Relativity and Cosmology

A Mechanism that Prevents Information from Entering the Event Horizon

Authors: Xianda Duan
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form -Please confirm!]

For a very long time Black hole information paradox has troubled us. Once the information falls into the event horizon, we don't know how it can be released back out. Which violates the principle that the state of a system at one point in time should determine its value at any other time, thus causing paradoxes. This article describes a novel model of the black hole which fundamentally prevents information from falling into the event horizon. Here we show how the gravitational length contractions and dilation can make every point in space neared a strong gravitational field remain a bijection relationship between any two observations as the gravitational field varies. Consequently making all the information located on these points never fall into the event horizon. The observer also can never enter the event horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Photon Theory of Gravity – An (Alterntiave) from Einstein’s Relativity

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 46 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Based on a postulate that photons of low frequencies (undetectable by current technology) are the gravity force carrier, the paper derives quantitative results that are the same as or very similar to those derived in the special and general relativity theories and explains experiments and observations better. These quantitative results are the mass-energy formula, the energy momentum equation, and those for relative mass, the transverse Doppler effect, gravitational red shift, planetary precession, the deflection angle of light in gravitational lensing, the orbits around a black hole, and the strength and direction of gravitational waves (orbit decay of pulsars). At the detailed level, the results and explanations are different from some of those achieved using Einstein’s relativity theory, such as the explanation of the null experimental result for the Doppler effect of electromagnetic waves reflected from a transversely moving surface, the reason for gravitational red shift, and the size of the light sphere around a black hole. The paper claims that both the high-order Doppler effect and the gravitational red shift occur only at the point of photon emission. The paper also explains why the predicted deflection angle of gravitational lensing is slightly greater than the measured deflection angle and why the predicted pulsar orbit decay is close but differs from calculations based on observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time Dilation or Just Emission Frequency Dilation? a New Conclusion from re-Examining Historical Experiments

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 12 Pages.

The time dilation effect seems proven by numerous experiments and is widely accepted by the physics community. However, by re-examining the relevant historical experiments, this paper finds that the claimed time dilation effect is merely an emission frequency dilation of a moving light source or a source in a gravity field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expansion of Spacetime

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, the physical universe is modelled as an expanding Minkowski space, and this obviates the need for dark energy to be included in the cosmological model. The observed accelerated expansion in the current epoch can be understood purely on the basis of a mass-dominated universe, where deceleration due to gravity is more than compensated for by expansion of the time dimension. In the epoch prior to this, when a linear expansion of the scale factor occurred, the universe was radiation-dominated, and in the very early exponentially expanding universe, cosmic inflation can be attributed to an expanding ensemble of non-interacting particles. This is very different behaviour from that deduced from the currently accepted cosmological model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Three Methods for Calculating Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this study, the ratio of dark energy to dark matter was calculated from the following three methods: 1) Cosmological con-stant and Hubble constant, 2) Integration of four forces, and 3) Z boson and H boson. In all three, the ratio of dark energy was equally calculated as 72.92%. The amount of ordinary matter does not affect this calculation. This means that the universe is a 4D sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Energy-Time Paradox Limits of Special Relativity in Practice

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 8 Pages.

When we apply the results of the special theory of relativity specifically to relativistic energy and time dilation together on any physical phenomenon that depends on both, the observer gets contradictory results in the same frame of reference, and thus we have a new paradox in the special theory of relativity revealing to us the limits of special relativity in application, and the reasons for the failure of the combination of Special Relativity with thermodynamics
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Relativistic Wave Equation and Its Application to Cosmos

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 4 Pages.

A new relativistic wave equation has been developed; the equation applied to the cosmos justifies the beginning of the universe without additional hypotheses and predicts low-energy background.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Dark Matter Really Exist?

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 1 Page.

Dark matter is the subject of controversy today, pitting particle theory against gravitation. In this brief work, applying the theory of differential equations, an alternative hypothesis is given to dark matter that would explain the anomalies observed in the movement of distant galaxies without having to revise the Standard Model of particles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Quantification of Relativistic Trajectories

Authors: Jean-Pascal Laedermann
Comments: 5 Pages.

Solving the geodesic equation on a relativistic manifold is possible numerically step by step. This process can be transposed into a quantisation. We study here the effect of this quantisation on the Schwarzschild spacetime, more precisely in the Kruskal-Szekeres map.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Formal Binary Logic, Tidal Forces and the Equivalence Priciple

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 8 Pages.

Mass plays a strange multiple role in classical physics.This results in a difference between gravity and all other forces - a difference that stood at the beginning of Einsteins developement of his general theory of relativity. The equivalence principle (EP) deals with homogenious gravitational fields, which, in fact, don't exist in nature.There is only an approximation for this field in Einstein-Lift possible for local situations.Nevertheless, this EP can be true,because in classical formal binary logic there can be formulated a true conclusion from a wrong premise or assumption.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Refutation of the Theory of Special Relativity, the Demonstration of the Existence of Ether and the Presentation of a Potential Unifying Theory

Authors: Laszlo Cseik
Comments: 13 Pages. Translated from the original Hungarian version

The description of the physics of our world is at a dead end, so to move on we need to go to the root of today’s theories and rethink them from the base up. As a first step, using the original data from the Michelson-Morley experiment, we demonstrate that the speed of light is not constant and related to the Earth the light spreads as in a stationary system. We prove the ether or an equivalent physical effect must exist and we demonstrate the effect of the ether on the moving systems of the Universe. We show the mistake of the Lorentz transformation and the Theory of Special Relativity and prove that time dilation could not exist based on the theory. We present the author's Hypothesis of the Dual Element Universe, which corresponds to a Unifying Theory, and on the basis of this we determine the ethereal structure of space and the real cause of time dilation. Finally, we present the experiments that can prove our statements.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Assessing the Black Hole Solution

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 7 Pages.

The generally accepted solution predicting black holes and an event horizon using GR is shown to contain an elementary mistake when comparingit with Newton's law of gravitation. Using the correct ansatz it is proved here that the spacetime outside a point mass is completely regular, i.e. there is no event horizon or black hole, and free-fall velocities do not exceed the speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Different Metrics with Different Cosmological Constants

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester
Comments: 4 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.8, n.2, (1-4), February 2, 2022 [Corrections are made in order to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

In this article, the author demonstrates, that different metrics and therefore different gravitational systems have different cosmological constants and thus different total energy densities. Each gravitational system has its own individual metric, which differs from that one of another gravitational system. Coordinate transformations are only possible within one and the same metric, which means within one and the same gravitational system. As a result, our universe is traversed by a myriad of different metrics, from which one must select the appropriate one, that describes the gravitational system to be considered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Critical Analysis of Schwarzschild-Like Metrics

Authors: Valery Borisovich Morozov, Stefan Bernhard Ruester
Comments: 7 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.7, n.5, (1-7), June 18, 2021 [Corrections are made in order to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

By neglecting the cosmological constant Lambda, Einstein's field equations in absence of matter and other fields read G_{ik} = 0, which is not reasonable, since it violates the conservation law of total energy, momentum, and stress, because the gravitational field energy and momentum density cannot be represented by a vanishing Einstein tensor. In order to remedy this shortcoming, we construct a uniform metric, which allows us later to get a more general one, that is asymptotically equal to the Schwarzschild metric. This metric has a plausible energy-momentum density tensor of the gravitational field and correctly describes the effect of light deflection, but the perihelion shift of Mercury is overestimated. Because of the authors' different view in order to overcome the shortcomings, different solutions are obtained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Analysis of Siyu Bian,yi Wang, Zun Wang and Mian Zhu Applied to the Natario-Broeck Spacetime: a Very Interesting Approach Towards a More Realistic Interstellar Warp Drive

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 44 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions: The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one of the major drawbacks that affects both warp drive spacetimes are the collisions with hazardous interstellar matter (asteroids, comets, interstellar dust etc) that will unavoidably occurs when a ship travels at superluminal speeds across interstellar space. The problem of collisions between a warp drive spaceship moving at superluminal velocity and the potentially dangerous particles from the Interstellar Medium $IM$ is not new.It was first noticed in $1999$ in the work of Chad Clark, Will Hiscock and Shane Larson.Later on in $2010$ it appeared again in the work of Carlos Barcelo, Stefano Finazzi and Stefano Liberatti. In $2012$ the same problem of collisions against hazardous $IM$ particles would appear in the work of Brendan McMonigal, Geraint Lewis and Philip O'Byrne. Some years ago in $1999$ Chris Van Den Broeck appeared with a very interesting idea. Broeck proposed a warp bubble with a large internal radius able to accommodate a ship inside while having a submicroscopic outer radius and a submicroscopic contact external surface in order to better avoid the collisions against the interstellar matter. The Broeck spacetime distortion have the shape of a bottle with $200$ meters of inner diameter able to accommodate a spaceship inside the bottle but the bottleneck possesses a very small outer radius with only $10^{-15}$ meters $100$ billion time smaller than a millimeter therefore reducing the probabilities of collisions against large objects in interstellar space. Recently a very interesting work appeared.It covers the analysis of Siyu Bian, Yi Wang, Zun Wang and Mian Zhu applied to the Alcubierre warp drive spacetime. But the most important fact: their analysis also applies to the Natario warp drive spacetime.In this work we applied the analysis of Siyu Bian ,Yi Wang, Zun Wang and Mian Zhu to the Natario-Broeck warp drive spacetime and we arrived at the following conclusion: The analysis of Siyu Bian ,Yi Wang, Zun Wang and Mian Zhu proves definitely that the Natario-Broeck warp drive spacetime is the best candidate for a realistic interstellar space travel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Кильватерные гравитационные волны в Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени
Wake Gravitational Waves in Absolute Space-Time

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 14 Pages. In Russian

В рамках гипотезы об Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени, выдвинута гипотеза о существовании гравитационных ударных Кильватерных волн. В Солнечной системе такие волны генерируют, в т.ч., Солнце и планеты. Обычное гравиметрическое оборудование, как ожидается, сможет обнаружить такие волны от Солнца и, возможно, от Луны.

Within the framework of the hypothesis of Absolute Space-Time, the hypothesis of the existence of gravitational shock Wake waves is put forward. In the Solar System, such waves are generated, including the Sun and planets. Conventional gravimetric equipment is expected to be able to detect such waves from the Sun and possibly from the Moon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is the Cosmological Constant Really a Universal Constant?

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester, Valery Borisovich Morozov
Comments: 4 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.7, n.10, (181-184), December 1, 2021 [Corrections are made in order to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

In this article it is demonstrated, that the cosmological constant in Einstein's field equations is not a universal constant but a constant of integration and therefore a constant parameter. The re-declaration of the cosmological constant from a constant parameter to a universal constant in Einstein's general relativity is in fact an unnecessary restriction of the theory. The cosmological constant as a constant parameter opens up the possibility of considering different gravitational systems and thus different metrics of spacetime with different cosmological constants, which is an important step in solving the problems of dark matter, dark energy and of course that of the cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fundamental Conservation Law in the Theory of General Relativity: an Unconventional Approach is Feasible and Correct?

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester
Comments: 11 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.6, n.9, (1-11), December 1, 2020 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

The author derives the fundamental and necessarily existing conservation law in the theory of General Relativity (GR). Thereby, the energy-momentum density tensor of the gravitational field is found. Additionally, the cosmological constant takes on a completely new meaning, which solves the cosmological constant problem. This new interpretation of the cosmological constant also explains the dark energy and the dark matter phenomenon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Theory for the Unification of the Electric Force with the Gravitational Force

Authors: Piscedda Giampaolo
Comments: 3 Pages.

From the foundations of Special Theory of Relativity, we demonstrate in the simplest way possible, that the Electric Force can be described through the Theory of General Relativity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Undulatory Theory of Gravity in Minkowski Space

Authors: Martín Orlando Gil Cardona
Comments: 51 Pages. Cordial saludo a los lectores. Espero que este trabajo sea para ustedes teóricamente enriquecedor. Admito una posible revisión por pares.

In the following work I intend to present a gravitational potential ϕ in a four-dimensional space, for the attempt leading to the development of a Undulatory and Geometric Theory of Gravity, whereas, for reasons of convenience and co-variance with theoretical models intended to be integrated into the standard model, it must contain the most common and known number of dimensions of a simple space; in this case the Minkowski space M(4), is chosen, since this is a very consistent one, possesses a metric ημν that is very similar to Euclidean δij, and is sufficient to define the essentials of gravitation; a second objective is to demonstrate more conciliatory and adequately the concordance and covariance with Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity that was elaborated in this same space, with some quantum connections and with the classical scheme in a dimensional boundary leading to Euclidean space E (3) in which Isaac Newton developed the classical Theory of Gravitation. Keywords: Cosmology, Fields, Gravity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Penrose Suggestion as to Pre-Planck-Era Black Holes Showing up in Present Universe Data Sets Discussed, with a Possible Candidate as to GW Radiation Which May Provide Initial CMBR Data

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 13 Pages. preprint of the submission to MG 16

What we are doing is three-fold. First, we examine the gist of the Penrose suggestion as to signals from a prior universe showing up in the CMBR. That is, this shows up as data in the CMBR. Second, we give a suggestion as to how super massive black holes could be broken up s of a prior universe cycle by pre-big-bang conditions, with say millions of pre-Planck black holes coming up out of a breakup of prior universe black holes. Three, we utilize a discussion as to Bose{Einstein condensates set as gravitons as to composing the early universe black holes. The BEC formulation gives a number N of gravitons, linked to entropy, per black hole, which could lead to contributions to the alleged CMBR perturbations, which were identied by Penrose et al.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relations of Deterministics and Associated Stochastics in the Sense of an Ensemble Theory Lead to Many Solutions in Theoretical Physics

Authors: Rolf Warnemünde
Comments: 35 Pages.

With the method of establishing a clear connection between deterministics and associated stochastics in terms of an ensemble theory Maxwell's equations are theoretically derived and a geometrodynamics of collective turbulent motions is developed. This in turn leads to a unification of Maxwell's and gravitational field as well as the explanation and emergence of photons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Complementary Relativity: Beyond the Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 39 Pages.

The Theory of Relativity treats the effects of the supply of energy to a particle. This is what they usually do with the particle accelerators. Nobody cares about particles losing energy and if particles also have their own motion, such as their free fall in the universe. All in all, we all are free falling in the universe. Well, there is now a Complementary Relativity which cares about losing potential energy by a particle, while it is free falling in the universe. At a small size, all that can be analyzed also on the atom, where the electrons can drop to lower levels, so releasing energy. And at the end of this paper the Complementary Relativity will be tested really on the atom.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology