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[10] viXra:2609.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-25 19:09:14
Authors: Bert Morrien
Comments: 15 Pages.
Standard cosmological models face severe theoretical crises: the Vacuum Catastrophe, the Black Hole Information Paradox, and the unresolved nature of Dark Matter. These issues stem from a foundational misalignment—treating the observable universe as an isolated, expanding single-universe system while applying continuous, non-quantized geometry at black hole horizons. This paper introduces the framework of Reality (R) as an absolute, eternal, non-egocentric, and gravitationally closed thermodynamic system. By resolving Hawking’s semiclassical continuum approximation through strict Planck-scale boundary discretization (Δx≥l_P), black holes are re-evaluated not as information sinks, but as quantized thermodynamic pumps that compress high-entropy matter into net-zero entropy fluxes. Furthermore, by accounting for the unshielded gravitational influence of external cosmic zones within an infinite expanse, the ambient background tension naturally accounts for dark matter phenomena without invoking hypothetical particles. Finally, by treating the zero-point energy baseline (0" Kelvin" ) as an active thermodynamic floor rather than a localized non-extractable vacuum, mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2) satisfies the baseline energy density of the cosmos. Through strict adherence to the Law of Non-Contradiction and Ockham's Razor, this model unifies general relativity and quantum field operations into a continuous, self-sustaining thermodynamic engine.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2609.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-19 13:11:33
Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 4 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction is the physical phenomenon where an object becomes contracted along the axis of motion. We will test this hypothesis by observing the movement of the Earth relative to the CMB rest frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2609.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-17 08:10:08
Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 9 Pages.
The Hafele—Keating experiment and GPS technology exhibit a time-dilation effect that has traditionally been explained in terms of special and general relativity. We show, based on a Newtonian concept of a gravitationally entrained ether, that atomic clocks intrinsically exhibit this time-dilation effect when moving relative to gravitational fields. To this end, we develop a mathematical framework that reproduces the values observed in the aforementioned experiments for the apparent time dilation within a Newtonian-physics framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2609.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-16 20:51:40
Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 57 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Black Hole Cosmology has traditionally been challenged by the apparent incompatibility between black hole interiors and cosmic expansion. However, because classical general relativity, on which this criticism is based, is itself incomplete in black hole interiors, the criticism rests on an incomplete premise. We reformulate this problem using total gravitational self-energy (GSE). The total GSE functional U_{gs−T}(R) = − (βGM_fr^2/R)[1 − (5β/7 )GM_fr/ Rc^2] contains a negative GSE term and a positive matter-GSE interaction term responsible for the repulsive radial response, where β denotes the structural coefficient of the GSE functional. For a matter-filled black hole interior, this energy landscape yields finite radii, including R_gs=(5β/7)R_S, R_{min,BH} = 5βR_S/(14−5β), and R_{min,E}=(5β/14)R_S. Thus, the point singularity is replaced by a finite-radius structure, allowing sufficiently massive black holes to contain macroscopic nonsingular interiors. This supports the possibility of closed black hole universes whose interiors exhibit weak local curvature and small tidal gradients. For our observable universe, the relevant configuration is not an isolated vacuum black hole, but a cosmological black hole embedded in a much larger, nearly homogeneous matter distribution. The matter-sector mass enclosed within the present particle horizon gives a Schwarzschild-equivalent event horizon radius R_S≃150.4 Gly, whereas the causal radius is R_U≃46.5Gly, giving R_S/R_U≃3.23 > 1. In this compactness sense, the observable universe lies within its own Schwarzschild-equivalent radius. The cosmological application of total GSE yields the dark energy density ρ_{Λ_m}= (βρ_m/2)(R_S/R_U)[(5β/14)R_S/R_U − 1]. Under the matter-dominated background approximation with w_{Λ_m}≃−1, the condition for accelerated expansion is ρ_{Λ_m} > ρ_m/2, or equivalently, R_U< R_{crit,U}≃0.279 βR_S. The framework provides a three-stage interpretation of cosmic history: early accelerated expansion driven by total GSE, a decelerating phase during the radiation era and the matter era, and late-time accelerated expansion driven by total GSE dark energy. Thus, accelerated cosmic expansion is not evidence against Black Hole Cosmology, but rather a central signature of a cosmological black hole. The predicted dark energy density provides a direct observational test of this interpretation of the observable universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2609.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-15 20:48:48
Authors: Mauro Alfonso Montenegro
Comments: 73 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Spacetime is conventionally treated as a four-dimensional background within which matter and gravitational phenomena occur. Space-Clock Field Theory (SCFT-A) advances a field-first alternative: the Lorentzian metric is the gravitational field, and physical space is the clock-orthogonal spatial state of that field, rather than an independent background container in which gravity resides. A dynamical scalar clock T selects the physical foliation and distinguishes cosmological clock-field time T from matter proper time t, the invariant time measured along material worldlines. Along homogeneous clock-comoving trajectories, the two physical times satisfy dT= Q dt, so that NT → dt/dT= Q→1 and HT = H/Q. Because T carries stress, conjugate momentum, conserved charge, and gravitational backreaction, this distinction changes relational observables and cannot be removed by a coordinate transformation. The theory’s central reciprocal statement is: As physical space expands, cosmological time contracts or moves slower; as physical space contracts, cosmological time expands or moves faster. The expanding branch obeys the on-shell response dNT /dH < 0. An explicit unbraided contracting branch has˙ Q > 0; this clock-rate statement has a different response sign and is proved only on its stated branch. This gravitational—clock architecture motivates the proposed extended equivalence principle, gravity= proper acceleration= physical space= relativistic aether= vacuum, where= denotes identity of physical sector rather than mathematical equality among curvature, acceleration, spatial geometry, causal structure, and vacuum states. SCFT-A realizes these principles using one universally coupled metric and one shift-symmetric scalar clock. The same operator family admits specified approximately matter-like regimes, a late self-accelerating endpoint, and a controlled local stationary MOND/AQUAL operator limit, without a separate cold-dark-matter action, dark-energy fluid, bare cosmological constant, or second matter metric. These are classical branch results, rather than a completed dark-sector unification theorem. A convex kinetic interpolation and positive spatial derivative operators define a deliberately constructed classical example. An explicit revised coe"cient point, ωm/H2 d = 1030 , ε = 10→140 and ϑ = 10→6, replaces uncertified numerical extrema by proved su"cient bounds. It preserves all-momentum local scalar positivity and a positive tensor spectrum. A generalized endpoint polynomial proves positive scalar kinetic and restoring coe"cients, and an exact decreasing energy controls every endpoint scalar mode despite redshifting momentum. The revised stationary correction ratio is strictly below 10→14 at a declared subhorizon scale. (Truncated to < 400 words by viXra Admin)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2609.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-13 18:18:25
Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.
The controversy surrounding the existence of a non-accelerating universe—contrasting with the prevailing view of recent decades that we inhabit an accelerating, expanding universe—has resurfaced following recent discoveries by South Korean and Indian scientists. At the same time, the position held by U.S. scientists regarding an accelerating universe has been reaffirmed; the debate is likely to persist until more reliable data on dark energy become available in the coming years, ultimately settling the matter. The new Nancy Grace Roman Telescope, launched into orbit just weeks ago, is poised to resolve the issue in the near future. For now, new studies and opinions continue to emerge, supporting one position or the other. The work presented here is a theoretical study arguing for the existence of a non-accelerating universe; to this end, it examines the solutions to the Friedmann equations in detail. This study analyzes the expansion of the universe using a mathematical approach that leads to the following conclusion: the only valid solutions to the Friedmann equations are those describing non-accelerating universes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2609.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-13 15:42:12
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 15 Pages.
This article presents a proposed unified description of physical interactions within the framework of the special theory of relativity. The starting point is the principle of minimum potential energy, interpreted equivalently as the principle of minimum rest mass. According to this approach, every interaction can be described by a general force formula containing the charges of the given interaction, an interaction constant, and a dimensionless function of distance. The commonly used inverse-square dependence is treated here as an experimentally established approximation valid only within a limited range of distances, rather than as a universal law extending from zero to infinity.After the finite propagation speed of interactions is taken into account, interactions become one-sided: the force exerted by a source charge on another charge is determined by the state of the source at the point from which its interaction ray reaches the affected object. Therefore, the interaction must first be described in the rest frame of the source charge and then transformed to other inertial frames by means of Lorentz transformations. Using general vectorial Lorentz transformation formulas for U-spaces of arbitrary dimension, together with a relativistic form of Newton's second law of motion, unified vector formulas are derived for the acceleration and force acting on a point object carrying an arbitrary interaction charge. The appendix presents the derivation of the rest-mass derivative used in these formulas and provides numerical checks confirming the consistency of the transformations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2609.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-12 06:56:25
Authors: Carl Littmann
Comments: 9 Pages.
In his book, ‘Opticks’, 1700, Newton made a respectable estimate for both ether’s pressure and density — the best up to about 1905, after which interest in ether sadly waned. Ether pressure is, in fact, the energy per volume in space, and thus is very fundamentally important. But this paper explains, sadly, how the scientists of the 1800’s largely failed to address ether’s pressure. I.e., not even appreciating ether’s causing the high-pressures near the center of the earth and inside more massive bodies. So, Einstein’s great (mc^2) was welcomed even more than otherwise. ((I also give my reasons for my own rough estimate of ether pressure of (10^+34) N/sq.m., (coincidentally, same as scientists use for inside neutron stars.) [1] And for my ether density estimate of (10^-20) Kg/cu.m., (consistent with the highest-to-lowest densities in Nature — roughly equaling the highest-to-lowest forces found in Nature).)) Some 1800’s scientists made good estimate of ether’s density. ((It is said of Einstein’s gravitational theory that "two adjacent bodies bend space more than otherwise". But my view is that the available space for ether flow is naturally more constricted between two close bodies, so ether’s flows must speed-up there to maintain flow continuity. And that causes the well-known ‘Venturi flow effect’ -- reduced pressure, a suction effect, ‘attraction’, i.e., known as ‘gravity’.))
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2609.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-11 20:43:44
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 11 Pages.
Modern physics is caught in a profound conceptual schism between deterministic, continuous classical frameworks and probabilistic, discrete quantum mechanics. While recent advancements—such as Nicolas Gisin’s application of intuitionistic mathematics to classical mechanics [1] — might have provided some bridging of this gap by exposing classical physics as fundamentally probabilistic, they continue to rely on the static assumption of a fundamental, singular space-time background. This paper argues that space-time might not be a primary entity. Instead, this paper argues that what Humans perceive as space-time might only be an emergent cognitive interface used to interpret and explain energy interactions. To break the logical paradox of using a brain embedded in space-time to disprove space-time, this paper proposes that science must look for an internal algorithmic "bug" in the existing frameworks. This paper proposes a Charged Lense-Thirring Effect Experiment, which is designed to observe a possible anomaly in the spin-precession of a charged particle beam orbiting a rapidly rotating charge distribution, which, if this anomaly is detected, might also support the assumption that space-time might be a secondary property of localized energy interactions and a cognitive construct stemming from energetic interactions. This paper does not present that a successful implementation of the proposed experiment, will, by itself, assert that the space-time is not a primary entity. But this paper argues that a successful implementation of the proposed experiment, with possible successful implementations of additional properly proposed experiments, might support the already ongoing research endeavors to present the space-time as an emerging entity, which might conclude in a more reasonable view of the universe, and also resolve issues related to the existing view of the space-time as a primary entity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2609.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2026-09-03 04:06:45
Authors: Dave E. Dunstan
Comments: 4 pages. 3 Figures.
The Pantheon + SHOES data is interpreted using transformed coordinates with distances that have origin at the beginning of the Universe. Distances (R) taken from the beginning of the Universe (R~0 and t~0) increase toward Earth and reveal a Newtonian Gravitational redshift (z<0.1). Distances determined in this way are the inverse of the luminosity distances measured from Earth. The revised coordinate frame yields a 1/R dependence of the redshift consistent with a Newtonian gravitational redshift. An alternative to the Hubble-Lemaitre expanding Universe is presented. The alternative Universe suggested is determined by Gravity, is static in size and contains Galaxies that show a Gaussian distribution of velocities. This is the model of the Universe first considered by Einstein.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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