| viXra.org > Thermodynamics and Energy > 2012 |
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| viXra.org > Thermodynamics and Energy > 2012 |
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[3] viXra:2012.0216 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-17 12:29:14
Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 4 Pages.
We derive a lower limit $\Delta H_{vap}^Z $ for the latent heat of vaporization $\Delta H_{vap}$ with respect to the pressure and the volume change of the phase transition from the study of a heat engine using liquid-gas as working fluid with an infinitesimal variation of the temperature $\delta T$ and an infinitesimal variation of the pressure $\delta P$ and in the vanishing limit of the massive flow rate $Q_m$. We calculate the latent heat index $h^Z= \Delta H_{vap}^Z/\Delta H_{vap}$ of few gas and at few different pressures $P$. Finally, we consider the latent heat index limit $h^Z_{cr}$ as the temperature $T$ approaches the critical temperature $T_{cr}$.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[2] viXra:2012.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-13 12:08:49
Authors: John I Domazet
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
This paper will describe the design to a device which is patent pending with the USPTO and that would address Miguel Alcubierre paper about warp drives and his assumption that exotic materials would be required in order to produce negative energy. It is the assertion of this paper that negative energy for a warp drive will not be found under the normal aspects of matter to harness, but rather must be found through the manufacturing of a device that would replicate it.
Essentially, to harness the potential of negative energy, one must first design a circuit that continually creates and harnesses the inertial moment of a closed circuit. In this quantum “big bang” inertial moment, the negative energy that provides the equal and opposite force within the closed circuit can be moved through the displacement field using capacitor discharge timing and the space it creates within two separate thermally induced circuits. By using the mathematics behind Maxwell’s demon, the time varying field that creates the displacement current phenomenon is aligned with the time varying of capacitor charge and discharge cycles to create circuits that have their specific orbital spins organized. Within magnetron circuits, three electrode capacitors move the potential of the single anode through internal and external reactions. These reactions and signals are controlled through vacuum tubes and oscillated between twin cells, rectifying and amplifying their waves or particles and organizing them into positive forward and negative backward right-hand moving waves contained within an individual phase of power. This oscillation creates a greater third wave and becomes the first means to understanding negative energy as a backward moving cold current, that would expel the equal and opposite force normally contained within a hot closed circuit, creating two right hand moving hot and cold currents locked in a thermal exchange within a single phase of power. Through the use of vacuum tubes, the context of harnessing the potential of light being a wave or a particle becomes very apparent, with the device resembling the theoretical version of a warp drive that would mathematically move to the speed of light.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[1] viXra:2012.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 21:22:13
Authors: Farkad Al Wattar
Comments: 1 Page.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics does not specify when a system, such as that epitomised in 1824 by Sadi Carnot as a `heat engine',
will cease functioning at the end of its useful life. Carnot's formulation of the Second Law
allowed for a heat engine to run indefinitely when provided with sufficient fuel. The Arrow
of Energy postulates that, as a result of wear and tear, a system of energy will cease functioning as the sum of all the useful energy produced approaches the total energy expended
in its construction. Therefore, the energy expended in constructing the system and the
sum useful energy produced by the system must be one-way entangled, forming an Arrow, similar to the Arrow of Time.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
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