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[23] viXra:2506.0163 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-30 01:17:49
Authors: Anđelko Đermek
Comments: 34 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper presents a conceptual framework that reinterprets black hole collapse as the source of emergent cosmological spacetime. In full accordance with Schwarzschild geometry, the model replaces the classical collapse into a singularity with dynamically structured, null-ordered layers of redshifted matter accumulating on the horizon, as seen by an external observer. The black hole initially forms on the Planck scale and acts as a source of gravity, with the event horizon dynamically growing outward. This growth generates a causal sequence of redshifted layers on the horizon, with radial motion asymptotically frozen due to gravitational time dilation, while angular and lateral modes remain unconstrained and dynamically active. The resulting surface structure holographically encodes information that projects an internally expanding universe. Topologically, however, the interior of the black hole is absent, the event horizon represents the ultimate boundary of the causal structure. This framework provides a physical realisation of the holographic principle and a causal mechanism for the emergence of cosmic time, entropy gradients, and structure formation, while preserving unitarity and respecting entropy bounds. The model offers a complementary, geometrically motivated interpretation of horizon dynamics that bridges black hole thermodynamics, holography, and cosmology, uniting general relativity, quantum theory, and the origin of cosmic structure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[22] viXra:2506.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-27 02:10:03
Authors: Mohamed Mekouar
Comments: 16 Pages.
We propose a thermodynamic model of dark energy in which the observed accelerated expansion of the universe arises as a consequence of the underlying microscopic degrees of freedom within spacetime. In this framework, spacetime is not fundamental but emergent from discrete entangled nodes, and the cosmological volume grows as the number ofentangled branches increases. Furthermore, we revisit black hole entropy via the ER=EPRconjecture, showing that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy can be viewed as a collectivecontribution from Planck-scale entangled wormholes. This work suggests that dark energy is not a fundamental field but an emergent thermodynamic phenomenon rooted in the quantum structure of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2506.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-26 20:10:32
Authors: Mikheili Mindiashvili
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper focuses not on deriving the Lorentz length contraction from first principles, but on providing a geometric visualization of this well-known relativistic phenomenon. The aim is to offer an intuitive and accessible interpretation through a simple construction: a right triangle inscribed in a circle. In this model, the observed contraction of a moving rod’s length as a function of velocity is illustrated geometrically. While the Lorentz contraction is formally derived via Lorentz transformations, the approach presented here serves as a complementary visual tool that may be particularly useful for educational purposes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[20] viXra:2506.0149 [pdf] replaced on 2025-10-09 19:36:26
Authors: Ramón Isasi
Comments: 18 Pages. Principally in the title was substituted the prefix non for not. Other minor errors were corrected too.
In the present manuscript, we consider the origin of the cosmological space, and the Cosmological Constant as a consequence of the annihilation of the matter - antimatter at the very beginning of the big bang. Since the cosmological expansion creates the space, the cosmological vacuum is considered as a very hegemonic entity which is the locus where all the objects create the events. In our model, non inflationary N units of masses in conjunct are required to produce an equilibrium between the gravitational phenomena of the matter in bulk and each coulombic interaction between protons and electrons within the nuclear and atomic contour in all astrophysical (e.g. stars) or cosmological entities (e.g. galaxies). The "dark matter" is considered to be formed by highly excited H and HeI Rydberg’s atoms in equilibrium with the CMB radiation and the vacuum dynamical density is considered as "dark energy".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[19] viXra:2506.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-27 01:55:10
Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 81 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001.Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion to travel faster than light predated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drivespacetime.Natario defined a warp drive vector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates but remember that a real warp drive must be defined in a tridimensional spacetime because a real spaceship is a tridimensional object inserted inside a tridimensional warp bubble that must be defined in real tridimensional coordinates. In this work we present the new warp drive vector in tridimensional3D Spherical Coordinates for constant speeds.One the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causally disconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control thefront part of the bubble.The behavior of a photon sent to the front of the warp bubble in the case of a Natario warp drive with constant velocity and a lapse function is also one of the main purposes of this work.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the 1+1 and 3+1 spacetimes with and without the lapse function using quadraticforms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and the ADM(Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner) formalism equations with the approach of MTW(Misner-Thorne-Wheeler) and Alcubierre.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[18] viXra:2506.0146 [pdf] replaced on 2025-07-04 00:55:54
Authors: Azor Romão da Mota Filho
Comments: 3 Pages.
This device is based in the SMTwVSL (Shrinking Matter Theory with Variable Speed of Light)(1). This is an answer to the most challenging question that can be asked about a theory, which is: How can we test this theory? In this case, we can ask: How may one test if matter shrinks or not?How can one test whether matter shrinks or not?The device for detecting matter shrinkage must be based on interferometry technology.The arrangement of the apparatus is similar to the old "Michelson-Morley experiment", but the mirrors are replaced by optical fibers with another beam splitter to join the two beams from the first beam splitter. The introduction of new technologies in the production of the coherent laser beam, in the phase and polarization control and in the photodetector is essential for the proper functioning of the equipment. A room with strict temperature control is required.The large difference in the length of the two optical fiber results in a build-up of photons inside the larger optical fiber. The shrinking of the optical fiber and wavelength at different rates, combined with the increasing light speed, result in a decreasing in the accumulation of photons, changing the interference pattern in the output of the second beam splitter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2506.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-23 20:11:02
Authors: Eric Albers
Comments: 17 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We present a reformulation of general relativity based on variable spacetime density, where massive objects create regions of elevated spacetime density and gravitational attraction emerges from matter’s tendency to move toward these high-density regions. We provide explicit mathematical derivations showing how this formulation reproduces Einstein’s field equations, derive specific predictions for classical tests of general relativity, and analyze the constraints on coupling parameters. The approach offers new perspectives on quantum gravity while maintaining full consistency with established gravitational phenomena. We identify specific observational signatures that could distinguish this formulation from standard general relativity and discuss fundamental limitations of the approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2506.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-20 20:38:08
Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-8 and Italian, pages 9-16
Light is composed of electromagnetic waves, which therefore need a medium to manifest themselves, so its speed can be isotropic only relative to the medium and not also relative to celestial objects, including the Earth, which move in the medium. Physicists have devised various experiments to demonstrate that the speed of light is not isotropic relative to the Earth, but without success. To justify this negative result, some physicists have hypothesized that material objects, as a function of their speed relative to the medium, undergo a time dilation and a length contraction, making the speed of light appear isotropic even if it is not, so that said isotropy would be only apparent. Instead, I have actually demonstrated, through the CMBR, that the speed of light is not isotropic relative to the Earth and, therefore, that this isotropy is only apparent. To explain what the medium is and how it works, I developed a theory that I called Space Quanta in Expansion, which then identified the medium with expanding space, and which explains how photons and material objects move in the medium. Among other things, it argues that the expansion of the Universe is not caused by two forces, one that makes material objects move away, which would be the so-called dark energy, and another that makes them move closer, which would be gravity, but is caused by a single force, the one that makes the space quanta expand and which could explain dark energy. Therefore gravity is an apparent force.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2506.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-19 20:47:48
Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 44 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We propose a minimalist hypothesis in which the only fundamental entity is a real scalar field defined on four-dimensional Euclidean space (E4). An observer is modeled as a stable "cognitive tube"—a locally causal region of field projections onto a family of three-dimensional slices Sigma^3(l). From non-dynamical conditions of embodiment, local causality, stability, and unitarity, we derive:1.Emergent spacetime with a pseudo-Riemannian metric and Lorentz transformations as the only compatible symmetry group; 2.The Einstein field equations as a variational extremum of the cognitive action; 3.Quantum field theory and the Born rule as necessary conditions for cognitive reproducibility; 4.The minimal symmetry group U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) and a cognitive Higgs mechanism. The model predicts the absence of a graviton and prohibits coherent superpositions of distinct spacetime metrics, providing clear falsifiability criteria: detection of a graviton or interference between distinct gravitational configurations would refute the hypothesis. The unified emergence of special relativity, general relativity, and Standard Model symmetries highlights the explanatory power of the approach and opens a path to experimental tests of the cognitive nature of physical laws.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2506.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-18 01:29:14
Authors: Husbee Newaz Nuhad
Comments: 3 Pages.
This paper proposes a unifying theory of physics called "Quantized Curvature and the Collapse of Force Separation." It suggests that spacetime is not continuous but composed of discrete, quantized units of curvature. Tiny, indivisible packets of geometry. These units can twist or bend in specific amounts, generating all known forces. Unlike current theories, which treat gravity and quantum forces as separate, this model shows they are all different modes of the same underlying structure. The electromagnetic, weak, strong, and gravitational forces emerge from quantized curvature itself, leading to a single geometric origin for all interactions in the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2506.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-17 20:10:39
Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 33 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
A hypothesis of local causality is proposed, according to which the causal structure is formed independently within each inertial frame of reference (IFR), and the notion of an event is defined only within the bounds of the observer's cognitive accessibility. Space and time are not treated as fundamental entities, but rather as emergent cognitive constructs arising from the consistent reconstruction of causal relations. A distinction is introduced between direct (external) and observable (cognitive) transformations, corresponding respectively to formal mappings of causal structures and internally consistent modifications of the observer's memory. It is shown that cognitive structures may differ even between observers within the same IFR, and their reconciliation requires admissible cognitive interaction. Using a scalar field model on two-dimensional Euclidean space, it is illustrated how multiple spacetimes can emergently arise from a single underlying superstructure. Conditions are established under which observable transformations take the form of Lorentz transformations as cognitively coherent transitions between IFRs. Physical implications and future directions are discussed, including the cognitive nature of matter and time, and the possibility of describing interactions without reference to global spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2506.0085 [pdf] replaced on 2025-07-09 17:44:26
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 8 Pages.
Starting from the Newtonian potential of a two-body system, we recently pointed out that a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions can be interpreted as analog of classical gravitation in four dimensions. Here we extend the analysis to relativistic two-body systems and suggest that the formation of Black Holes echoes the behavior of continuous spacetime dimensions in primordial cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2506.0084 [pdf] replaced on 2025-06-19 06:26:27
Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 12 Pages.
One of the evidences cited for time dilation in Special Relativity Theory (SRT) is the muon time dilation experiment. This paper reveals an asymmetry in a symmetric system of muons in two labs moving relative to each other, by a rigorous application of Special Relativity Theory and Lorentz Transformation. Most of the arguments trying to defend or refute this experiment are based on intuitive or qualitative assertions of time dilation and length contraction, rather than on strict application of Lorentz Transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2506.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-15 06:41:58
Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 15 Pages.
A theory of everything (TOE), or, grand unified theory (which Einstein had been working on without success, with Superstring Theory now being a good candidate), is one which unites all the forces of nature, namely, gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force. Important as this theory might be, it is lacking in one important fundamental aspect, namely, the role of consciousness, which could in fact be considered the most fundamental aspect of physics, for example its apparently significant role and impact in quantum theory which would be explained in this paper. This paper explains that a theory of consciousness is more important than a theory of everything or grand unified theory and could potentially be the theory of everything, or, at least, a part of the theory of everything, consciousness having been the model for artificial intelligence (AI) that has become very powerful and a threat to society itself. This paper is the sequel to the paper The Ultimate Law of Nature which was published in Physics Essays in 2009. (This paper is published in international physics journal.)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2506.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-14 02:25:42
Authors: Vaggelis Talios
Comments: 7 Pages.
In Mathematics, when we make a mistake in solving a problem, this mistake is also transferred to the calculations of the problem and usually leads us to an incorrect result. If we transfer this incorrect result to Physics, e.g. in the study of a topic, then we usually end up with an incorrect conclusion about the topic of our study. Some scientists, when they make a mistake, whether due to overconfidence, or of lack of information, or of something else, often, instead of correcting their mistake, try to verify it by basing the verification on a new mistake of theirs. In this case, when we verify an error with a new error, we do not simply end up with an incorrect result, but we create an ambiguity that often completely alters the reality. Something similar has happened with the Special Theory of Relativity, where Einstein incorrectly assumed that a stationary observer located outside a space moving at a speed "a" relative to the observer, for a ray of light moving at a speed "c" within the moving space, will measure the speed of light c΄=c, which is an incorrect measurement, instead of the correct measurement which according to the invariant Mathematical Law of Superposition will be c΄=c+a. Einstein verified the incorrect and paradoxical equation c΄=c based on incorrect experimental data as we will see, and used it in all the calculations of the Special Theory of Relativity, with the consequence that all the results of the calculations of the theory are incorrect. Then he transferred all the results of the incorrect calculations to the theory, with the result that all the conclusions of the Special Theory of Relativity to be also incorrect. On the incorrect conclusions of the Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein also based the General Theory of Relativity, with which he tried to explain the cause of gravity. However, apart from some more accurate calculations, than the calculations of Newton’s theory, when we examine gravity on a global scale, for the cause of gravity, the General Theory of Relativity did not give us, any other clear positive result.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2506.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-14 02:06:05
Authors: Ordepte Ezurk
Comments: 5 Pages. In Portuguese
Recent independent observations in cosmology, quantum physics, and neurobiology have pointed towards an enigmatic universal frequency. In this paper, we present, for the first time, the complete theoretical derivation of this Cosmic Resonance Frequency (CRF) from first principles. We demonstrate that its value is dictated by fundamental constants through the Vacuum Acoustic Resonance (VAR) model. To validate our prediction, we established collaborations with leading experimental groups, whose high-precision measurements—also presented here for the first time—confirm the theoretical value of 0.06571 Hz with remarkable accuracy, unifying theory and experiment in a single foundational paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2506.0065 [pdf] replaced on 2025-07-24 20:08:03
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 10 Pages.
In this work I present possible extension of Einstein field equations into four index equation. It takes both Ricci and Weyl tensor [1] parts into account so whole curvature. It does differ from General Relativity as it does have stress momentum tensor for vacuum or saying other wise for gravity field itself. Still I do not define this tensor only it's properties.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2506.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-12 21:04:57
Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 37 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please fix citations and missing reference in the English version)
A hypothesis of local causality is proposed, according to which the causal structure is formed independently within each inertial frame of reference (IFR), and the notion of an event is defined only within the bounds of the observer's cognitive accessibility. Space and time are not treated as fundamental entities, but rather as emergent cognitive constructs arising from the consistent reconstruction of causal relations. A distinction is introduced between direct (external) and observable (cognitive) transformations, corresponding respectively to formal mappings of causal structures and internally consistent modifications of the observer's memory. It is shown that cognitive structures may differ even between observers within the same IFR, and their reconciliation requires admissible cognitive interaction. Using a scalar field model on two-dimensional Euclidean space, it is illustrated how multiple spacetimes can emergently arise from a single underlying superstructure. Conditions are established under which observable transformations take the form of Lorentz transformations as cognitively coherent transitions between IFRs. Physical implications and future directions are discussed, including the cognitive nature of matter and time, and the possibility of describing interactions without reference to global spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2506.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-10 22:55:44
Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 106 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition may not be accepted)
This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass proportional to the inverse horizon radius. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. However, while this is true now, when matter was forming and the cosmic radius was much smaller, infinitesimal masses were much larger, and therefore producing asymmetry. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. In order to maintain the invariance of kmin action density, the metric undergoes changes around mass concentrations, consistent with Einstein’s equations. However, infinitesimal differences arise when the mass density of intergalactic voids falls below the cosmic average. This results in these voids exhibiting negative space-time curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature observed in galactic filaments. Gravitational binding only occurs in galactic filaments and the opposite in voids. Over large regions of space this difference also makes the values of the Einstein tensor components that the Freidman equation is derived from average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the start of the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed MOND-like behviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion with no need for dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2506.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-08 21:39:56
Authors: Ioannis Chaskis
Comments: 14 Pages.
This work proposes a fundamental reformulation of time, not as a pre-existing geometricdimension, but as a localized and emergent reaction of the quantum vacuum to the presenceof mass-energy. We argue that time arises only where and when the vacuum is causallyand entropically disturbed by matter, and is otherwise undefined. A scalar field χ(x) isintroduced to represent the degree of temporal activation in spacetime, governed by a fieldequation sourced by the trace of the energy-momentum tensor. This framework offers acoherent reinterpretation of relativistic time dilation, entropy-driven temporal asymmetry,and the quantum nature of vacuum. It provides a physically grounded mechanism for theemergence of time during cosmogenesis and resolves classical paradoxes such as the initialsingularity and the horizon problem. We discuss experimental predictions and proposeobservable consequences in atomic clocks, black hole interiors, and cosmic microwave backgroundsignatures. Ultimately, the model shifts the paradigm from asking "What is time?"to "Where and under what conditions does time emerge?"
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2506.0021 [pdf] replaced on 2025-06-09 15:00:53
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 6 Pages.
The object of this brief note is to point out that a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions can be interpreted as dual to classical gravitation in four dimensions. This observation sheds unexpected light onto the gravitational behavior of Cantor Dust (CD), a hypothetical large-scale topological condensate of relic dimensions left over from the primordial stages of Universe evolution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2506.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-06 19:46:45
Authors: Minyoung Kwon
Comments: 44 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This theory proposes an integrated mechanism capable of simultaneously explaining a wide range of cosmological phenomena—such asgalaxy rotation curves, galaxy morphology, Type Ia supernova observations, dwarf galaxies, large-scale structures, cosmic filaments, redshift, dark energy, and dark matter. Unlike the conventional ΛCDM model, the core of this theory is the very "generation of space" itself. Through this generative framework, a vector-based model that interacts with gravity naturally emerges. In particular, the directionality and density of the space field can amplify or weaken gravitational fields. Simulations of galactic outskirts provide direct support for such dynamic behavior. quantitatively, this theory offers greater explanatory power than existing cosmological models and suggests the possibility of unified solutions to several unresolved problems in modern cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2506.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2025-06-02 19:42:26
Authors: Gene A. Harvey
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org or it will be rejected!)
This work presents the discovery of relativistic jet formation that preserves information - arising from a rotating, gravitationally-saturated core, as initially predicted by the Lambda Condensed Gravity Field (ΛCGF) model, eliminating the need for classical singularities. Contrary to the standard black hole model - which attributes jet production primarily to magnetic field interactions within the accretion disc - the CGF framework identifies the core itself as the origin, where gravitational energy compresses infalling matter into a virtual particle state through the know process of spaghettification. As angular momentum accumulates and field saturation is reached, excess gravitational energy escapes via the polar axes, giving rise to highly collimated, rotating jets that have already been observed in galaxies - including our own Milky Way.Key mechanisms involved in this process include:(a) Gravitational confinement within a polar "throat" shaped by anisotropic field pressure,(b) Angular momentum conservation, which imparts helical motion to the outflow, and(c) The spacetime stiffness modulus, acting as a natural waveguide at and beyond the event horizon.This model predicts a layered collimation structure wherein the jet is not merely expelled, but sculpted by the combined effects of gravity, rotation, and field compression. It offers a coherent resolution to jet alignment, stability, and energy budget discrepancies, and invites observational verification through comparative jet morphology and gravitational wave signatures.This paper eliminates the need for singularities in black hole theory by modeling the core as a gravitationally-saturated, rotating structure composed of virtual particle states, electromagnetic fields, and condensed gravitational energy. Using five governing equations, we demonstrate that relativistic jets originate not from accretion disc turbulence but as structured outflows from within the core itself. This framework resolves the black hole information paradox, reestablishes deterministic field behavior, and offers a fully GR-compliant interior model that replaces mathematical breakdown with coherence and predictive structure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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