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[23] viXra:2310.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-30 01:05:44
Authors: Stephen Esmond Shum
Comments: 5 Pages.
The current paper is a follow-up to our previous research, denoted as "The Entire Universe's Expansion at the Speed of Light (Part 2) / A Comprehensive Examination of Cosmological Gravitational Redshift". In that particular study, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the effects of cosmic gravitational redshift. Our examination resulted in derived values for celestial redshift that displayed a significant alignment with observational data obtained from the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED).This current paper aims to extrapolate the total Mass-Energy Content of our local universe basedon our previous findings regarding the cosmos’ gravitational redshift. The comprehensiveMass-Energy Content of our local universe is approximated at 2.13 × 10^52 kg, presented interms of Mass Equivalence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[22] viXra:2310.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-28 07:00:24
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 2 Pages.
When Albert Einstein imagined himself riding on a beam of light, it was the trigger for developing his special theory of relativity. This paper will keep on trying to imagine the passage of space-time from the perspective of a photon to reveal new insights on the fundamental structure of space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2310.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-26 20:26:40
Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 20 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - The author's name should not be used to name a principle etc. Please conform!)
We will address some of the main questions regarding our Universe, such as theories about its origins, types of Universes (Virtual Universe, Parallel Universes), and questions about its finiteness, purpose, eternity, and its end.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[20] viXra:2310.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-24 19:42:11
Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 8 Pages.
Gravitational energy is localized. It is shown that the massless gravitational energy is enclosed in space, which is curved by matter, according to Einstein's theory. The density of the gravitational energy of curved space is found. This solves the problem of the unambiguous localization of gravitational energy, a problem that Einstein left to the mercy of fate. In the Schwarzschild case, the receipt of the gravitational energy from space by matter increases the inertial mass of the matter. Since the gravitational mass of an isolated system is determined by the curvature of space at infinity, the inertial mass of an isolated system exceeds its gravitational mass by the value of the gravitational energy of space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[19] viXra:2310.0109 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-29 22:35:54
Authors: Aya Thompson
Comments: 4 Pages.
We propose a setup allowing the physical testing of a "one way" or rather anisotropic/directionally dependent speed of light. A foundational yet unsolved measurement problem proposed to be impossible, we demonstrate the basis for a setup that is immediately practicable. Our insight is simply that the pythagoerean theorem allows for a tiny geometric indiscrepancy in path length versus time over a 2d geometry, most likely the maximum indiscrepancy allowed. The existence of a mathematical proof of anisotropic speed of light being testable is important for relativity and more foundationally the lorentz transformation itself, while a practical test application holds the potential for answering unsolved questions regarding the nature of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[18] viXra:2310.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-20 16:04:41
Authors: Stephen E. Shum
Comments: 9 Pages.
This study serves as a sequel to our earlier research, 'Entire Universe has been Expanding at the Speed of Light / Comprehensive Study of the Hubble Constant throughout the Ages of the Universe' (Part 1). In our prior work, we presented compelling evidence supporting the assertion that the universe has been expanding at the speed of light. This conclusion was based on an in-depth analysis of the Hubble Constant, and the resulting calculations of celestial redshift values closely mirrored observed data. Furthermore, our research shed light on the prominent cosmological gravitational redshift during the universe's earlier compact phase. The primary objective of this paper is to present a quantitative evaluation of cosmological gravitational redshift. This endeavor is to complement and expand upon the preliminary findings in Part 1.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2310.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-19 02:20:15
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 13 Pages.
The present paper is inspired by the article "Ho'oleilana: An Individual Baryon Acoustic Oscillation?" published by R. B. Tully, C. Howlett, and D. Pomarède on Sep. 2023 [1]. They claim: Evidence is presented here for the discovery of a remarkably strong individual contribution to the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) signal at z = 0.068, an entity that is given the name Ho’oleilana. K. Dawson, co-spokesperson for Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument is more inclined to believe that this latest finding is something of a coincidence, a chance alignment that simply looks like a sphere with a radius around what you’d expect for a BAO [2].In the paper, we provide a short summary of experimental observations of Boötes Void and Superclusters; discuss the main features of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model; introduce notions "Cosmic Voids" and "Cosmic Bubbles"; elaborate a mathematical framework for different types of Cosmic Bubbles (Hubble Spherical Bubble for the World, Disk Bubbles for Galaxies; Spherical Bubbles for Extrasolar Systems, Dark Matter (DM) Spherical Bubbles for Galaxies and Superclusters); make a conclusion that the Boötes is a DM Cosmic Bubble and suggest experiments, which confirm our conclusion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2310.0091 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-26 11:49:17
Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 12 Pages.
The classical emission (ballistic) theory of light predicted that the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror is c + 2v, where v is a component of the mirror velocity. In 1913, A. Michelson carried out an experiment to test this hypothesis and concluded that the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror is constant c independent of mirror velocity, to a high degree of precision. With the advent of Albert Einstein’s special relativity theory, and with additional experimental counter evidences such as moving source experiments, the classical emission theory was finally abandoned. Many years later, in 1967, an experiment was being carried out to test Einstein’s gravitational time dilation by bouncing radar pulses grazing the sun off the planet Venus. As analyzed and disclosed by Bryan G Wallace, large ‘anomalous’ first order variations in the round-trip time were found in the raw data, in complete disagreement with Einstein’s light postulate, but conforming to the long forgotten classical emission/ ballistic theory. In this paper, I present a new model of the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror that resolves these contradictions. Although the model can make correct predictions, its physical meaning is inexplicable. Light behaves as if it is reflected from the point in space where the mirror is/was at the instant of emission, and the speed of the reflected light is the sum of the speed of light c and twice a component of the mirror velocity, i.e. c + 2v. Logically, one would have to take into account the motion of the mirror during the transit time of light to determine the point in space where light is reflected. This paper shows that this logical and conventional thinking is possibly wrong in the case of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2310.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-18 20:42:57
Authors: Tibor Endre Nagy, Erzsebet Szolnoki
Comments: 31 Pages.
The radius of the universe can be determined by combining the Einstein formulas, which determine the degree of gravitational redshift and describe the angle of refraction of a beam of light running along celestial bodies. The relationship between the two equations is made by the ratio of the total angle to the angle of deflection of the beam of light passing by the Earth according to the rules of Euclidean geometry (2π/α). The so-called Darwinian evolutionary distances measured from the color changes of the respiratory pigments of biological creatures (in connection with the phase of their circulation) can be paralleled with this. It is possible to measure these to the radius of the universe determined in this way. During the nearly 4-billion-year uninterrupted process of Darwinian evolution, living organisms presumably adapted to surface gravity during mutations as well as to any other environmental factor. In this way, they can accelerate continuously along the imaginary straight line from the origin of life to the appearance of the human race, i.e., within the short evolutionary distance, due to the attractive effect of gravity. During the free fall from the past to the present, the curvature of space-time may gradually appear in their physiological processes and anatomical structure. Specifically in their circulatory system, the rate of evolution would correspond to the most qualitatively advanced level, i.e., the velocity of human blood circulation. In this way, the evolution accelerating to almost the speed of light is reduced to 5.23 cm/s due to an enormous time dilation (as a proportion of angles; α/2π). With this average human blood flow velocity, together with data from cardiac and circulatory procedures, a toroidal, or even more refined, ‘interlocking figure 8 model’ can be constructed. It reflects the dimensions, flow and pressure conditions of the pulmonary and systemic circulation, as well as the work of the heart.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2310.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-15 21:41:20
Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.
It is easy to show how Eddington’s number (the number of protons and electrons in the Universe) and the mass of the Universe are related to the gravitational fine-structure constant, and how, via the postulate of a ‘gravito-electric’ current, all three may permit the unification of gravitation with electromagnetism and vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2310.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-14 20:32:38
Authors: En Okada
Comments: 2 Pages.
Being inspired by numbers of too-unlikely-to-be-coincidence relationships between the current universe and its Planck scale precursor, together with the well-known Eddington number riddle, we propose an audacious hypothesis that the mass of elementary particles is proportional to the inverse cubic root of the scale factor of the universe. The hypothesis eloquently explains, within Einstein’s original theory of general relativity, why the universe seems to have roughly three times as much of energy as the sum of light and dark matters, and why it seems to accelerate its pace of expansion. Moreover, we provide an alternative formulation that is equivalent to the Riemannian geometry of the general relativity, paving the way for a grand unification of gravity with the other three basic interactions that are described by quantum field theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2310.0066 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-11 08:14:27
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 4 Pages.
This article attempts to prove that Einstein obtained his transformation formulas by applying striking manipulative mathematics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2310.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-13 19:49:11
Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 4 Pages. Submitted to JETP Letters
The article presents fundamental results which significantly change the theory of gravity: (1) Gravitational energy is localized. The problem, from which Einstein, Eddington, and other classics have distanced themselves, has been solved. This is contrary to Landau, Lifshitz's assertion that "It has no meaning to speak of a definite localization of the energy of the gravitational field in space". This is contrary to Misner, Thorne, Wheeler’s assertion that "One cannot define a localized energy-momentum for the gravitational field". (2) For the first time it is stated that the law of conservation of inertial mass-energy is violated during gravitational interaction and the mass defect is positive. The inertial mass-energy of bodies exceeds their gravitational mass by the massless energy of curved space-time. This is contrary to Misner, Thorne Wheeler’s assertion that "The mass-energy of a neutron star is less than the mass-energy of the same number of baryons at infinite separation".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2310.0058 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-22 12:23:16
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.
This brief note calls attention to tentative new evidence supporting the hypothesis that Dark Matter represents a large-scale dimensional condensate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2310.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-13 01:00:46
Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 31 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)
This article analyses the LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). The author contends that the LIGO failed to detect true GWs which will open door for the emergence of new physics models, at least, the ones that can explain who make a True GWs Detector, as the Witte Ulianov Time Interferometer model. To carry out this analysis, of one True Gravitational Waves Detector (TGWD), we will also use AI Artificial Intelligence. But to do this we first need to show that today, the question is no longer using the TT (Turing Test) to distinguish between a person and an AI. This test has been improved, by the author, to be a new TTT (True Turing Test), and now allows us to differentiate a TAI (True Artificial Intelligence) from a FAI (Fake Artificial Intelligence). This paper also introduces the Witte Ulianov Time Interferometer (WUTI), that can be used as base to make a TGWD. Built upon Einstein’s General Relativity (GR), WUTI capitalizes on the concept that gravitational fields can influence time dilation, akin to a "time flow rate". So, the WUTI identifies GWs through time distortion, over two time sources, when these waves traverse the detector. WUTI employs the Witte effect, first noted by R. D. Witte in 1991, while measuring disparities between atomic clocks. This effect enables the measurement of "time flow" alterations between two points in space, utilizing accurate time sources like atomic clocks or highly stable frequency laser sources. Upon encountering a gravitational wave, these clocks experience modified "time flow" between them, observable through phase comparators.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2310.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 02:40:58
Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 19 Pages.
When the observer's motion state changes, different forms of energy in an isolated system will undergo changes (this is the relativistic effect of energy). If the coefficients of the relativistic effects of different forms of energy are different, changing the observer's state of motion can become a condition for breaking energy conservation. This situation is the principle of energy conservation state change (PECSC). It can serve as a theoretical criterion for testing the correctness of physical theories. Through quantitative analysis of several cases, it was found that PECSC holds true: the principle of narrow relativity can lead to the destruction of the conservation of quantities in the system. This conclusion prompts us to seek new perspectives on spacetime. Considering that the phrase ‘spacetime undergo changes due to absolute motion’ coordinates the relationship between relative and absolute, a relatively-absolute view of spacetime (RAVS) that is compatible with each other can be chosen, and a RAVS which is compatible with both relative and absolute can be chosen. The advantages of RAVS have been proved. Applying the RAVS to analyze previous experimental data, it can be predicted that the absolute motion speed of the Earth is 0.0005c.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2310.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-10 22:01:00
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 6 Pages.
The differential equation of second order for space-time-oscillation in flat tangential-spacetime of Minkowski-type can be written as an energy-equation. For this energy-equation the analogon of damping energy in two coupled Minkoswki-spacetimes with ftl can be calculated and formulated over Lamberts W-function or via Euler-equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2310.0042 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-21 20:44:46
Authors: Benjamin Lesel
Comments: 3 Pages.
Modern physics primarily focuses on time in the durational context which we, as humans, are very familiar with and has been historically useful from an evolutionary perspective. However, this experiential bias of durational time may be misleading when trying to uncover the true nature of time and the relationship between the quantum and relativistic aspects of our universe. Here we will discuss time as a spatial dimension through a simple derivation of the time dilation equation utilizing simple conversions of time to a spatial dimension to highlight a new understanding of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2310.0034 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-31 06:51:21
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 18 Pages.
Newton's Laws of Motions are considered a basic corner stone of Physics. Thus, a claim that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be applicable in certain cases, sounds as an out of line, and an incorrect claim.Nevertheless, this paper presents such a claim, based on arguments resulting from the structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law.Based on these structural identities, this paper presents the prediction, that similar to Newton's Gravitational Field, which is already recognized also as a form of Acceleration, also Electric Fields, might be also forms of Acceleration.The above also results in the conclusion, that for Electrically Charged Bodies, attracted or repelled under Coulomb's Law, Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be applicable, and should be replaced with a different Law, namely, F=kqa.Also, based on the above-mentioned structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, a paper published by the author of this paper, expandsEinstein’s General Relativity Theory to include Electrically Charged Bodies in addition to Massive Bodies, which also provides an explanation for the source of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged Bodies, which is still a mystery today.The above presented predictions, presented in this paper, that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be always applicable, and that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of Acceleration, might sound extraordinary, not correct, and out of line predictions.However, this paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, and its results will be successful, it might provide validity, (or disprove), the above presented predictions.Parts of the materials presented in this paper, were already presented in additional papers, by the author of this paper. Those papers are also mentioned in the body of this paper, and also appear in the references section of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2310.0028 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-10 07:23:27
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 10 Pages.
This paper explores how to detect the viscous force of dark matter fluids. In a microscopic environment like the Earth, the ideal measuring device is the gravitational constant measuring device. However, although the order of magnitude of the viscosity force of dark matter fluid is equivalent to the gravitational constant, due to the symmetry arrangement of the gravitational constant Measuring device itself, the influence of various external factors including the viscous force of dark matter fluids has also been eliminated. Of course, The gravitational constant measuring device used in a general physics laboratory may not be accurate. It requires sophisticated professional equipment to complete. In addition, the direct measurement with other devices is not very good. The main thing is that the accuracy requirements are higher. In the interstellar range, the use of artificial satellites and spacecraft to make measurements may also be affected by gravity, and there are also some key problems to solve. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a method that uses the principle of superconducting diamagnetism to balance pendulum, effectively eliminating the problem of symmetric placement of pendulum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2310.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-05 20:33:49
Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 3 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0
Recent research, published in Nature (Anderson et al, 2023 [1]) shows that antimatter, in the form of antihydrogen, falls freely in the presence of a gravitational field. This ought to come as no surprise to any physicist, as it follows, logically, from the Special Theory of Relativity, which proposes that mass and energy are equivalent, and the General Theory of Relativity, which proposes that mass-energy produces gravitational fields, and is affected by them. As antimatter possesses both mass and energy, if the experiment conducted by Anderson and his colleagues had shown any other reaction to the one it did, they would have disproved both of Einstein’s theories. ‘Exotic matter’, rather than antimatter, is the kind that can be expected to evoke an ‘anti-gravity’ effect.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2310.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-03 23:45:18
Authors: Jeonghoon Lee
Comments: 18 Pages.
Time is a concept to explain change. Since gravity is a force that causes change, time can be defined using the rate at which gravity is propagated. (gravity-time). The speed of gravity is invariant in the pan-inertial frame and is not affected by other gravity, gravity-time is homogeneous even in the gravitational field. (In an inertial frame, gravity-time is equal to the time of the special theory of relativity). Gravity, created by a point mass, can be removed by using a reference frame of uniform circular motion (speed v) so that the speed of light in the gravitational field can be calculated. Here, if Newtonian mechanics is applied as an approximation and the above equation is converted into an equation of radius R, then the speed of light and the size of the black hole exactly match the values calculated by the general theory of relativity. The principle of constancy of the speed of gravity establishes the Lorentz transformation. When viewed from a moving object in respect to a star, gravity-time in the star passes slowly. Due to the difference in the time flow between the star and the object, the gravity transmitted from the star for a certain time reaches the moving object in a longer time, so the gravity works weakly compared to a stationary object. The gravity-time equations of motion could be represented using the momentarily co-moving pan-inertial frame. With this equation, we can show that even inside a black hole, the acceleration or the acting force does not become infinite. Also, the size of a black hole is smaller than the Schwarzschild radius. The theory of gravity-time predicts that gravitational wave is faster than light in a gravitational field, and that gravity works weakly on a moving object compared to a stationary one.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2310.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-02 22:38:46
Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 9 Pages.
Gravitational energy is localized. It is shown that the massless gravitational energy is enclosed in space, which is curved by matter, according to Einstein's theory. This solves the problem of the unambiguous localization of gravitational energy, a problem that Einstein left to the mercy of fate. Depending on the nature of the curvature of space, this energy can be positive (gravitational waves) or negative (Schwarzschild space). The density of the space’s energy is obtained. The emission of massless gravitational waves reduces the inertial mass of the emitter. In the Schwarzschild case, the receipt of the gravitational energy from the space by matter increases the inertial mass of the matter. Since the gravitational mass of an isolated system is determined by the curvature of space at infinity, the inertial mass of an isolated system exceeds its gravitational mass by the value of the gravitational energy of space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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