| viXra.org > Classical Physics > 2603 |
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| viXra.org > Classical Physics > 2603 |
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[5] viXra:2603.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2026-03-22 00:17:46
Authors: Haiwei Ren
Comments: 16 Pages. In Chinese (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
A unified physical model with the virtual element as the basic energy unit and entropy pressure as the core dynamic mechanism is proposed in this paper． The virtual element has an inherent motion property of the speed of light, with its free state corresponding to pure energy and bound state corresponding to matter． This model redefines the physical essence of time, space and gravity: time is the entropy increase process of matter returning to free energy, space is the distribution domain of entropy pressure gradient, and gravity is the generalized force induced by entropy pressure gradient． By introducing the entropy-time coupling relationship, the time dilation is directly correlated with the local entropy pressure field, and the Newtonian gravitational potential is derived under the weak field approximation, thus achieving compatibility with general relativity． The model uniformly explains the intrinsic connections of matter, energy, light, electromagnetic waves, thermodynamic laws and cosmic evolution, and puts forward testable experimental predictions． This study constructs a complete theoretical system for the unification of spacetime and matter, and provides a new feasible path for the establishment of a unified physical framework in physics．
Category: Classical Physics
[4] viXra:2603.0110 [pdf] submitted on 2026-03-21 15:51:51
Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 figures
When an artificial intelligence (AI) model was asked the question in the title, the answer was "Under all conditions." This response is understandable because, in the dominant paradigm, photons have no size, structure, or mass, and consequently, there is no photon model, but there is spin. When asked about spin, the AI model replied that spin is not the rotation of matter in space, but rather a representation of the Lorentz group. Planck's formula is a postulate, not the result of a physical consequence. The answer to the question in the title can be found within the framework of a new paradigm built on Tesla's insight. In this new paradigm, photons have size, structure, non-zero mass, and spin; thus, compared with the dominant paradigm, the new paradigm provides a closer match to classical physics.Here, based on this photon model, we derive a generalized formula for the energy and frequency of a photon, in which Planck’s formula is a special case.
Category: Classical Physics
[3] viXra:2603.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2026-03-06 21:36:02
Authors: Ajay Sharma
Comments: 45 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)
Consider compiling a set of one hundred observations of diverse rebounding bodies on a common surface. These bodies may have identical mass and composition but different shapes, such as spheres, cones, needles flat sheets, and irregular forms, and they rebound to different heights. These experiments are classified into realistic physical systems. In existing physics, motion of bodies is explained by the coefficient of restitution method (CORM), the equations are based Newton’s third law of motion (NTLM) and kinematical equations, which explains phenomena qualitatively. Hertz contact method also explains motion of bodies in very limited range. Under suitable conditions, a spherical ball may rebound nearly to its original height, retracing its path, and the rebound height may be treated as an indicator of reaction force. In contrast, a flat body rebounds to a minimal height whereas irregular bodies rebound along trajectories at varying angles. The typical motions of sphere, flat and irregular bodies may be explained with a single equation quantitatively. Even recoil velocity of gun based on the conservation of momentum, is not quantitatively confirmed at macroscopic level. Thus, NTLM may be used independently to explain the behavior of rebounding bodies, in realistic system NTLM is expressed as Reaction (FBA) = − [Kshape × Kcomposition × Ktarget × Kother] Action (FAB). Accordingly for recoil of gun we get, vgun = - mbullet .vbullet /Zmgun. The proposed generalization may be examined through quantitative experiments involving diverse parameters, where �� and Z represent experimentally determined coefficients. This law is specifically tailored for rebounding bodies in real-world scenarios, providing a phenomenological framework to describe experimental observations. Distinct theoretical treatments may be required for rebounding bodies in idealized versus real-world systems. The results motivate consideration of an extended interaction framework that incorporates geometric and surface-dependent factors within a Newtonian context.
Category: Classical Physics
[2] viXra:2603.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2026-03-05 03:42:07
Authors: Antonio Jose Mejias Marquina
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this work the charge of the electron will be deduced from Gauss’s flow law.
Category: Classical Physics
[1] viXra:2603.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2026-03-04 21:22:22
Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 5 Pages.
This work derives the Direction Cosine Matrix using the Pivot Vector attitude parameters. The resulting matrix elements are simpler than those of other attitude representations, since they involve only vector dot products.
Category: Classical Physics
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