Relativity and Cosmology

Geodesic Deviations and the MOND Paradigm

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages.

We sketch an argument suggesting that the sensitivity of geodesics to initial conditions explains away the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) paradigm. Accounting for both transversality constraints and the Jacobi equation leads to a non-vanishing correction to Newtonian dynamics, which replicates the effect of the Milgrom parameter. Our work falls in line with the Planck data on the nearly vanishing curvature of the large-scale Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is the Dark Matter?

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 10 Pages.

The structure of the particles of the galactic systems, as well as by their gravity tails, has created new dynamics of them, resulting in their chaotic motion. So, the search for an unknown form of dark matter is no longer necessary. This gravity deviation concerning the moving bodies is a criterion to define the absolute motion. Hence, the inability of detection of a uniform motion in inertial systems has been lifted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Minimal Quasi Inertial Systems in Einstein Lifts

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 10 Pages.

In real Einstein-Lifts above resp. in radial gravitational-fields over planetary surfaces there appeartidal forces, which causes small deviations from real inertial systems because the Ricci-Tensor inthe Lift is not equal to zero, caused by the non-parallelity of the gravity field lines. For these quasi-inertial-systems (defined now as QUIS) there can be calculated a relative minimal-seize, whichonly depends from heigth over and radius of the planetary mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Alternative Theory of the Evolution of the Universe

Authors: Kay Zum Felde
Comments: 3 Pages.

We assume that space is static and infinite. The acual favored theory is the big bang theory. According to this theory the Universe is about 14 billion years old. Space has been created after a small veriation of spacetime. Mass has been created and space has been expanding immediately after this variation. What has been disturbing us is that the number of particle in the Universe is constant and the sky is not becoming brighter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Discussion Related to the Uniqueness of the Velocity of Light

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 23 Pages.

Light velocity, when measured by Humans, would always result in a constant value and the maximum possible velocity that humans can measure, a claim that was presented by Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory as an axiom, without any proof.The above demonstrates the uniqueness of the velocity of Light.But it should be also emphasized that the velocity of Light also presents a severe peculiarity, which is presented as follows:When a moving Human spectator measures the velocity value of any tangible substance, for example, the velocity of a moving Massive Body, the velocity, and the direction of motion of this spectator, relative to the velocity and the direction of motion of this Massive Body, does affect the measured velocity value of this Massive Body, by this Human spectator. But, when a moving Human spectator, measures the velocity value of a Light beam, the velocity, and the direction of motion of this spectator, relative to the direction of motion of this Light beam, does not affect at all, the measured velocity value of this Light beam, by this Human spectator, which always results in a constant Light velocity value, which is also the maximum velocity value that Humans can measure.This should be regarded as a severe peculiarity, in any velocity value measurements of Light beams, by Humans, which must be also explained. Because it seems reasonable that the velocity of a Light beam measured by Humans, when the Light beam and the Human travel at opposite directions, should be bigger as compared to the velocity of a Light beam measured by Humans, when the Light beam and the Human travel on the same directions.This paper presents a prediction that Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, do not really exist, and Velocities (and Movements and Changes in general) are only the result of Interactions between Energies.The author of this paper presented this prediction in an additional paper titled: "A discussion related to the existence of the entities of Space and Time" (12) which is referenced in this paper.The details related to this prediction are also presented in this paper.In view of the above-mentioned prediction, that Velocities (and Movements and Changes in general) are only the result of Interactions between Energies, this paper proposes a tentative explanation, to the uniqueness and the severe peculiarity mentioned above, relating to measurements of the velocity of Light by Humans.The referenced paper mentioned above, (12) also suggests an experiment, which if implemented, and its result will be successful, might provide validity, or disprove, the predictions presented in that referenced paper, and, as a result, also might provide validity, or disprove, what is presented in this paper.That experiment is also presented in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does the Spacetime Have Its Own Energy Density?

Authors: Mirosław J. Kubiak
Comments: 2 Pages.

Can simple mathematical operation change the physical interpretation of Einstein's equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Alice Meets Bob, Or: the Association of Infinity and Finiteness Within the Schwarzschild Metric

Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Schwarzschild metric is the basic description of a gravitational field, but it is more than that: It provides us with some hints about the way how the universe is working. One main feature of the Schwarzschild metric is the association of finite and infinite time structures, and it includes even proposals for the solution of the so-called "information paradox" of black holes and the supposed "breakdown of general relativity" near singularities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Obvious Pound-Rebka Experiment and the Truth about Einstein’s Relativity

Authors: Akram Louiz
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Now just ask yourself: Why do you limit the velocities in our nature to the velocity of light C? And why a particle of light shouldn't have an ordinary mass even if the red shift or blue shift of light have been discovered. You can discover in my other work about the Michelson Morley experiment that the light can be studied easily like all the other waves. Actually, Einstein venerated the light by his theories and many scientists are doing the same by accepting them. This work makes a conclusion about Einstein’s relativity after an easy study about Pound-Rebka experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Solution of the Strong Gravitational Field, the Solution of the Singularity Problem, the Origin of Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 29 Pages.

In order to apply general relativity to a strong gravitational field, the gravitational self-energy of the object itself must be considered. By considering the gravitational self-energy, it is possible to solve the singularity problem, which is the biggest problem with general relativity. When an object acts on gravity, the gravitational action of gravitational potential energy is also included. Therefore, even in the case of the universe, the gravitational action of gravitational potential energy must be considered. Gravitational potential energy generates a repulsive force because it has a negative equivalent mass. For the observable universe, I calculated the negative gravitational self-energy, which is approximately three times greater than the positive mass energy, which can explain the accelerated expansion of the universe. The source of dark energy is presumed to be due to gravitational self-energy and an increase in mass due to the expansion of the particle horizon. It is calculated that the effect of dark energy is occurring because matter and galaxies entering the particle horizon contribute to the total gravitational potential energy. While mass energy is proportional to M, gravitational self-energy increases faster because gravitational self-energy is proportional to -M^2/R. Accordingly, an effect of increasing dark energy occurs. I present Friedmann's equations and dark energy function obtained through gravitational self-energy model. There is no cosmological constant, dark energy is a function of time. This model predicts an inflection point where dark energy becomes larger and more important than the energy of matter and radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Shape of the Universe Corrigendum

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 42 Pages. English/German version

This article corrects a fatal miscalculation in viXra:1310.0189 (German:1906.0321), section 4.3.2. "Figure function" concerning the frequency response, as well as the phase- and group response for overlaid signals. Unfortunately, I could realize it but now, since I was unable to perform the inverse Laplace-transformation of (140) until now in order to compare the result with (103). Fortunately I used a different way for the rest with correct calculation. Unfortunately I cannot correct the original article in situ, since the maximum allowed number of replacements is already exhausted. But the document is designed in such a manner, that you only have to replace the corresponding pages in the PDF. Further affected is section 4.3.4.4.5. "The cut-off frequency" and the annex "Is the Course of the Planck's Radiation-Function the Result of the Existence of an Upper Cut-Off Frequency of the Vacuum?". Latter one already has been corrected and can be downloaded at viXra:2008.0140. Furthermore minor changes in section 4.6.4.2.6. "Temperature of the cosmologic background-radiation" have been conducted, arising from the latest findings, mainly an updated value of H0, resulting from the new article in viXra:2201.0122 "The Electron and Weak Points of the Metric System". In this regard also section 7.5.4. "The supernova-cosmology-project" has been reworked. Finally, a typo in (932) is corrected and two new references are added. You'll find the corrigendum for the German version (viXra:1906.0321) in the 2nd part of this document.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Angle for Explaining the Wave-Particle Duality of Light

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Wave-Particle duality of Light should be considered as an unresolved mystery. Indeed, Light manifests these two very different phenomena simultaneously. On one hand Light should be viewed as a stream of Particles. Einstein initially introduced the understanding that Light should be viewed as a stream of Particles (named Photons), to explain the Photoelectric effect. On the other hand, Light clearly exhibits a Wave facet, dating back to Newton’s days, who measured the wavelength of Light with his Newton’s rings interference observations.However, these two very different facets of Light, its Particle facet, and its Wave facet, are so significantly different, which implies that the Wave-Particle duality of Light still awaits additional clarification and additional explanation, which was not yet provided by mainstream Physics. Instead, nowadays mainstream Physics just accepts the fact that Light embed these two very different facets simultaneously, and exhibits each facet in different experiments or situations.This paper proposes a new angle for explaining the Wave-Particle duality of Light, based on the famous Mutual Annihilation process, in which an Electron and a Positron annihilate each other to create Photons, and on the famous inverse Pair Production process, in which a Photon, in certain conditions, converts back into a pair of an Electron and a Positron.Actually, the connection between the nature of Photons and the Electron and the Positron is already presented in another paper, namely, the Electron Positron-Photon idea.The Electron Positron-Photon idea, which is due originally to (the late) Prof. J. P. Wesley, in his paper titled: "Light, a Flux of Electric Dipole Photons" [4], proposed a model of the Photon as an Electric Dipole Photon which might be an Electron-Positron pair separated by a distance L.There are two reasons why the Electron Positron-Photon idea, as presented in Prof. J. P. Wesley's paper, cannot be considered a viable concept:u2022 The science of Physics recognizes Photons as being composed of pure Energy, without any Mass or Electric Charges associated to Photons. However, the Electron and the Positron do embed Mass and Electric Charges, and thus, Photons cannot be composed of pairs of Electrons and Positrons as the Electron Positron-Photon idea presented in Prof. J. P. Wesley's paper, states (Truncated by viXra Admin)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Oryginalne Wyjaśnienie Zjawiska Skrócenia Lorentza-Fitzgeralda – Model Ciśnienia Fotonowego (In Polish)
The Original Explanation of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction Phenomenon Photon Pressure Model

Authors: Roman Szostek, Karol Szostek
Comments: 18 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Polish).

W artykule wyjaśnione zostało na podstawie Szczególnej Teorii Eteru zjawisko skrócenia Lorentza-Fitzgeralda. Przedstawione wyjaśnienie polega na konstrukcji nowatorskiego technicznego modelu tego zjawiska, a nie jedynie na jego klasycznym matematycznym opisie. Model wyjaśniający przyczynę skrócenie Lorentza-Fitzgeralda jest oparty na ciśnieniu fotonowym oraz własnościach zegara świetlnego, dlatego nazwaliśmy go modelem ciśnienia fotonowego. Z przedstawionego modelu wynika, w jaki sposób można zmodyfikować eksperyment Michelsona-Morleya, aby być może był w stanie wykryć ruch względem eteru. Cały artykuł zawiera tylko oryginalne badania prowadzone przez jego autorów.

The paper explains the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction phenomenon on the basis of Special Theory of Ether. Presented explanation is based on the construction of innovative technical model of this phenomenon, and not only on his classical mathematical description. The model explaining the reason of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction is based on the photon pressure and the properties of the light clock, so we called it the photon pressure model. The model presented here shows how Michelson-Morley’s experiment can be modified to be perhaps able to detect movement with respect to ether. The entire article includes only original research conducted by its authors.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Original Explanation of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contraction Phenomenon Photon Pressure Model

Authors: Roman Szostek, Karol Szostek
Comments: 17 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether.

The paper explains the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction phenomenon on the basis of Special Theory of Ether. Presented explanation is based on the construction of innovative technical model of this phenomenon, and not only on his classical mathematical description. The model explaining the reason of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction is based on the photon pressure and the properties of the light clock, so we called it the photon pressure model. The model presented here shows how Michelson-Morley’s experiment can be modified to be perhaps able to detect movement with respect to ether. The entire article includes only original research conducted by its authors.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Problems and Solutions of Black Hole Cosmology

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 17 Pages.

The Black Hole Cosmology that "the universe we observe is the interior of a black hole" was proposed in the 1970's. However, this Black Hole Cosmology is known to have several fatal flaws. In the black hole, singularity exist in the future, whereas in the real universe, singularity exist in the past. And, while the objects inside the black hole are moving toward the singularity, the observed universe is an expanding universe, and it looks completely opposite to each other. Moreover, since black holes are images that decompose humans into atomic units through strong tidal forces, the claim that humans are living inside black holes has not been seriously considered. In this study, I will solve the singularity problem and prove that humans can live inside a sufficiently large black hole. Inside a universe black hole, there is an almost flat space-time larger than the observable universe. Currently, the observable universe is expanding at an accelerated rate because it exists in a region R_obs < R_gs where negative gravitational potential energy is greater than positive mass energy. Therefore, I would like to request new interest and research on Gravitational Self-Energy and Black Hole Cosmology through this study.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein's Gravitational Theory of Relativity with a Fourdimensional Sphere as Metric

Authors: Kay zum Felde
Comments: 2 Pages.

We examine Einstein's theory, where the metric is a fourdimensional sphere. The stress-energy tensor $T_{\mu\nu}$ describes the interaction between a body at the center, i.e. f.e. the sun and the orbiting earth.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Hierarchy of the Model of 4D Matter

Authors: Valery Skorobogatov
Comments: 10 Pages. in Russian

It is sopposed in the paper that all objects in Universe has the only one root, single Essence. By deviding this notion with a help of dichotomous method we went to the notion of Universe and World which are different. At the some level of the hierachy the variant of derivation of Lorentz treanformations is appeared.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

From Brownian Motion via The Hubble Number to Gravity

Authors: Thomas Wäscher
Comments: 8 Pages.

Thesis 1 assumes that in an adiabatic considered Brownian Motion system the temperature would rise by a tiny heat excess. Thesis 2 postulates that the tiny heat excess in the rough range of P ≈ 10-10 Watt/kg is solely produced by the gravitational interaction of the masses, because in the adiabatic case gravity is left over as the only effective cause. Although not yet verified, the heat excess of the earth, of the big gas planets and eventually of some far away asteroids and molecular clouds may uncover some extra unexplained heat excesses. Thesis 3 assumes the Hubble number to be an indication of the heat excess, considered as a decay constant of H = Λ0 =2.27 • 10-18 s-1 (corresponding to the tailored value of 70 km/(s•Mpc) in cosmology). By multiplying with c2 any mass would exhibit a specific energy release of p/m = 0.204 Watt/kg or m ̇/m = 2.27•10-18 kg/(kg•s). This is postulated as an emission of a yet unknown quantum flow with the velocity of light c resulting in a specific scalar repulsive or recoil force |f| = m ̇/m c = 6,8•10-10 N/kg on the emitting mass. Thesis 4 identifies this as the self-gravitation of any mass and energy in the universe and it is supposed that Λ0 (former H) is the cause of gravity. A consequential stationary background scalar field |a| = Λ0•c in the universe creates gravitational redshift which is equivalent to the apparent accelerated expansion. Thesis 5 tries to reduce the scalar from the sphere to an unidirectional vector by dividing by π2 which then appears as the gravitational constant G. By the more precise value of G now Λ0 (former H) can be corrected to 2,20•10-18 s-1•corresponding to 67,89 km/(s•Mpc), the lower Planck- and WMAP-satellite value of the contemporary Hubble number discussion. Final remarks contain historical and modern ideas about the minimum mass of a hypothetical graviton. The prerequisites of an experiment are described which eventually can verify the postulated tiny heat excess.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Dynamics from Multifractal Geometry

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages.

Emergent gravity builds upon the formal connection between classical Thermodynamics and the field equations of General Relativity. Drawing from the thermodynamic interpretation of multifractals, we speculate here that gravitational dynamics follows from the multifractal geometry of spacetime far above the Fermi scale. Our brief report suggests that a) informational entropy corresponds to the Beckenstein-Hawking entropy and b), Newton’s constant corresponds to the information dimension, a defining attribute of multifractal scaling.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology