Relativity and Cosmology

What is Mass?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages.

Mass should be understood in terms of potential energy arising from vector potentials of force elds. It reevaluates Einstein's famousequation E = mc2 and suggests that rest mass (denoted as mr) is essentially a form of potential energy. The text challenges traditional views by proposing that the rest mass of subatomic particles is not con- stant but varies with the potential of the elds in which they are located. Through a series of theoretical discussions and thought experiments, the author explores the implications of this view for understanding the uni- verse, including the additivity of rest mass, the variability of subatomic particle masses, and the principle of minimum potential energy (or rest mass) governing all interactions and processes in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Are the James Webb Space Telescope's Data so Surprising?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages.

The implications of recent astronomical observations made by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and compares them with thosefrom the Hubble Space Telescope. Specically, it discusses the discovery of galaxies such as GN-z11 and JADES-GS-z13-0, which appear to have formed at very early stages of the universe, challenging previous assumptions about galaxy formation and the age of the universe.The author uses a thought experiment involving relativistic speeds and redshift calculations to question the current estimates of the universe'sage, suggesting that the universe might be older than widely accepted. The piece critically examines the methodologies used in determiningthe age of distant galaxies and the universe, proposing that new data from JWST could necessitate a revision of cosmological models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hubble Force and Vacuum Energy

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please only submit finalized work)

It is common knowledge that vacuum has an intrinsic energy and exerts negative pressure (force), one which acts against gravity to drive and accelerate the expansion of the Universe. Little is known, however, about the force it causing this pressure. Indeed it is controversial whether there is any force at all behind this phenomenon so the situation must be carefully weighed. Here I shall venture to argue briefly that there does exist a force driving the expansion, the force I call the `Hubble Force'. Then, with an explicit force at hand, the whole machinery of continuum mechanics would be at our service to analyze the expansion thoroughly.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

­Special Relativity and Length Contraction

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 3 Pages.

The special theory of relativity, SR, is based on two so-called postulates/axioms:1) The constancy of the speed of light The special theory of relativity postulates that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant equal to c for all observers in uniform relative motion.2) Principle of relativityAll systems, where observers move at constant speed, inertial systems, are equivalent and therefore the laws of physics must give the same result for all of them.As a consequence of SR comes two concepts/physical phenomena: - time dilation- length contraction.In this article we take a look at length contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity — Alternative Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein's theory of special relativity, SR, is a generally accepted theory that analyses, for instance, relationships between two inertial reference systems moving at a constant speed against each other. This relationship between the coordinates of an event in the two inertial reference systems is made using so-called Lorentz Transformations, LT. These transformations constitute the most central concept within SR. We will build an alternative theory to SR. We will derive new transformations between the two reference systems. It will be easy to compare these two theories. We will show that if all the steps taken during the derivation apply the existing mathematics, logic and physics, our transformations will be flawless, contradiction free! We follow the same steps, the same way of thinking as one do in [B1].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Time Frames: Variable Speed of Light

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 19 Pages.

Within the framework of the Theory of Time Frames, we have revealed an intuitive explanation for the longstanding enigma surrounding the constancy of light speed in a vacuum. This was achieved through the astonishingly straightforward logic that acknowledges a photon's speed varies in proportion to the flow of time and the established fact that photons do not possess rest mass. Consequently, our research indicates that the speed of light is not constant but variable. However, this insight does not contradict the laws of physics or empirical evidence. Moreover, we propose a new dimensionless constant,nc = 299,792,458, to replace the traditional constant of light speed, c. This novel constant is consistent with all observed measurements of light speed conducted within the observer's local time flow. Although this interpretation of light speed deviates from Einstein's theory, it is grounded in solid theoretical and empirical evidence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Field Theoretic Thrust of an Accelerating Frame

Authors: Kevin Player
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider the field theoretic picture where Unruh radiation was initially uncovered. We demonstrate how thrust serves as a more accurate and direct explanation of the Unruh effect and hence Hawing radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Eikonal and Black Hole Entropy

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. We assume that the mass is the mass of a black hole and it is related to a black hole entropy through its area.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Vectorial Lorentz Transformation Formulas for Spacetimes of Arbitrary Dimensions

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please list scientific references in the future!)

The article presents generalized vectorial Lorentz transformation formulas applicable to spacetimes of arbitrary dimensions within the framework of special relativity. It introduces a novel notation to differentiate between temporal coordinates and proper time, and assumes the speed of light as dimensionless and set to 1. This approach results in a homogeneous metric space, termed U-space, facilitating the extension of Lorentz transformations beyond the conventional four-dimensional spacetime to spaces with any number of dimensions. The transformations are derived and detailed for velocities, accelerations, and other vectors in U-space, highlighting their universality and ease of application compared to traditional methods.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof for Localized Energy or Inertia in Curved Spacetime

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 13 Pages.

General Relativity is known for its local character; unlike the omnipresence, i.e., instancy/immediacy of Einstein's ``spookyaction'' while Quantum Entanglement. Hence, it is expected that a local observer can measure/harvest the energy. This means that the famous problem of energy localization should have a positive solution. I introduce an inertial coordinate system (a local inertial tetrad) and derive conservation laws from the covariant four-dimensional divergence of the energy-momentum tensor. As an introduction to the revealing power of such tetrads, different mathematical methods have coincided in showing that Black Holes can start shrinking and, in the finale, completely vanish the falling test objects; the annual pointing of the rotational axis of Earth on the North Star area is also explained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Astonishing Conflict of the Constancy of the One-Way Speed of Light Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 13 Pages.

We show that if we assume the existence of a frame in vacuum where the one-way speed of light is c (c is the measured value of the two-way speed of light in vacuum) than for another frame moving with velocity v_1 in relation to that frame the speed of light in this another frame cannot be c. What is c in this another frame is the one-way Einstein speed of light. Although this has been known and affirmed several years ago, only recently we have an increase of publications stating the variability of the one-way speed of light. Therefore, since the constancy of the speed of light is sometimes considered an unquestionable postulate, we are assisting to an astonishing conflict between the "standard formulation of Relativity" and "Relativity with variable light speed". However, this conundrum can be easily resolved with the clarification of the conceptualization of simultaneity and synchronization.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Growth of the Universe: Another Approach to Cosmology

Authors: Vyacheslav A. Ruchin
Comments: 10 Pages.

At present, the idea that our space-time is emergent, as a kind of low-energy phase transition into some kind of condensed matter and superconductor, is becoming quite popular. This space-time is formed as a kind of new network, the volume of which, when measured in Planck units, is equal to the number of network nodes. The growth of such a network and the increase in its volume is not due to the stretching of existing cells, but as a result of adding new cells. Considering the growth of such a network in a similar way to the growth of the volume of a new phase, one can naturally explain the redshift and many other problems of modern cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Electric Charge Influence on Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 6 Pages. Copyright license: CC BY-NC

This article presents a novel approach to understanding the influence of electric Energy on space-time curvature. EFE actual calculations refer solely to gravitational charges. In this article, I expand them to include the electric charge with calculations carried specifically for electric charges, with exciting results. The article leverages the universal consistency of physical laws, applying the known effects of gravitational charges on space-time curvature to electric charges. The research focuses on calculating the specific impact of electric charges on space-time curvature, rooted in the principle that space-time curvature is omnipresent. The findings reveal that space-time curvature's alteration due to an electric charge is influenced by various factors, including the charge's location, magnitude, mass, density, associated electric field, and its motion through space-time. Notably, the conversion factor for electric charges differs from the conversion factor of gravitational charges. These insights significantly enhance our understanding of electromagnetism and general relativity, paving the way for a more profound comprehension of electric charges.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Galaxies, Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction, Tunguska Event — Explained by WUM

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 14 Pages.

Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered "dark galaxy" is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth's rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge; 2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents in the Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by the huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculating the Gaussian Curvature of Spacetime

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future nonconforming submission or replacement will not be accepted!)

We are working on applications of the Schwarzschild metric to the cosmos. Here we have calculated the curvature of space-time in an isotropic and homogeneous universe with a constant energy density, relating this universe to the Schwarzschild metric using the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem. Already in this metric it is possible to calculate gaussian curvatures and thus we have found a solution to this problem. The result 0,1.10-52 m-2, is very close to zero and this agrees with the opinion of many scientists. To reach this result, we have found an equation that relates the Gaussian curvature of the space-time of the Schwarzschild model with several cosmic parameters and through it and the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem we have established a relationship between the Schwarzschild metric and the universe of the standard cosmological model. This has allowed us to calculate the proportionality factor between curvature and mass density. With this, calculating the curvature of space-time is immediate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolving Relativity's Unresolvable Paradoxes

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 17 Pages. 5 Diagrams

In a recent viXra posting, David Bower identifies an unresolvable paradox in special relativity involving the Lorentz transformation. Three or more reference frames with different velocities could create multiple rates of time for each. Paradoxes are an inherent problem with special relativity. They occur in all cases. The source of the conflict is the one-dimensional consideration of light and time in linear motion when they're innately three-dimensional constituents. Simply abandoning light's (presumed) constancy and recognizing its (factual) compounding with motion, and variability, completely eliminates all paradoxes. But this practical real-world resolution would undermine relativity's founding premise, which would in turn invalidate nearly all of it, along with all other ancillary theories that are based on light's (untenable) fixed velocity, including the Lorentz transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Study of Relativistic Gravity-Clock in Egg-Sperm Combination Process

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

In the present paper, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized in terms of the ultimate acceleration on a cell-scale. A sperm fuses with an egg to begin the process of fertilization. In a fertilized egg, it is subject to the interference of the gravity-associated relativistic matter waves between egg and sperm in the cell, which would produce a beat phenomenon. The beating pulse as a gravity-clock will evolve into the embryo's heart beat, from then on for the whole life, no matter how many times the fertilized cell reproduces itself, the body is driven by the gravity-clock. The fertilized cell will develop 5 prominent proteins on its surface, finally the human body will evolve into 5 prominent branches: one head, two arms and two legs. The mean human lifespan is determined as 84 years; the total number of heart beats for a lifespan is determined as 3.08e+9 pulses, it holds for human being, mammals, birds and fishes. These predictions agree well with the experimental observations. Filter mechanism in kidney, liver and brain are investigated. It is found that the entanglement of the gravity-associated relativistic matter waves actually establishes a filter mechanism for the organs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Totally Connected Superluminal Natario Warp Drive Spacetime with Constant Velocities

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 20 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions:The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causallydisconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble. The behavior of a photon sent to the front of the warp bubble in the case of a Natario warp drive with constant velocity and a lapse function is the main purpose of this work.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the $1+1$ spacetime with lapse function using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and we provide here the step by step mathematical calculations in order to outline the final result found in our work which is the following one: For the case of the lapse function the Horizon do not exists at all.Due to the extra terms in the lapse function that affects the whole spacetimegeometry this solution allows to circumvent the problem of the Horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[The Inconsistency] of Special Relativity

Authors: Octavian Balaci
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Reassert[ion of] the twin paradox in a new light lead[s] to the conclusion that the theory of relativity is inconsistent with the physical reality. Symmetric clocks paradox [with] two clocks in a special setup, in which both clocks are in inertial movement on the entire duration of experiment[, are used to demonstrate the inconsistency.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein's Coordinate Condition Makes GR Self-Consistently Lorentz Covariant; Friedmann's Galilean Metric Condition Eliminates Gravitational Time Dilation

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 25 Pages.

In 1915 Einstein adopted a new coordinate condition for his GR gravity theory, namely that the metric tensor's determinant always equals -1, its Minkowskian zero-gravity value. In his landmark November 18, 1915 paper, Einstein showed that applying this coordinate condition to the approximate calculation of the metric of a static point mass (the sun) results in agreement with the previously unaccounted-for part of Mercury's perihelion shift, and doubles the deflection of light by the sun's gravity from his previous calculation which didn't use this coordinate condition; a 1919 solar-eclipse expedition verified the doubled deflection. In January, 1916 Schwarzschild published the exact version of Einstein's new static point-mass metric; as expected, it slightly lengthens circular-orbit periods. In May 1916 Droste published a much simpler metric which violates the Einstein equation at an empty-space radius and fails to lengthen circular-orbit periods. In 1922 Friedmann tried fixing the metric's time-time component to unity, making it Galilean covariant instead of Lorentz covariant, and eliminating gravitational time dilation. We replace Friedmann's metric condition by Einstein's in the Oppenheimer-Snyder model; the resulting gravitational time dilation accommodates both the acceleration of the universe's expansion and its early inflation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Возможность регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн с помощью гравиметрического оборудования
The Ability to Register Wake Gravitational Waves Using Gravimetric Equipment. (Ru)

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 15 Pages. In Russian

This article follows the article "Registration of Wake gravitational waves using pulsar timing" [5] and is devoted to the registration of Wake gravitational waves using direct measurement of gravitational forces with standard equipment.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for Wake gravitational waves are presented.

Данная статья следует за статьёй «Регистрация Кильватерных гравитационных волн с помощью тайминга пульсаров» [5] и посвящена регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн при помощи непосредственного измерения гравитационных сил стандартным оборудованием. Представлены предварительные оценки физических и геометрических характеристик для поиска Кильватерных гравитационных волн.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology