Relativity and Cosmology

Truly Two-Dimensional Black Holes Under Dimensional Transitions of Spacetime

Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 6 Pages. Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2021 Awards for Essays on Gravitation

A sufficiently massive star in the end of its life will inevitably collapse into a black hole as more deconfined degrees of freedom make the core ever softer. One possible way to avoid the singularity in the end is by dimensional phase transition of spacetime. Indeed, the black hole interior, two-dimensional in nature, can be described well as a perfect fluid of free massless Majorana fermions and gauge bosons under a 2-d supersymmetric mirror model with new understanding of emergent gravity from dimensional evolution of spacetime. In particular, the 2-d conformal invariance of the black hole gives rise to desired consistent results for the interior microphysics and structures including its temperature, density, and entropy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Analysis of Sagnac Effect in the Reference Frame of the Accelerating Observer

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 14 Pages.

We present a simple, clean relativistic derivation of the Sagnac effect from the perspective of the rotating observer/detector. The well-known Sagnac formula just emerged right on the first run of the calculation, without any tweaking of arguments to get the desired result. The key, novel idea introduced in this paper is that two observers moving with the same velocity at the same point of space simultaneously at a given instant of time will observe the same, identical phenomenon ( for example, interference fringe position) at that point, regardless of their motion history before that instant of time. Therefore, we introduce an imaginary inertial observer who is moving with the same instantaneous velocity at the point of light detection as the accelerating observer. The two observers (the real accelerating observer and the imaginary inertial observer) will observe identical phenomena at that point of space and time. Thus, acceleration of the detector/observer is irrelevant and the known non-relativistic Sagnac effect can be understood within the framework of special relativity theory. However, for relativistic speeds, Lorentz transformation / special relativity predicts different fringe shifts for the stationary and the rotating observers. This is a theoretical disproof of special relativity, along with experimental evidences such as the Silvertooth and the Marinov experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Simultaneity and Synchronization by Rods in Relativity as a Simple Geometry Problem

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 27 Pages.

In this paper it is reconsidered the physical meaning of the one-way speed of light, that has also been addressed in other recent papers, complemented with a simple geometric approach. Usually in the standard Special Relativity what is considered is the Einstein one-way speed of light that has been introduced by Einstein in the 1905 article “by definition”. In the standard interpretation the one-way speed of light is not considered since the Einstein speed of light is considered the speed of light. However, in our previous work we have shown that this is a terminological confusion. Now we explain why this is so with a very simple geometric Pythagorean approach that complement recent papers about the same subject. With this approach the measurement of the one-way speed of light and the solution of the conventionality of simultaneity and synchronization controversy is addressed. This proposed formulation is based on the existence of a gap of “synchronizations” with a rod that standard formulation is unable to detect.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Earth-Moon Distance Increment Generated by the Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

The Earth-Moon distance increment is generated by the expansion of the universe, Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) experiment confirms that the Moon is spiraling away from Earth at a rate of 38 mm per year. Dark matter gravity force is generated by the expansion of the universe, gravitational force is not strong enough and an extra centripetal force is needed due to this expansion, energy related to this new force is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0) related to the Riemann curvature. The cosmological redshift energy loss due to the expansion of the universe is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0). The Cosmic Microwave Background energy loss has been stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0) Dark matter gravity is generated by D(4,0) energy related directly to the S(4,0) tensor, however this gravity is attributed to exotic particles never detected, galaxies in our universe are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together   Total Energy T(4,0) and energy tensors are defined to complete the General Relativity field equations. The Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor into three orthogonal tensors, Z(4,0), Weyl tensor C(4,0) and S(4,0)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein Y Las Ondas Gravitacionales (Einstein and Gravitational Waves)

Authors: Alfonso León Guillén Gómez
Comments: 53 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

El autor presenta la historia de las ondas gravitacionales según Einstein, uniéndola a su biografía y a su época con el fin de comprenderla en su conexión con la historia de los semitas, la personalidad de Einstein en el manejo de sus circunstancias generadoras de conflicto en sus relaciones de competencia con sus colegas y en la formulación de la llamada teoría general de la relatividad. Recaeremos en las vicisitudes que vivió Einstein en el tránsito de que su trabajo científico pasara a la ciencia normal como un pilar de la física teórica. Trataremos como Einstein introdujo el éter relativístico confiriéndole un “olor de materialidad” a su explicación geométrica de la gravedad, donde indudablemente, no cabe, pero que él tuvo que ceder ante la presión eso sí justificada de sus más connotados colegas, liderados por Lorentz. Einstein lo tuvo que hacer para mantenerse en la cola que lo llevaría al Nobel. Fue así, como desarrollando el hilo del éter relativista, en junio de 1916, introdujo las ondas gravitacionales de las que, en un acto de liberación personal y honradez científica, cuando pudo, en 1938, demostró como no podían existir, dentro del escenario de su relatividad, para de inmediato también darle fin al éter relativista.

The author presents the history of gravitational waves according to Einstein, linking it to his biography and his time in order to understand it in its connection with the history of the Semites, Einstein's personality in handling his conflict-generating circumstances in his relations of competition with his colleagues and in the formulation of the so-called general theory of relativity. We will revert to the vicissitudes that Einstein went through in the transit of his work scientist will pass to normal science as a pillar of theoretical physics. We will deal with how Einstein introduced the relativistic aether, conferring an "odor of materiality" to his geometric explanation of gravity, where it undoubtedly does not fit, but that he had to give in to the pressure that was justified by his more renowned colleagues, led by Lorentz. Einstein had to do it to stay in the queue that would lead him to the Nobel. It was thus, as developing the relativistic ether thread, In June 1916, he introduced gravitational waves from which, in an act of personal liberation and scientific honesty, when he could, in 1938, he demonstrated how they could not exist, within the scenario of his relativity, to immediately put an end to the ether as well.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Classical Doppler Shift Explains the Michelson-Morley Null Result

Authors: Nathan Rapport
Comments: 41 Pages.

Here we review Michelson-Morley’s original analysis of their interferometer experiment and discuss its use of optical distance. We derive a formula for transverse Doppler shift from geometric considerations, apply this to the Michelson-Morley interferometer, and present a phase analysis for the experiment. Furthermore, we present an equation for Doppler shift at a general angle and use this to derive the null phase shift result for round-trip interferometer paths at any arbitrary angle. We do not dispute the validity of the null result, nor the prediction of an arrival-time difference for the transverse and longitudinal arms of the interferometer; rather, we challenge the implicit assumption that an arrival time difference will necessarily result in an observable fringe shift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Output of Formulas for Transforming the Coordinates of Physical Space Вывод формул преобразования координат физического пространства

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, we derive the transformation equations for the orthonormal coordinates of the physical relativistic and Galilean spaces based on the general transformations of the coordinates of an arbitrary linear space. The derivation of equations for the Galileo, Lorentz, and Tangerlini transformations is considered. (Translated by Yandex Translator Яндекс–Переводчик) В данной работе производится вывод уравнений преобразования ортонормированных координат физического релятивистского и галилеева пространств на основе общих преобразований координат произвольного линейного пространства. Рассмотрены
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proper Space Time Coordinates of Events — Completing and Disproving the Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 30 Pages.

The special theory of relativity (STR) is perhaps one of the most controversial theories in the history of science. Countless arguments have been made against STR by researchers, prominent scientists and lay persons. This paper reveals for the first time that most of the confusions arise from incomplete development of the theory, rather than from possible fundamental contradictions. This has caused STR not being not fully understood even by professional physicists, who have been applying it inconsistently. For example, the GPS is being cited wrongly to support STR. Proponents and opponents of relativity theory have been arguing over an incomplete theory for more than a century. In this paper we introduce a new concept called ‘proper space time coordinates of events’ that will complete the STR, clearing the contradictions and paradoxes. It is shown that the existing concepts of proper length and proper time are incomplete. The new formulation not only results in a complete version of STR that is mathematically and logically consistent, but also, ironically, leads to its ultimate disproof. It turns many of the light speed experiments, such as the GPS and the Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR,), against STR. These add to the already existing experimental evidences contradicting with relativity theory, such as the Silvertooth, the Marinov and the Roland De Witte experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Hypothesis for Mass Dependence on Radial Distance, with Novel Cosmological Implications for the Early Universe as Well as Dark Matter

Authors: David L. Berkahn
Comments: 6 Pages.

Working from first principles of special relativity and using a version of the equivalence principle, an hypothesize that an objects mass is a function of its distance to other objects is presented. Further it is posited that there is a correlation between this mass variation and gravitational time dilation in general relativity. Additionally due to the Schwarzschild metric the mass variation also distorts the spatial components of the metric which contributes to gravitational lensing. Hence this approach could be used to explain the unseen mass increase due to gravitational lensing of current dark matter exploration. This leads naturally to the hypothesis of the early rapid clumping in the early universe to produce the ‘cosmic web’ and dark matter halos necessary to produce galaxy formation. Certain electrically neutral MACHOS are suggested. These might include possible boson stars or primordial black holes. Radio emission spectrum would also be expected to be higher than average for various dark matter regions. We also expect that the theory is consistent with the observation that not all galaxies exhibit dark matter since not all galaxy clumping originated from the cosmic web. We propose mathematically how the theory can fit naturally with Einsteins field equation. Finally we propose a simple principle for terrestrial measurement of the theory
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The GPS Sagnac Correction Disproves Isotropy and Constancy of the Speed of Light and the Relativistic Clock Synchronization Procedure

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 14 Pages.

Light speed experiments involving moving detectors/observers have been some of the controversial topics in the Special Relativity Theory. The relativistic arguments are inconsistent and are usually ad hoc mixtures of relativistic and classical views. Researchers trying to use such experiments to disprove relativity haven’t been particularly successful either because the arguments usually left room for (not always consistent) relativistic counter-arguments. In this paper, I present a decisive disproof of special relativity by applying the assumption of isotropy of the speed of light to a thought experiment. The result is in direct conflict with experience and well-known facts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Observational Evidence Confirms Prediction from Dual-Energy Theory of Older Age of the Universe, Disproof of Lambda-CDM Model

Authors: Ralph B. Hill
Comments: 6 Pages.

New Dual-Energy physics of a universe of positive and negative energy has been proposed as the result of the identification of a specific Dual-Energy mechanism in gravity since 9-2019. Dual-Energy theory has already demonstrated evidence based on fundamental physics of energy in gravity and its ability to naturally predict the fundamental cosmological behavior of our universe. It sweepingly resolves dark energy and other fundamental physical problems in current theory. Dual-Energy theory has also predicted that the universe is much older than the age predicted by the Lambda-CDM model of around 13.8 billion years. It relates to an extended cosmic time period leading up to the formation of first galaxies. It is now reported that clear observational evidence has emerged that confirms the prediction of an older universe and for which no other realistic explanation exists. A regularly rotating disk galaxy, ALESS 073.1, has been observed in the early universe with a structural maturity that cannot be explained within the timeline under the Lambda-CDM model. An introduction to Dual-Energy theory is provided and its evolving revolutionary consequences for cosmology are addressed. A stunning extent of the current crisis in cosmology emerges.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity Funnel (Гравитационная воронка)

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 29 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In many textbooks and articles, when explaining the essence of the curvature of space-time, leading to the emergence of gravitational force, the force of attraction, the metaphor of a rubber sheet is used. A massive body is placed on a sheet and shown how other small bodies roll towards it along the curved surface of the membrane. However, this metaphor is misleading, creating a sense of three-dimensionality of the design. In this case, small bodies can roll only under the influence of gravity. Explaining gravity by gravity itself is a flawed way. The deflection of the rubber sheet is not really related to the third dimension. In fact, the bending of the membrane should be considered as a function of the force of attraction. We call this deflection of the membrane a gravitational funnel, literally - a three-dimensional graph of force. All bodies in this structure can only move along the plane of two coordinates; there can be no rolling into the funnel.

Во многих учебниках и статьях при объяснении сущности искривления пространства-времени, приводящего к возникновению гравитационной силы, силы притяжения используется метафора резинового листа. На лист помещают массивное тело и показывают, как другие мелкие тела скатываются к нему по искривлённой поверхности мембраны. Однако эта метафора вводит в заблуждение, создавая ощущение трёхмерности конструкции. В этом случае мелкие тела могут скатываться только под действием гравитации. Объяснение гравитации с привлечением гравитации – это некорректный способ. Прогиб резинового листа на самом деле не связан с третьим измерением. На самом деле изгиб мембраны следует рассматривать как функцию силы притяжения. Этот прогиб мембраны мы называем гравитационной воронкой, буквально – трёхмерным графиком силы. Все тела в этой конструкции могут двигаться только по плоскости двух координат, никакого скатывания в воронку быть не может.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Thought Experiment to Prove Non-Existence of Final Cause of Series of Causes of an Effect.

Authors: Yatharth Chaurasiya
Comments: 12 Pages.

Starting from an argument on the impossibility of finding a final cause of any effect of an existence with the available knowledge of Science and why human intellect itself affects all the observations and create a series of illusionary questions for every reasons of existence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Disproof of Special Relativity Theory, Lorentz Transformation and the Light Postulate

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 6 Pages.

If Special Relativity is a correct theory of the speed of light, then it should reduce to classical models for non-relativistic speeds. In this paper, we reveal a glaring error in the prediction of the Special Relativity Theory (SRT) and Lorentz Transformation (LT) . A ‘stationary’ light source emits a short light pulse at time t = 0, at which instant an observer/detector is at distance D from the source and moving away from the source with velocity v. For non-relativistic velocities, the time of detection of the light by the observer/detector is equal both in the reference frame of the light source and in the reference frame of the moving observer/detector. Using strict application of Lorentz transformations, we will show that SRT makes inconsistent predictions in the two reference frames. We also present a disproof of the second postulate that has been overlooked for more than a century. By disproving both postulates, this paper dismantles the foundation of relativity theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How a Gravitational Field Accelerates Particles and Atoms

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 10 Pages. 4 figures [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Starting with the Einstein–Duffield definition of a gravitational field, we bring the description of a gravitational field to such a level that enables the creation of an artificial gravitational field. Through this process, we derive answers to unanswered physics questions: From what was the universe created? Why are elementary particles so small? Dark energy/matter is shown to be a simple special case of the extended concept of gravity. In addition, the paradox of the wave–particle duality, containing two conflicting models, is explained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Application of Lorentz Transformation Equations to Light Speed Problems

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 20 Pages.

One of the problems among supporters and opponents of the special relativity theory is the lack of rigorous and consistent application of Lorentz transformation equations to debated light speed problems. The arguments in many cases are intuitive, lacking mathematical rigor, causing endless debates and confusions. Even relativists are usually seen to be confused regarding, for example, the time delay of a short light pulse for an observer moving at non-relativistic speeds relative to the light source. Strict and consistent application of the Lorentz transformation equations is necessary, whether to decisively refute or to defend the claims of the theory. In this paper, we present a rigorous application of Lorentz transformation equations to some light speed problems, with the aim of demonstrating the approach to be used for similar problems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Forces Inside a Hoop, a Sphere and Between Two Points
Силы тяготения внутри обруча, сферы между двух точек

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 19 Pages. rus

The forces acting on a test body inside a hoop, a hollow sphere, and between two massive points are considered. With dis-tance from the center of the system, the force of attraction grows from zero to a certain maximum. The statement about the absence of gravitational forces inside the hollow sphere is erroneous.
Рассмотрены силы, действующие на пробное тело внутри обруча, полой сферы и между двумя массивными точками. По мере удаления от центра системы сила притяжения растёт от нуля до некоторого максимума. Утверждение об отсутствии сил тяготения внутри полой сферы является ошибочным.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Yukawa Potential in Klein-Gordon Equation in Cosmological Inertial Frame

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 3 Pages. Thank you for reading

We study Yukawa potential dependent about time in cosmological inertial frame. If we solve Klein-Gordon equation, we obtain Yukawa potential dependent about time in cosmological inertial frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Correlations Between Fundamental Constants and Cosmological Parameters

Authors: Bharath Sivanandham
Comments: 3 Pages.

Fundamental constants such as Fine structure constant, Gravitational constant, Elementary charge and Speed of light seems to bear odd correlations to present cosmological parameters such as the age of the universe, the temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation and Angular velocity of earth. Which is currently not explainable and could lead to greater insights about the nature of the constants themselves and to the cosmological theories which they are derived from.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tutorial: (1) The Finite Lightspeed Electromagnetic Extension of the Galilean Boost (2) Thomas Precession: Surprising Rotation from Acceleration not Parallel to Velocity

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 12 Pages.

The Galilean-boost space-time transformation implies that accelerations are unchanged by changes of the relative constant velocity of the measuring instruments. Newton's Second Law then suggests that forces are also unchanged, but the torque a constant-velocity charge exerts on a compass needle at its point of closest approach changes with that velocity. This conflict motivates us to solve for the electromagnetic fields of a point charge moving at constant velocity, and to then inspect the results for the correct extension of the Galilean boost, a program we carry out by first deriving the electromagnetic wave equations, which we solve by Fourier methods, including indirectly via obtaining their causal Green's function. The constant-velocity point charge's electromagnetic fields display the space part of the Lorentz boost, which for infinite lightspeed becomes the space part of the Galilean boost. The time part of the Lorentz boost follows from its space part and the reciprocity of measuring instruments which have relative constant velocity. The frequently-presented consequences of the Lorentz boost are then developed in detail, as is the less familiar surprising Thomas-precession rotation produced by acceleration not parallel to velocity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology