Relativity and Cosmology

о нерешённых загадках современной наблюдательной космологии (On the Unsolved Mysteries of Modern Observational Cosmology)

Authors: Nikolay Lutsenko
Comments: 32 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Выполнен анализ 15-ти самых загадочных явлений в космологии, не нашедших понимания в рамках стандартной ЛСДМ-модели Доказано кризисное состояние современной космологической науки, носящее системный характер Показана невозможность решения названных загадок и выхода из системного кризиса без создания новой Теории устройства Вселенной.

An analysis of 15 of the most mysterious phenomena in cosmology that have not found understanding within the framework of the standard LSDM model has been carried out The state of crisis of modern cosmological science, which is of a systemic nature, has been proved. The impossibility of solving the aforementioned riddles and getting out of the systemic crisis without creating a new Theory of the structure of the Universe is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ontological Necessity of Nonmetricity: a Sketch

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 2 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

In this short letter we present a well-defined energy-momentum tensor of spacetime (gravitational field) which will have important ontologic consequences.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Replacing Special Relativity

Authors: John C. Hodge
Comments: 13 Pages.

The Special Theory of Relativity applies where gravitation is insignificant. There are many observations that remain poorly explained by the standard models of either the big of cosmology or the small of Quantum mechanics. The strength of the Scalar Theory Of Everything (STOE) is its ability to describe an extremely wide range of observations and to predict observations. Each of the STOE axioms has been used in the development of models of observations in the big and the small. The axioms that replace Special Relativity are: (1) Time is an abstraction of the duration between events causing events. (2) The diameter of the hods is the same throughout the universe. (3) The distance between hods is related to plenum density$\rho$. Higher $\rho$ reduces the distance between hods. (4) The speed of photons and hods (light) is the greatest of any matter in a given environment. (5) The speed of the plenum wave is much faster than the speed of the hods. The STOE passes the tests of Special Relativity and does much more. The STOE is a major paradigm shift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Birth and End of Universe & Grand Unified Theories

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 11 Pages.

Birth and end of universe is described in this article. In the birth of our universe, planck scale plays a key role in the initiation of our universe. The Yin-Yang in the origin of universe cause a black hole. The primordial black hole evaporates and starts the big bang and universe inflation. In the end of universe, light pressure causes the dark energy to cause our universe to expand to nearly infinity. And, grand unified equation is obtained from combining Stefan's law, Larmor formula, and Unruh effect.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometrisation of Electromagnetism

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 8 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

After generalising the equivalence principle and introducing gravito-electric and gravito-magnetic transformations, we show that a metric which has the same form as the Kerr metric correctly describes the electrodynamics of a charged singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proton and Electron Model Based on Dark Matter

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages. 4 figures

I constructed a relatively simple dark matter model a few days ago. After several days of thinking, I found that this dark matter model can also be used to explain some basic problems in modern physics. Among them, how are the gravitational field, electric field and magnetic field generated, and why the masses of electrons and protons are not equal, and so on. Considering that dark matter is an elastic medium, when there is energy, the elastic dark matter will be squeezed. At this time, the strain and stress generated by dark matter correspond to the bending and gravitational force of time and space. For electromagnetic interaction, it can be explained by the microscopic effects of dark matter molecules. If one considers that the "covalent bond" between dark matter molecules exists in both stretch and compression, it can be foreseen that the dark matter molecules are stretched, which means that the space occupied by the entire dark matter will expand. Considering that dark matter fills the universe, this also means that a part of dark matter molecules will be stretched, and another part of dark matter molecules will be compressed. If the stretched dark matter molecules are regarded as a negative electric field effect, the compressed dark matter molecules correspond to a positive electric field effect. Considering the Covalent bond force model inside the molecule, it is necessary to stretch and compress the same distance, and the energy required for compression is greater than the energy required for stretching. We can think of molecules being stretched as a negative electric field, corresponding to electrons. Compression is regarded as a positive electric field, corresponding to protons. This also means that the energy of the electron and the proton, that is, the mass, are not equal. Due to the existence of certain boundary conditions or Dirac charge quantization conditions, the charge and mass of all electrons or protons are equal. This can even provide a theoretical basis for the "multi-world" model: Planck's constant is different in different worlds.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

20 Years in Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 11 Pages.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems – how do they obtain it; Hubble Tension – disagreement in the values of Hubble’s constant obtained by various teams; Fermi Bubbles – two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic Centre; Coronal Heating problem in solar physics – temperature of Sun's corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees; Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system and their Internal Heat; Lightning Initiation problem – electric fields observed inside thunderstorms are not sufficient to initiate sparks; Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes – bursts of high energy X-rays and gamma rays emanating from the Earth. The Model solves Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements. In 2013, Model predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: Gravitational, Hubble’s, Concentration of Intergalactic plasma, and the Minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015 – 2021. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy" confirmed one of the most important predictions of WUM: "Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”. Hypersphere World-Universe Model is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology. According to WUM, Superclusters are the principal objects of the World. Macroobjects form from the top (Superclusters) down to Galaxies and Extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different DMPs. Formation of galaxies and stars is not a process that concluded ages ago; instead, it is ongoing.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Holes and Cosmology

Authors: G. N. N. Martin
Comments: 6 Pages.

I have written two papers arguing that the usual description of a black hole is misleading, and since the behaviour of space/time outside the black hole is not affected, that might seem to be at least one paper too many. The second paper looked at what meaning one might ascribe to the present tense when describing distant objects, and in particular, black holes, and to the implication of time running slow near massive bodies. In this paper I point out some possible cosmological implications.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Eintein-Rosen Proposition in 1935 Revisited

Authors: T. L. A. Periat
Comments: 22 Pages. This version is deepening and hopefully reformulating the first version with more precision.

This document proves the existence of a link between (i) each Bowen-York solution for the Einstein's equations and (ii) the main part of the decomposition of a deformed angular momentum. The intrinsic method is the tool supporting the demonstration. The strange and unlikely concept of deformed angular momentum is explained in a formal way referring to quantum physics. This explanation suggests that any tetra-polar polarization is related to a quantified spin field. The thematic of the asymptotic flatness is examined at the end of this exploration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Baryonic Matter in the Positive-Negative Mass Universe Pair: Protogalaxy and Galaxy Evolutions

Authors: Ding-Yu Chung
Comments: 32 Pages. Published in Journal of Modern Physics, 2020, 11, 1091-1122 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

This paper modifies the Farnes’ unifying theory of dark energy and dark matter which are negative-mass, created continuously from the negative-mass universe in the positive-negative mass universe pair. The first modification explains that observed dark energy is 68.6%, greater than 50% for the symmetrical positive-negative mass universe pair. This paper starts with the proposed positive-negative-mass 11D universe pair (without kinetic energy) which is transformed into the positive-negative mass 10D universe pair and the external dual gravities as in the Randall–Sundrum model, resulting in the four equal and separate universes consisting of the positive-mass 10D universe, the positive-mass massive external gravity, the negative-mass 10D universe, and the negative-mass massive external gravity. The positive-mass 10D universe is transformed into 4D universe (home universe) with kinetic energy through the inflation and the Big Bang to create positive-mass dark matter which is five times of positive-mass baryonic matter. The other three universes without kinetic energy oscillate between 10D and 10D through 4D, resulting in the hidden universes when D > 4 and dark energy when D = 4, which is created continuously to our 4D home universe with the maximum dark energy = ¾ = 75%. In the second modification to explain dark matter in the CMB, dark matter initially is not repulsive. The condensed baryonic gas at the critical surface density induces dark matter repulsive force to transform dark matter in the region into repulsive dark matter repulsing one another. The calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 68.6 (as an input from the observation). 26, and 5.2, respectively, in agreement with observed 68.6, 26.5, and 4.9, respectively, and dark energy started in 4.33 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71  0.98 billion years ago. In conclusion, the modified Farnes’ unifying theory reinterprets the Farnes’ equations, and is a unifying theory of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter in the positive-negative mass universe pair. The unifying theory explains protogalaxy and galaxy evolutions in agreement with the observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comment on “Criticism to the Twin´s Paradox” by Luís Dias Ferreira

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 8 Pages.

In a recent paper “Criticism to the Twin´s Paradox” Luís Dias Ferreira consider the Twin Paradox conundrum affirming that “the so-called “twin´s paradox” is consider an important issue in special relativity theory because implies a profound understanding of space time structure. And yet, since its original formulation in 1911 by Paul Langevin, numerous alleged explanations for this disturbing paradox have been produced; as it seems, unsuccessfully. This remains a subject for heated debate. Why?” In this comment we refer our previous answer to this issue that is not referred in the paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Study on the Causes of the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: KyeongDo Kwak
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper studied why the speed of light is always constant regardless of the speed of the light source or the observer. I also studied that the theory of relativity can be described only with the basic properties of time and space without introducing the constancy of the speed of light as a basic principle. This logical process presupposes that the correct length change in the special theory of relativity is length expansion, not length contraction, and I have confirmed that length expansion is consistent with known relativistic experimental results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Development of Hypersphere World-Universe Model. Narrative. Part V. Paradigm Shift in Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 130 Pages.

The main objective of a paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: universality of physical laws; cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Space, Time, and Gravitation; speed of light in vacuum; structure and content of the World; dark matter and ordinary matter; origin of matter (singularity or continuous creation); Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum; Primary Cosmological Parameters; Four Pillars of Standard Cosmology (SC) – expansion of Universe, nucleosynthesis of light elements, formation of large-scale structures, origin of cosmic background radiation. The performed analysis shows that SC fails to account for most of these concepts. The most intriguing result is that there was no Initial Singularity: all galaxies are gravitationally bound with their Superclusters. Proposed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology. According to WUM, Superclusters are, in fact, the principal objects of the World. Macroobjects form from the top (Superclusters) down to galaxies and extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different Dark Matter Particles. Formation of galaxies and stars is not a process that concluded ages ago; instead, it is ongoing.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Feather and Glass Momentum Paradox of Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 2 Pages.

A very light mass entity like a feather, a grain of sand or a leaf being in one inertial frame and a fragile entity like a vine glass, a lightbulb or a vase being in another inertial frame will relativistically impact together. The Lorentz factor is enormous, let say 1 billion as it is not limited. At the point of observation of the resting feather the glass is enormously heavy and has a momentum of gigantic value while the feather itself does have its normal rest mass and none momentum in the own inertial frame. Therefore the impact result will be evidently that glass stays whole and the feather will get an enormous momentum and after impact will move in same direction as the fragile glass entity would keep its moving nearly unchanged. But if we set us as observer into the inertial frame of the fragile glass piece, then the feather will have an enormous momentum and energy now and then its clear that the fragile glass piece in own inertial frame having rest mass and no momentum will be broken. Even if we place a lot of glass pieces into the way of the fast moved feather they all would be destroyed too. And that are two different realities of contradicting events, which we've got just by using Special Relativity's Relativity Principle which means that all inertial frames are “equally righted” and we can replace observation points as we did it.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Preset Boundary Conditions and the Possibility of Making Time Crystals

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 3 Pages.

Using the quaternion algebraic tools widely used at the end of the 19th century, we deduce a novel theory of space-time unity that can enhance the theories of special relativity and general relativity.When the preset boundary condition-the ratio of the temperature of the two systems is a complex number, then the entropy can be constructed into the ring structure of the algebraic system, and the entropy and the time dimension are in the same direction, then it is possible to construct a time crystal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Dark Matter Model

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages. 1 table; 2 figures

This article proposes a new and very simple dark matter model. This article believes that the most basic particle that constitutes dark matter is called "dark particles", which is labeled in Chinese Anzi. The model assumes that there are two anzis with opposite signs and equal mass. Anzi of two different signs can be combined into dark matter atoms similar to the interaction between positive and negative electrons, and then form dark matter molecules, and finally form dark matter gas or liquid. Similar to electromagnetic interaction, the interaction between anzi is realized by exchanging dark wave quantum. By comparing the speed of light and sound, this article believes that the propagation speed of dark waves is one million times that of electromagnetic waves. This article is convinced that if dark waves can be detected and used well, humans’ vision in the existing universe can be increased by one million times.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of Everything

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: Pages.

In this study, the masses of various particles in physics and the processes of cosmic changes were precisely calculated. Given six variables (three generation neutrino masses, photon mass, gluon mass, and electromagnetic force), everything is calculated. The core is to understand the characteristics of quantum space. Particles have no proper mass. Logarithmically compressed three generation quantum space imparts mass to the particle. The calculated values are such as follows: electron neutrino 0.1533 eV, weak force 1.011E-6, gravitational force 5.906E-39, up quark 2.250 MeV, charm quark 1275.1 MeV, down quark 4.766 MeV, strange quark 95.28 MeV, H boson 125.02 GeV, cosmological constant 1.1056E-52 /m2, dark energy : dark matter : ordinary matter = 69.5% : 25.8% : 4.7%. From the cosmological constant, the radius of Planck star is calculated as 10.05 billion years. The 73% (=10.05/137.7) is called the proportion of dark energy, and the 27% (=37.2/137.7) is called the proportion of matter. Therefore, it proves that the definition of dark energy is wrong. The standard for calculating our universe is not 5.391E-44 seconds, but 10.05 billion years. That is, right after the Big Bang, the universe began at about the size of our solar system.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Paradigm Shift in Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 22 Pages.

The main objective of a paper is to discuss the most important Concepts for any Cosmological model: universality of physical laws; cosmological principle (homogeneous and isotropic universe); Space, Time, and Gravitation; speed of light in vacuum; structure and content of the World; dark matter and ordinary matter; origin of matter (singularity or continuous creation); Law of the Conservation of Angular Momentum; Primary Cosmological Parameters; Four Pillars of Standard Cosmology (SC) – expansion of Universe, nucleosynthesis of light elements, formation of large-scale structures, origin of cosmic background radiation. The performed analysis shows that SC fails to account for these Concepts and should be obsolete. The most intriguing result is that there was no Initial Singularity: all galaxies are gravitationally bound with their Superclusters. Proposed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology. According to WUM, Superclusters are, in fact, the principal objects of the World. Macroobjects form from the top (Superclusters) down to galaxies and extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different Dark Matter Particles. Formation of galaxies and stars is not a process that concluded ages ago; instead, it is ongoing.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is the Universe Static?

Authors: David F. Crawford
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Observations of the light curve widths and peak flux densities of type Ia supernovae are traditional measurements for investigating cosmology. It is shown that a static, tired light, cosmology theory predicts the same redshift dependence of width$\propto (1+z)$, as an expanding cosmology. A completely new analysis of 1,413 type Ia supernovae and 653,338 quasar magnitudes is used to investigate whether a static cosmology is viable.

The aim is to show that the observations are consistent with a simple model of type Ia supernovae and then to use the measurements of their light curve widths and magnitudes to compare a static cosmology with an expanding cosmology.} {The light curve widths of the type Ia supernovae are determined by the direct fit of the observed flux densities as a function of epoch to a standard template. This provides width and peak magnitude estimates for each supernova. Number density and magnitudes of quasars as a function of redshift provide additional data.

It is shown that the regression equation for the observed widths is $w=(1.043\pm0.006)+(0.948\pm0.027)z$. The regression of peak absolute magnitude as a function of redshift is $M(z) = -(19.088\pm0.012)-(0.124\pm 0.107)z$. Both regressions are consistent with both cosmologies. The number density and magnitudes of quasars provides additional evidence for a static universe.

Although an expanding universe could be valid, there is strong evidence that the universe is static.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology