Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Possible to Arbitrarily Slow Down Time in a Limited Volume With an Energy-Impulse Tensor Whose Components Can be Reduced Arbitrarily? Part II:Summary of Introduction and Computations of Density and Energy in Warped Region

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 9 Pages. [Error corrections]

A solution is presented that describes a region of space, box or warp bubble, where time gets slowed down by an arbitrary factor, while reducing the components of the energy-impulse tensor by any chosen amount.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of Invariance of Ds^2 from the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: Sanjeev Saxena
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this short note, two elementary proofs of invariance of ds^2 from the speed of light are given. The proofs should be accessible even to school-going students.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unlike Newton's Gravitational Acceleration, Einstein's is Velocity-Dependent; it Repels Sufficiently Near-c Objects, Obviating the Need for "Dark Energy"

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 Pages.

If a test body radially approaching a static point mass at near-c speed undergoes the same attractive gravitational acceleration as a nonrelativistic test body, its speed soon exceeds c. That doesn't occur because Einstein's gravitational acceleration by a static point mass is velocity-dependent; it counterintuitively repels a test body traveling radially at a speed sufficiently near c. Indeed, a basic feature of the gravitational refraction of light is that a radially-traveling light packet's speed increases monotonically toward c with its increasing radial distance from a static point mass, so a light packet traveling radially away from a static point mass is gravitationally accelerated toward radial speed c in the outward direction of its travel. Likewise, a test body traveling radially away from a static point mass at a speed sufficiently near c is counterintuitively gravitationally accelerated in the outward direction of its travel. The universe expands radially at a speed sufficiently near c to undergo such a counterintuitive gravitational acceleration in the outward direction of its radial expansion, "dark energy" isn't needed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analysis of Mossbauer Rotor Experiment in Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 19 Pages. In Spanish

Analysis of mossbauer rotor experiment and possible explanation of GR deviation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Non Conservative Gravity Model

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

I will explore a non-conservative gravity field model with base idea rooted in trying to re-think free-falling observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Derivation of the Current Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since the discovery of the cosmic microwave radiation background in 1965 (CMB) until today, various predictions have been made (before andafter 1965) about the current value of 2.72548 K. It is worth highlighting the one carried out in 1948 by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher and RobertHerman whose reestimation predicted a emperature of 2.8 K. In this work we start from an inflationary model that resides in the fine structure constant and a fluctuation anisotropy) based on information theory (Shanon entropy).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmology and the Uncertainty Principles: A New Road to the Quantum Gravity

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce the ansatz that universe size and age are the maximal spatial and temporal uncertainties, respectively - within the uncertainty principles. This allows us to derive a relationship between Planck’s constant and the Hubble’s constant. Accordingly, we obtain numerical value of the minimum momentum and energy uncertainty, which are locally experimentally verifiable. Reciprocally, if one has experimentally verified values of minimum Energy and Momentum, then the Universe’s Age and size can be calculated — independently — i.e., aside from other methods. A new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and cosmology/General Relativity, i.e. Quantum Gravity is given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizations of Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-Variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 59 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main consequences of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of self-variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and a definition of the rest mass of a fundamental particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts a structure of the particles, predicts and justifies the particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data and it shows that quantum phenomena are implicit in the Self-Variation Theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Krogh Quantum Gravity Explicitly Predicts Hubble Redshift Curve and JWST Findings Without Expansion

Authors: J. Howard Drake
Comments: 46 Pages.

JWST mature galaxies suggest an older universe. Studies show expansion imperfectly models redshift. Surface brightness and angular diameter distance do not support expansion. The crisis is resolved by replacing GR, while a new cause for redshift is found. We adopt gravity theory of Kris Krogh where gravity changes quantum vacuum rather than geometry. Redshift occurs at emission from earlier time dependent potential. A hot matter creation initiated gravity propagation changing light speed, particle mass, and physical constants. Cooling to CMB temperature achieved by mass change with momentum conservation. Estimated time for galaxy formation is 450 billion atomic years or 49 billion current years since CMB. Using cosmological principle with gravity dependency of terms in governing equation, we solve for time dependent potential since matter creation. We predict wavelength of past spectral lines, which when measured reveal emission time. Using determined variable light speed, we integrate to calculate distance from emission. We predict Hubble curve depending only on matter density without expansion or ad hoc parameters. Krogh gravity as updated remains consistent with successful GR tests and predicts testable new dynamics not predicted by GR. These include observed acceleration anomalies for Earth flybys, JUNO Jupiter orbiter, Pioneer Probe, apparent superluminal galactic jet acceleration, galaxy rotation, and more rapid growth of black holes through faster accretion. New dynamics explains MOND illusion and ring galaxy formation. JWST mature galaxies confirm older universe, while galactic jets confirm predicted higher light speed. Greater baryon mass density supports prolific star formation. Many stars are likely dead or consumed by black holes, so invisible baryon mass is expected to be greater than visible mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Bob Ross
Comments: 4 Pages. This revision corrects a few transcription errors in the original submission.

A proof of the Collatz Conjecture using simple logic and the properties of Integers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Connection Between Mass and Space

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper we look at the connection between mass and space. We start with postulating that there is only space. Then we derive what mass stands for. It appears that what we call mass is equal to the surface area of a black hole. The unit kg transforms into m². We find equation R=c²/G describing the size of the universe. Constant G transforms into a ‘universal acceleration’ with units m/s². Rewriting the equation as G=c²/R tells us that the universe has an inherent ‘rotational’ aspect and therefore gives rise to a coriolis force. The latter force might be the reason for galaxies having spiral arms. We show that the universe has an associated time scale T=c/G and that its mass is defined by equation M=cu2074/G². Furthermore we show that the ‘planck length’ and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle are connected to the size of the universe and we argue that energy is quantized with levels defined by equation E(n)=nhG/c where E(1)=hG/c is the zero-point energy. We show that the photon might have a defined volume. And finally we derive a value for the total amount of energy packets in the universe and show that the vacuum energy density is given by the equation P(E)=G.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is Dark Matter?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 5 Pages.

Article explores the concept of dark matter, a postulate introduced to explain observed anomalies in the motion of cosmic objects, such as stars at the outskirts of galaxies and galaxies within clusters, that do not align with Newton's law of universal gravitation. Traditional gravitational theory, as well as Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, faces challenges in accounting for these discrepancies, including the Pioneer anomaly, the anomalous flyby effect, the behavior of Oumuamua, and the trajectory of asteroid Apophis. This paper posits that these anomalies can be explained by revising the law of universal gravitation itself, rather than introducing the concept of dark matter. By examining instances where the gravitational constant appears variable and the function of distance in gravitational equations deviates from expected values, the paper suggests an alternative approach to understanding cosmic phenomena. The implications of these findings on celestial navigation, the behavior of light in gravitational fields, and the structure of the universe are discussed, challenging prevailing theories and proposing a new direction for gravitational research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fisher-Tully Law Solely with 1915 General Relativity and Dark Energy

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 10 Pages. Version 3. Version 4 will have an explicit analytical derivation of the Law.

Observation of the distribution of the velocity of galactic rotation curves differed from their expected centripetal form and lead to the notion of Dark Matter or modifications to Newtonian and General Relativity, such as MOND, TeVeS and the like and even Quantised Inertia. We aim to show that General Relativity with Dark Energy/the Cosmological Constant is all that is needed, with the proviso that the Cosmological Constant can increase in the presence of a gravitational field and become gravitating to account for the hypothesis of Dark Matter Haloes.Keywords: Cosmological Constant, Dark Matter Haloes, Dark Energy, Einstein Field Equations, Fisher-Tully Law, Galactic Rotation Curves, MOND, Quantised Inertia, TeVeS, Virtual Particles
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Constant of GRT as a Radial Function in Dependence of Velocity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Under special circumstances cosmological u201econstant" of GRT can be formulated as a function in dependence of radial term. This calculation will be shown. In fact this system of physical ideas is now described only for local state of Schwarzschild-lineelement with cosmological variable but it can be easily developed to cosmic terms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Gravity Work According to Mach's Principle?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 9 Pages.

Background: Mach's Principle posits that the inertia of a body is inuenced by the sum total of matter in the universe. This paper explores the relationship between gravitational potential energy and rest mass within the framework of Mach's Principle, utilizing a thought experiment involving the elevation of mass on Earth.Methods: The study employs a theoretical approach, beginning with a thought experiment that demonstrates the change in an object's rest mass due to alterations in gravitational potential energy. Subsequently, a mathematical model is developed to express rest mass as a function of distance from a massive central body, incorporating adjustments for observed astronomical phenomena such as the precession of Mercury's orbit.Conclusion: The findings affirm the principle that an object's rest mass is influenced by the gravitational potential of all other masses in the universe, aligning with Mach's Principle. The study underscores the need for revisiting the definitions of fundamental units of measurement such as the second and the meter, in light of gravitational dependency. The implications for astronomical theories, including gravitational redshift and the assessment of quasar emissions, are discussed, suggesting a potential reevaluation of existing models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Beschleunigte Expansion Ein Trugschluß
Accelerated Expansion: a Fallacy [?]

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 75 Pages. In German

Aufgrund von Diskrepanzen beim SN-Ia-Kosmologie-Projekt wurde seinerzeit anstelle der bisher immer als abnehmend angenommenen eine zunehmende Expansion postuliert. Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit wird festgestellt, daß dies ein Trugschluß ist, der aus sich gegenseitig widersprechenden Prämissen resultiert, hauptsächlich die geometrische Dämpfung mit und die EM-Wellenausbreitung ohne Expansion. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß die vorherrschende Ausbreitungsfunktion nur lokal anwendbar ist, da die Maxwellschen Gleichungen die Expansion des Universums weder berücksichtigen, implizieren noch bedingen. In Folge wird eine alternative Ausbreitungsfunktion mit Expansion entwickelt, die sich in der ersten Näherung für z ≤ 0,1 wie die klassische Maxwellsche Lösung verhält. Damit wird der schon früher von mir vorgenommene positive Vergleich mit den Beobachtungsdaten des SN-Ia-Kosmologie-Projekts wiederholt und um die High-z-Daten z ≥ 0,9 ergänzt, wobei das MLE-Modell auch für diesen Bereich bestätigt wird.Unter konsequenter Anwendung dieses Modells wird eine zusätzliche Auswertung mb(r) vorgenommen. Dabei zeigt sich eine neue, unerwartete Abweichung bei r ≥ 0,1R. Die Beobachtungswerte sind dort dunkler als berechnet. Ursache ist der Hubbleparameter, der zeit- und entfernungsabhängig ist. Weiter entfernte Streckenabschnitte expandieren schneller als näher liegende. Je größer die Strecke, umso größer der Wert von H und die Expansions-geschwindigkeit v = Hr. Mit Hilfe des Korrekturfaktors m aus [75] wird eine Funktion mb(r) aufgestellt, die die abweichende Verteilung korrekt nachzeichnet. Dies ist gleichzeitig der Beweis dafür, daß die Expansionsgeschwindigkeit mit der Zeit ab- und nicht zunimmt.

Due to discrepancies in the SN-Ia-cosmology-project, at the time an increasing expansion was postulated instead of the previously assumed decreasing expansion. At the beginning of this work it is stated that this is a fallacy resulting from mutually contradictory premises, mainly geometric damping with and EM wave propagation without expansion. It is shown that the prevalent propagation function applies locally only, since Maxwell's equations neither take into account, imply nor condition the expansion of the universe. In succession, an alternative propagation function with expansion is developed, which behaves like the classic Maxwell solution in the first approximation for z ≤ 0.1. This repeats the positive comparison I made earlier with the observational data of the SN-Ia-cosmology-project supplementing it by the latest high-z data z ≥ 0.9, at which point the MLE model is confirmed for this area too. Applying this model consistently, an additional evaluation mb(r) is carried out. A new, unexpected deviation emerges at r ≥ 0.1R. The observational data there is darker than calculated. The reason is the Hubble parameter, which depends on time and distance. Route sections that are further away expand faster than those that are closer. The greater the distance, the greater the value of H and the expansion speed v = Hr. With the help of a correction factor m from [75], a function mb(r) is set up that correctly traces the deviating distribution. This is also proof that the expansion rate decreases over time and does not increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accelerated Expansion: a Fallacy [?]

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 75 Pages.

Due to discrepancies in the SN-Ia-cosmology-project, at the time an increasing expansion was postulated instead of the previously assumed decreasing expansion. At the beginning of this work it is stated that this is a fallacy resulting from mutually contradictory premises, mainly geometric damping with and EM wave propagation without expansion. It is shown that the prevalent propagation function applies locally only, since Maxwell's equations neither take into account, imply nor condition the expansion of the universe.In succession, an alternative propagation function with expansion is developed, which behaves like the classic Maxwell solution in the first approximation for z ≤ 0.1. This repeats the positive comparison I made earlier with the observational data of the SN-Ia-cosmology-project supplementing it by the latest high-z data z ≥ 0.9, at which point the MLE model is confirmed for this area too.Applying this model consistently, an additional evaluation mb(r) is carried out. A new, unexpected deviation emerges at r ≥ 0.1R. The observational data there is darker than calculated. The reason is the Hubble parameter, which depends on time and distance. Route sections that are further away expand faster than those that are closer. The greater the distance, the greater the value of H and the expansion speed v = Hr. With the help of a correction factor m from [75], a function mb(r) is set up that correctly traces the deviating distribution. This is also proof that the expansion rate decreases over time and does not increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hamiltonian Chaos and Gravitational Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages.

The goal of this paper is to analyze the likely transition from integrability to Hamiltonian chaos in the primordial Universe. The transition is driven by curvature fluctuations and favors the onset of a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

GR Tests Solved with Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 50 Pages. In Spanish & English

This document consolidate all revisated GR tests to date, solved with special relativity of fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Astonishing Conflict of Time Dilation Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 15 Pages.

We show that if we assume the existence of a frame in vacuum where the one-way speed of light is c (c is the measured value of the two-way speed of light in vacuum) than for another frame moving with velocity v_1 in relation to that frame we can have time dilation, time contraction or no difference of proper times change at all. Therefore, the standard formulation is a result of a misinterpretation of the mathematical expression between the relation of the proper time of the moving frame in relation to the difference of times of Lorentzian clocks, the so-called time dilation. This is an astonishing conflict that standard formulation cannot solve. This result is easily obtained if we assume time dilation in relation to Einstein Frame (EF) the frame where the speed of light is isotropic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology