvature of spacetime. This paper establishes a conceptual foundation for further mathematical development to test and validate these new insights.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Refutation that Experiments Verify the Relativity Theory and a More Reasonable Proof of e = mc 2

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 17 Pages.

When pointing out very serious mathematical errors in the relativity theory, people try to argue that the theory has been verified by a large number of physical experiments and therefore it must be correct. The presented paper looks at some of the most commonly presented experiments that claim toverify relativity theory and gives alternative explanations to the results of those experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Review: Cosmic Gamma Rays Around 70 MeV. DIRACs

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 2 Pages.

Gamma rays in the ~70 MeV energy range occupy a unique position in astrophysics. This regime sits at the threshold where particle-physics processes such as neutral pion πu2070 decay imprint a distinct signature, and where both Galactic and extragalactic cosmic-ray interactions manifest in the diffuse gamma-ray background. Understanding emission in this range is essential for probing the origin and propagation of cosmic rays, the environments of energetic astrophysical sources, and the large-scale structure of the high-energy Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Visualisation of Complex Time

Authors: John Malcolm Newell
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

The influence of charges acting inward from the past and and outward into the future, at the velocity of light, may be the entire sum of forces which act upon us and which we enact upon the universe. It is speculated here that recent acceptance of action at a distance (maybe better described as action over a spacetime separation, which reveals its relative nature) requires us to reconsider these forces as the origin of both gravity and inertia by accepting the necessity of complex time. Maybe we can resolve the mechanism of this action as being the divergence of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Effective Age of Universe: A New Concept Resolving Cosmological Tensions

Authors: Jami Hossain
Comments: 29 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We introduce the Effective Age of the Universe (EAoU), a relativistically consistent reformulation of cosmic time that reinterprets the expansion history from the perspective of a present-day observer. Unlike the conventional comoving-frame age of the universe (AoU), EAoU replaces the (1+z)−1 scaling in the cosmic age integral with the accumulated proper time along the observer’s worldline, yielding extended temporal frameworks of up to ~45 Gyr depending on the cosmological parameters. Building on this temporal redefinition, we generalize the FLRW metric by introducing a redshift-dependent temporal component, g00=−f(z)2, and derive an observer-centric effective Hubble parameter, Heff(z)=H(z)/(1+z), which links cosmic chronology, expansion dynamics, and metric geometry in a unified relativistic framework. This combined approach not only extends the effective time available for early structure formation—alleviating high-redshift anomalies such as the unexpectedly rapid emergence of massive galaxies, chemically enriched systems, and ∼109u2009M⊙ SMBHs—but also moderates early-universe contraction relative to standard ΛCDM, offering a natural pathway toward resolving the Hubble tension without invoking new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Origin of the Lorentz Factor

Authors: Matt Guiney
Comments: 54 Pages. The Michelson experiment and the Lorentz factor origin.

The purpose of writing this paper was to understand the origin of the Lorentz factor equation. Calculations were performed for various clock configurations and special relativity theory was used to compare the calculated dilated clock rate factors with the Lorentz factor. The following clock configurations were examined: 2-way light clock - light motion perpendicular to spaceship motion, 2-way light clock - light motion parallel to spaceship motion, 2-way ball clock - ball motion parallel to spaceship motion, 1-way light clock - light motion parallel to spaceship motion. Calculations were also performed in order to understand the Michelson 1887 interferometer experiment and how it relates to the Lorentz factor.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rotational Metric of Cosmological Bifurcations and the Role of Constraints in the Formation of the Universe

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

A cosmological model based on the cosmic deceleration parameter q is investigated. The model reveals a bifurcation structure associated with the dark components of the Universe. The model quantitatively reproduces the observed values of the deceleration parameter and proposes a conceptual scheme in which physical constraints, such as the speed of light, act as organizing factors, generating a metric structure and cosmological bifurcations. A concept is proposed in which constraints precede entities, suggesting that the Universe itself emerges from fundamental constraints, rather than vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rotational Metric of Cosmological Bifurcations and the Role of Constraints in the Formation of the Universe (In Russian)

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

A cosmological model based on the cosmic deceleration parameter q is investigated. The model reveals a bifurcation structure associated with the dark components of the Universe. The model quantitatively reproduces the observed values of the deceleration parameter and proposes a conceptual scheme in which physical constraints, such as the speed of light, act as organizing factors, generating a metric structure and cosmological bifurcations. A concept is proposed in which constraints precede entities, suggesting that the Universe itself emerges from fundamental constraints, rather than vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

OR Serial Report 2: Exploring the Objective and Real Mass of Photons

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 22 Pages.

The theory of Observational Relativity (OR), as a new theory in human being's physics, has revealed the essence of the relativistic effects of Einstein relativity theory, and moreover, has generalized and unified Newton's classical mechanics and Einstein's relativity theory in the same theoretical system under the same axiom system. However, the original intention of OR research is not to establish the theory of OR, but to give photons some rest mass. According to the mass-speed relation of Einstein special relativity, an object of matter moving in inertial spacetime exhibit two distinct masses: the rest mass; the moving mass. However, as an object of matter reaches the speed of light, either its moving mass becomes infinitely large or its rest mass becomes infinitely small. Einstein chose to set the rest mass of photons to zero. It is puzzling that Einstein's moving mass depends on observation: the same material object has different moving masses relative to different observers. Therefore, people subconsciously believe that Einstein's moving mass is not objective and real, and that only the rest mass is the objectively real mass with real inertial effects and real gravitational effects. So, if photons had no rest mass then they would have no mass. According to the materialist view of nature, the natural world is a world of matter, and all matter or material particles, including photons, have the intrinsic and objectively real mass. Naturally, the objectively real mass must be independent of observation. OR serial report 1 has elucidate the theoretical validity and empirical basis of OR. Now, OR serial report 2 will report on the exploration for the objectively real mass of photons by the theory of OR. The theory of Inertial OR (IOR) proves that photons possess the rest mass; the theory of Gravitational OR (GOR) predicts that the theoretical value of the rest mass of a photon with the frequency f is mo=hf/c2. Thus, according to the theory of OR: all matter or material particles possess the objectively real rest mass; a material object, whether it is a massive star or a tiny photon, must possess the rest mass of its own if it exists objectively; otherwise, it does not exist.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Generalized Energy in Special Relativity

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 2 Pages. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

We obtain the generalized mass-energy equivalence using an elementary approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Physical Constants and Parameters in World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 Figure (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

World-Universe Cosmology (WUC) is grounded on 1) Cosmic Medium — carrier of all interactions in Classical Physics; 2) Universe-Created Matter — continuously generated; 3) Angular Momentum — inherited from the Eternal Universe. All physical laws are determined by the dimensionless quantity Q , a dynamic version of Dirac’s Large Number, and shaped by the Cosmic Medium, consistent with Mach’s Principle: "Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe." The main goal of the present paper is to demonstrate how Physical Constants and Major Cosmological Parameters arise in WUC.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Other Cosmological Considerations

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 6 Pages.

There is a simple solution to the dark matter problem that is not being discussed. It is the "tension" of space. This is what the fine structure constant measures u2026 (the "springiness of space"- Dirac). If true, the proposal also gives the solution to the dark energy problem as well by relegating it to an alternate measurement point of view. The lessening tension (diminishing FSC) slows the speed of light and renders a reasonable solution. No new particles are needed, and no modification of the Newtonian equation for gravity is necessary.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology