| viXra.org > Relativity and Cosmology > 2403 |
 |
 |
| viXra.org > Relativity and Cosmology > 2403 |
|
|
[18] viXra:2403.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-29 14:23:35
Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman, Julian Cruz
Comments: 19 Pages.
This article discusses known and additional solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations without a lambda term and with a lambda term, with signatures (+ — — —) and (— + + +). The possibility of averaging these solutions is investigated. It is shown that the averaging of metrics-solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations can be used as the basis for metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum formations of the corpuscular type. Ways to solve the problems that arose in this case related to spatial singularities and spherical voids are proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2403.0131 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-07 17:45:45
Authors: Helmut Söllinger
Comments: 24 Pages.
By his paper "Units and Reality" the author has shown, that the transformation of the fundamental physical constants into systems of units, which differ from the International System of Units (SI), is a powerful tool to uncover correlations - sought for a long time — between the important dimensionless constants α = 1/137.036 and mp/me =1836.15 on the one hand and the numeric values of the constants with dimensions on the other hand.These numeric value correlations become exact equations if one transfers the physical constants c, h, G etc. into a system with a length unit of 1.0128 m, a time unit of 1.0112 s and a mass unit of 1.1531 kg.During the last years the author consequently continued his previous investigations and discovered a new numeric correlation between the Hubble radius and the number 1836.15.The numeric correlations in combination with an equation, which the author found 2012 through systematic numerical investigations lead to a new cosmological model which is based only on powers of 2π/α = 861,023 and mp/me =1836.15.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2403.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-24 22:19:44
Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repeated submissions and cancellations))
In the Einstein Field Equations space-time undergoes volumetric and shear deformations due to presence of matter as described by the stress-energy tensor. In the Einstein field equations the modulus associated to those two type of deformations is identical. In this paper we show that, in case this assumption is removed, proper solutions for the space-time metric can still be derived.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2403.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-23 00:16:13
Authors: Valeriy Dvoeglazov
Comments: 3 Pages.
We answer several questions of the referees and readers arised after publication of the commented article. Moreover, we see that is impossible to consider correct relativistic quantum mechanics without negative energies, tachyons, and without appropriate forms of discrete symmetries.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2403.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-23 20:42:01
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)
This paper challenges the quantum-focused search for a unified theory of fundamental interactions by exploring the potential unification of electric and gravitational forces within classical physics. Highlighting the similarities between Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation, it suggests that signs of unification should be observable on a acroscopic scale. The concept of gravitomagnetic fields, akin to magnetic fields in electromagnetism, is introduced, supported by experimental evidence from rotating masses and a notable experiment with a superconducting disk. This experiment hinted at the generation of a powerful gravitomagnetic field, suggesting a gravitational analogue to electromagnetic phenomena. The discussion extends to gravitational synchrotron radiation, proposing that celestial bodies in orbit emit this radiation, influencing their orbital dynamics. This concept is used to explain the observed mergers of black holes and neutron stars detected by gravitational wave observatories, framing these events as influenced by gravitational waves rather than spacetime vibrations. A central argument for unification is the treatment of rest mass as the true invariant gravitational charge, challenging the current understanding of black holes and suggesting they are states of matter with finite density without traditional event horizons. The paper concludes with a reevaluation of the Schwarzschild radius and event horizons, proposing thought experiments that question established interpretations and advocate for a classical physics approach to unifying gravitational and electric interactions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2403.0092 [pdf] replaced on 2024-04-09 10:48:16
Authors: Jörg Schmidt
Comments: 62 Pages.
In this work, the Friedmann equations, which represent the fundamental equations of cosmological models, are derived using a Newtonian and a relativistic approach by solving Einstein's field equations in a high level of detail. The space-time geometry in the form of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is derived and the calculations of the Christoffel symbols, the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar, as well as the solution of the field equations are described in detail. The energy-momentum tensor assumes that matter in the universe behaves like an ideal fluid.The relationship between the different densities in the universe and the scale factor and the resulting three phases in the evolutionary history of the universe are explained. The time-varying ratio of matter density to vacuum density in the universe eventually led to the reversal of expansion, i.e., the change from a decelerated to an accelerated expansion of space. With the help of the second Friedmann equation and an equation for the expansion force, it is demonstrated at which density ratio and at what time this occurred. Assuming a flat universe and neglecting the radiation density, the Friedmann equation is solved and equations for the scale factor and the Hubble parameter are derived.Equations are derived to determine the cosmological horizons, the Hubble radius, and the worldlines of photons (light cones) and of stationary objects moving only within the Hubble flow. Using example calculations and their representations in space-time diagrams, the interrelations of these quantities are particularly elaborated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2403.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 02:51:59
Authors: Richard Dvorsky
Comments: 17 Pages.
According to general relativity, the cosmological redshift can be caused also by another mechanism, similar to the gravitational redshift of massive stars - in principle due to differences in the global metric field between a source in the past and an observer in the present. In this paper, we analyse spacetime using a fully conformal metric, where the character of natural physical time is preserved and the scaling factor acts identically on all four spacetime coordinates. Unlike the Robertson-Walker metric, the fully conformal metric preserves the time independence of the speed of light and energy-momentum tensor. The motivation was to test the possibility of the above cosmological redshift mechanism in confrontation with astrophysical data. Probably the most important consequence is the generalized formulation and interpretation of the Hubble-Lemaître law z(r) = (eHr/c — 1), which shows good agreement with astrophysical data even for farthest supernovae. Confronting the model of conformal metric with some astrophysical data shows an interesting agreement with the observed spatial distribution of astrophysical sources such as γ-ray bursts and quasars. On a cosmological scale, the fully conformal metric mentioned above naturally determines global energy density, spatial flatness, and solves the horizon problem and Olbers' paradox in infinite spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2403.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-15 19:16:37
Authors: Jason Robert Leonard
Comments: 50 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI generated contents/results are in general not acceptable)
This paper presents a novel geometric model that derives both quantum mechanical and relativisticphenomena from first principles of nested rotating higher-n fractal hyperspheres. Through a series of mathematical analyses, we establish the fundamental premises, including the stereographic projection of rotating hyperspheres onto the complex plane, tracing out helical worldlines characterized by anangular velocity ω and radii r1, r2. Key results include deriving the velocity of light, gravitational and quantum constants from geometric ω/r ratios, formulating uncertainty principles and wave phenomena from ω/r fluctuations, and scale recursion relations connecting different levels.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2403.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-14 21:19:57
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 227 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)
[This paper contains a collection of my critical explorations of the relativity theory. The reader is encouraged to check the calculations.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2403.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-14 21:16:41
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 10 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)
In this study, the conventional understanding of the event horizon in black holes within the framework of Einstein's general theory of relativity is reevaluated. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that the event horizon acts as a physical barrier from which nothing can escape, it is proposed that it should instead be understood as an abstract mathematical concept, arising from a misinterpretation of escape velocity.Through detailed analysis, it is demonstrated that the gravitational field intensity at the event horizon is significantly lower than previously believed, challenging the existence of phenomena such as Hawking radiation which rely on the traditional concept of the event horizon as a one-waymembrane. Utilizing relativistic formulas for the first and second cosmicvelocities, the study shows that for any black hole, the escape velocities remain below the speed of light, regardless of the black hole's mass or radius. This finding implies that the concept of an insurmountable event horizon is not supported by the equations of general relativity. The paper concludes by suggesting that black holes represent a distinct state ofmatter characterized by high but finite density, and questions the traditional view of black holes within the cosmological narrative. Throughrigorous mathematical analysis, this research challenges established paradigms and opens new avenues for understanding the nature of blackholes and the fabric of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2403.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-10 20:55:59
Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 Figures
Superbradyons are hypothetical elementary particles that can travel faster than light keeping real values of their mass and energy. They were suggested by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres. Superbradyons do not fit Einstein’s theory of relativity. But they do fit the new theory of gravity which is called the 3D-brane universe model. Within the framework of this new theory we study the decay of a superbradyon into a baryonic particle and its antiparticle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2403.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-09 00:11:02
Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 4 Pages.
We propose a topological object, a gravitational knot, could exist in low heat Schwarzschild black hole (Newton's theory of gravitation) by assuming that the Ricci curvature tensor especially the metric tensor consists of a scalar field i.e. a subset of the Ricci curvature tensor. The Chern-Simons action is interpreted as such a knot.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2403.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 21:35:11
Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.
We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. Black hole singularity is considered as the extremely high speed changing of the eikonal. We investigate the analogy of a black hole singularity and the phase singularity in optics known as optical vortex.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2403.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 21:31:00
Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 34 Pages.
Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions:The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causallydisconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the $1+1$ spacetime with variable velocities and with or without lapse functions using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and we provide here the step by step mathematicalcalculations in order to outline the final results found in our work which are the following ones: For both cases with variablevelocities and with or without the lapse function the Horizon do not exists at all.Due to the extra terms in the lapse function andin the variable velocities that affects the whole spacetime geometry these solutions allows to circumvent the problem of the Horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2403.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 21:26:06
Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This paper logically explains in details that space and time in physics or the real world is of 3 types: the absolute physical space, the relative physical space, the relative psychological space, the absolute physical time, the relative physical time and the relative psychological time and explains the distinct qualities and their interrelationship. We also prove that Consciousness or Pure Existence is the only infinity in physics or the real world from which the whole universe has sprung up and which is present everywhere all the time. We use logic rather than any metaphysics or belief to prove this because we believe that "what is the truth can never be illogical and what is illogical can never be the truth!"
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2403.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 14:51:12
Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 4 Pages.
The properties of dynamic space-matter are considered, a special case of its fixed state is the Euclidean space-time of modern theories. Such dynamic space-matter is already represented in the quantum coordinate system. And already under such conditions the possibility of the presence and detection of superluminal photons is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2403.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-02 20:03:07
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra admin - Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted)
Based on Bekenstein-Hawking formula, the black hole maximal entropy , the maximum amount of information bits that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). Since any sphere is limited to the amount of information bits it can contain within its volume of space, up to the limit of the information within a black hole with an event horizon at the radius of this sphere, the Bekenstein-Hawking formula is the upper limit for information contained within any sphere (or volume) of space. This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits that are concealed in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit onto its surrounding surface area. This can lead to the idea that the fabric of spacetime is a fabric of entangled information units at the size of Planck length (for each information unit). Due to entanglement, the information in a volume of space is entangled to the information on its surrounding sphere and is limited by the surrounding sphere area divided by Planck area, just as Bekenstein-Hawking calculated for the black hole entropy. The best candidate to carry the entangled information quantum bits in empty space, will be the virtual particles quantum fluctuations in the vacuum, that pop in and out of existence due to The Heisenberg uncertainty principle . Some of these virtual particles that pop in and out of existence in empty space are non-correlated random noise fluctuations that cancel each other, and some are correlated information fluctuations. The correlated information fluctuations on the surface of the sphere represent information regarding the energy and mass within the volume of this sphere. As the information carrying, correlated virtual particle pairs pop in and out of existence, they define the pulse of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2403.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 20:52:49
Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 261 Pages.
Light is the only physical phenomenon of our experience that transits all three scales of the world we inhabit: infrafinite, finite, as well as transfinite. The concept of instanton accomodates the transition of thesescales in space and time. This fact indicates that the quantization might be in fact, the only true law of nature. In this respect the world we inhabit is unique: the Planck’s quantization procedure asks for a special fundamentalstructure of the universe as an optical medium, which must be a Maxwell fish-eye. In order to apply the Planck’s procedure of quantization to matter, one needs to extend the electromagnetic properties of the light fields to matterfields. At this juncture, the special relativity aroused a thesis which acts implicitly in all initiatives of theoretical physics: the length — which is a differentia of the concept of matter — is identical to the distance, which is aproperty of the vacuum concept, and can be revealed only by light. A proper usage of this thesis leads to the idea of Yang-Mills fields: the equivalents in matter of the electromagnetic fields from vacuum. The planetary atomicmodel, as the fundamental structure of the physical world is considered from this point of view. Consequences are suggested and/or described; some of them are pursued up to their conclusions, some remain at the level oflogical speculations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
| Third-Party Links: |
|