Astrophysics

An Experiential Astronomy Sees the Photon that Lights the Earth

Authors: Ian Turnbull
Comments: 4 pages, 7 images.

Humanity is entirely adapted to seeing how the Earth, along with the captive Moon, and the inner and outer planets, revolve together around the central Sun. Whereas this conceptual understanding sees our planetary system from the outside, from above, as-it-were, this paper seeks to record the Earth-bound observer's experience of being inside the field of Light coming from the Moon and from the Sun in the course of a year. A year being as a unit of time for this particular lighting effect and therefore the appropriate duration for this experiential form of astronomy.The outcome of this inquiry indicates how the light from the Moon and the light from the Sun combine to create for the observer, and indeed, for all life on Earth, the annual experience of being within a circulating field of waveform and particle energy. An 'energetic effect' that physics has observed at the atomic level and knows as a 'photon'. This inquiry concludes with the perception of how parents traditionally and instinctively conform with this same photon dynamic to create a unified field that conveys their love and light on down to their children. This interpretation blends physical and metaphysical observations which together indicate that 'photons' are universal devices, whose primary function is to transfer quantum units of whole Light (electromagnetism+gravity) from one dimension (or generation) to another.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star TZ Mensae

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

The two stars in TZ Mensae emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 2.70 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows eleven companions. The orbital times of the planets fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star Cygnus X1

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

The black hole in Cygnus X1 orbits a supergiant and emits gravitational waves with a frequency of 4.134 $mu$Hz. The GW can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows eight companions. The orbital times of the planets fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

An Equation that Relates the Energy Density to the Curvature of Space-Time in the ΛCDM Model

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages.

Starting from the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem, some mathematical results on the spacetime curvature of the relativistic Schwarzschild cosmological model have been related to the space-time curvature and energy density in the ΛCDM model. With this result, an equation has been obtained that relates the Gaussian curvature of space-time with the energy density in the ΛCDM model. The equation found can facilitate the resolution of the Friedmann equation in some cases.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star RR Caeli

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The two stars in RR Caeli emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 76.22 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows nine companions -- including the planet already discovered with electromagnetic waves. Identical values of the orbital frequency are measured with both methods. The orbital times of the remaining planets fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

How Large is Our Universe?

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 19 Pages.

Our local universe can be confused with its visibleuniverse. The visible region of our local universe issomewhat smaller than its extended region, mostlybecause of the pre-photonic, hyperluminal momentat the very beginning of our local big bang. Thisessay examines the relative role of light speedversus sketchy 2D concepts of stringy spacetimethat question fourth-dimensional time itself. The4D multiverse is modeled, and hyperluminality’skey role concludes this discussion — along with thecausative differences between common black-holeformation, and formation of rare big bangs.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star R Canis Majoris (R Cma, HD 57167)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

The two stars in textit{R Canis Majoris} emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 20.33 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{nine} companions -- one was suspected using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Thickenings in the Ring System of the Binary Star V4046 Sagittarii

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The protoplanetary disk orbiting textit{V4046 Sagittarii} may contain planets. The central binary system $A1-A2$ emits gravitational waves with a frequency of 9.56 $mu$Hz, which may be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW provides evidence that there are textit{twelve} rings that are not rotationally symmetric. Some may contain young planets. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the asymmetry of the mass distribution to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

The Structure of a Black Hole

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein’s field equations (EFE) have several solutions. I relate here to Kerr’s solution of EFE because Kerr describes a known physical phenomenon — namely, all celestial bodies spin. The Schwarzschild solution is merely a mathematical solution of EFE because it assumes a non-rotating celestial body. I hypothesize that at the center of a black hole, there is a spinning neutron star. A neutron star may reside inside the singularity ring only if the radius of the neutron star is smaller than the singularity ring radius. This hypothesis is verified by analyzing the M87 black hole.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star Epsilon Ursae Minoris

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

So far, no planets have been discovered in the binary star system, which is 300 LY away. The two stars emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 586 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{eleven} companions -- unseen by electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star Alpha Coronae Borealis (Alpha CrB)

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite has detected an excess of infrared radiation in der Umgebung von textit{Alpha CrB}. This suggests the presence of a large disc of dust and material around the star, prompting speculation of a planetary or proto-planetary system. Although the binary system is only 76.5 light years away, no planets have been discovered so far.The two stars emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 1333.426 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{twelve} companions -- unseen by electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star Kepler-35

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The two stars in textit{Kepler-35} emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 1116 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{twelve} companions -- one was discovered using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Special Relativity: Time Dilation Revisited

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

Motion being a relative quantity, the question often asked in Special Relativity (SR) is: which observer is moving, and which one is at rest? How is this to be determined? There are many who have tried to answer this conundrum. Most answers fall into two categories: 1) the use of a Minkowski diagram (space-time coordinates) — but motion is still relative even on a space-time coordinate system; 2) by specifying which observer is accelerating — acceleration like velocity is still a relative quantity. None of these are satisfactory. In this paper we offer a solution. But to answer that question properly we must go back to the derivation of the time dilation equation and focus on what is really at stake. Out of this investigation we get a new look at time dilation as the equivalent of a Doppler effect.
Category: Astrophysics

Calculation of the Space-Time Curvature in the Vicinity of Schwarzschild Black Holes: Application to Sagittarius A*

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages. In Romanian (Correction made by viXra admin - For the last time, please conform!)

We have calculated values of space-time curvature in the vicinity of Schwarzschild black holes. For this we have used the metric and the results of Schwarzschild collected in his study on relativistic gravitation published in 1916 as well as techniques of differential geometry of surfaces. This has allowed us to obtain values of space-time curvature in the vicinity of SAGITTARIUS A*, and thereby giving a physical content to our mathematical approach to the subject. The results are consistent with what was expected.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star Kepler-34

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages.

The two stars in Kepler-34 emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 833 nHz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows twelve companions - one was discovered using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star Toi-1338/bebop-1

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 9 Pages.

The two stars in TOI-1338 emit gravitational waves with a frequency of $1.58~mu$Hz, which can be measured here on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows seven companions -- two of which were discovered using electromagnetic waves. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Calculation of the Energy Density Parameter ρ in the Cosmological Model ΛCDM and Through Experimental Data

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 4 Pages.

We have calculated the energy density parameter, which appears in the cosmological model ΛCDM in the Friedman equation, using cosmological data values from recent experimental results reported in the literature. A statistical calculation has been performed to determine its uncertainty. Finally, the result is commented linking it with the possible existence of dark energy.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star Kepler-16

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

The two stars in textit{Kepler-16} emit gravitational waves with a frequency of 563.5 nHz, which can be measured on Earth. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{eleven} companions. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law, an improved version of the Titus-Bode rule. The physical interpretation of the result of the phase modulation is difficult, but allows the masses of the planets to be estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Notes of Black Holes

Authors: Alexandra B. Chanson
Comments: 178 Pages. The proofs are schockingly accurate, and represents the fundamental backbone of results presented at Strings 2023 and Qubit 2023.

This article invokes non-standard analysis throughout physics to generallygain insight towards how to holographically ``de-centralize" hidden conformalmodes (large central tower OPEs). Ultimately, measurements, continuum, andsingularity mechanics are dualized against Wilson partitions, chaosrepresentation, and RG flow to produce a candidate universal topological fieldtheory. Many results are shown along the way, but the primary resultsestablished are: sub-harmonic chaos in $U(1)$ gauge theory is identified andquantized in the the flat space celestial hologram, a virial model ofcircuit-information is asymptotically probed and found dual to a Hubble-likeequation of state, and a background model of loop-information in Einstein'sgravity is found to be a loop gauge theory of d=4 $2times x2$ Gaussian UnitaryEnsembles, establishing it as a candidate of non-perturbative, loop QCD ingravity. The state preparation of this GUE 2x2 M-gauge simultaneously producesa post-selected supersymmetry algebra (over the canonical log-partition) whichsurvives all possible no-go tests. Finally, the the canonical $2x2$ GUEpartition state identifies a $frac{1}{8}$-BPS topological phase measurementprepared as a quasi-continuous state of information decay; the partiallyconformal background is identified as a $frac{1}{4}$-BPS shadow and given amechanism of spin-entanglement. Notably also, the Cosmological Hierarchy problem is resolved, the finestructure constant is derived (up to 5 orders of magnitude) using analyticblack hole decay, and a new, $21-pt$ emergent universal holographic constraintbound between celestial gravitons, quantum information stability is shown atloop level, which further resolves the naturalness of $d=4$ emergent spacetimeand the directedness of time.
Category: Astrophysics

The Gravity Waves from the Binary Galaxies by JWST

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 13 Pages.

The energy spectrum of gravitons emitted by the black hole binary as a gravity waves iscalculated in the first part of the article. Then, the total quantum loss of energy, is calculatedin the Schwinger theory of gravity. Using analogy with the binary stars, we calculate thegraviton spectrum of the binary galaxies discovered by the JWST of NASA.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of the Binary Star HD 75747

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 8 Pages.

So far it has been assumed that the star system HD 75747, also known as HR 3524 or RS Chamaeleontis (RS Cha), has only textit{one} companion. A gravitational wave at 13.86 $mu$Hz is calculated from the orbital period of 1.67 days. The decoding of the phase modulations of the GW shows textit{eleven} companions. The orbital times fit very well with the predictions of Dermott's law, an improved version of the Titus-Bode rule.
Category: Astrophysics

A Linear Relationship Between the Baryonic and Dynamical Masses of Disk Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 21 Pages.

We present the first linear relationship that explains both the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the dynamical masses of galaxy clusters, without the need for any dark matter. A previous paper analysed the rotation curves of galaxies from the SPARC catalogue and a linear relationship was found. Similar analysis has been applied to recently published data on galaxy clusters and the same linear relationship has been found. This linear relationship is an observational result, not a theoretical one. It rules out the requirement for any dark matter in disk galaxies and galaxy clusters.Given the distribution of baryonic matter (stars, gas) in a spiral galaxy, we can use the linear relationship to predict the rotation curve; something dark matter cannot do. And given the distribution of baryonic matter (gas, galaxies) in a galaxy cluster, we can use the same linear relationship to predict the dynamical mass; again, something dark matter cannot do. The analysis is interpreted as meaning the energy scale varies from location to location. No dark matter is required, and no changes to Newtonian gravitation are required either; just a simple variation of the energy scale.
Category: Astrophysics

How do Stars Shine[?]

Authors: Haijun Liu
Comments: 5 Pages.

The concepts of gravitational field center and sphere layer are put forward. It is proposed that the electromagnetic wave generated by the field control effect generated by the superposition of the spherical layer of the gravitational field of stars returns to their own stars under the action of the potential difference generated by the electromagnetic field cutting, and compensates for the lost kinetic energy. The overall result is that the energy of each star is always constant. It is proposed that the light of the earth is converted into visible light by the kinetic energy of the earth in the superposition region, and the visible light converted by the sun is returned to the sun.
Category: Astrophysics

万有引力与时空弯曲的物理机制探讨 (a Study on the Physical Mechanism of Universal Gravitation and Space-Time Curvature)

Authors: Yake Li
Comments: 13 Pages. In Chinese

研究证明，光速在局域内具有绝对不变的一面，但在局域间又具有相对变化的另一面，随空间相对变化的光速是产生重力加速度g的物理原因， g=-(dc^2)/ds ，在10m空间范围内，光速仅相对变化了△C = -0.000000166782 (m/s) ，就可产生g = 10 m/s²的重力加速度，这是一个令人难以置信的结果。光速变化的原因，是物体质量对真空物理性质μ_0 ε_0的影响，物体的质量使μ_0 ε_0随空间发生变化，尽管也是一个非常微小的变化量，同样使空间中的物体具有了高低能量状态之分，物体就会自发地朝低能态方向运动，在这样的空间中，物体等效于受到了一个重力F_m的作用，F_m=-m_0 (dc^2)/ds。本文解释了空间如何传导引力的物理机制问题，同时也解释了时空弯曲的物理机制问题。

It has been proven in studies that the speed of light remains absolutely constant within a local area, but relative changes in the speed of light can occur between different local areas. The speed of light that changes with space is the physical factor responsible for the generation of gravitational acceleration g ( g=−(��������^2)/�������� ). Within a range of 10 m, it is possible to generate a gravitational acceleration g = 10 m/s² with only a relative change in the speed of light at △ C=-0.000000166782 (m/s), which is a remarkable feat. The change in the speed of light can be attributed to the influence of the mass of an object on the physical properties of vacuum μ0ε0, which changes it with space. Although it is a minor change to the object in space, it results in the establishment of high and low energy states, and consequently, the object will spontaneously move towards the low energy state. In such a space, an object is equivalent to being subjected to the action of gravity ��������, and ��������=−����0��������2��������. In this article, the physical mechanism of the conduction of gravity in space and the physical mechanism of space-time curvature are explained.
Category: Astrophysics