Relativity and Cosmology

OR Serial Report 1: A New Theory with New Discoveries and New Insights

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 27 Pages.

Physics has had a new theory: the theory of Observational Relativity (OR). The theory of OR has discovered that all theories or spacetime models in human being’s physics must be branded with observation. The theory of OR has uncovered the root and essence of the relativistic effects of matter motion and matter interactions presented in spacetime: all relativistic effects are observational effects and apparent phenomena -- the speed of light is not really invariant; spacetime is not really curved. Newton’s classical mechanics is a theory of idealized observation with the idealized observation agent OA, presenting us with the true reflection of the objective physical world; Einstein’s relativity theory is a theory of optical observation with the optical observation agent OA(c), presenting us with only an optical image of the objective physics world, not exactly the physical reality. The theory of OR is a theory of the general observation agent OA() (0<<; ), which has genralized and unified Newton’s classical mechanics and Einstein’s relativity theory: as , the theory of OR strictly reduces to Newton’s classical mechanics; as c, the theory of OR strictly reduces to Einstein’s relativity theory. In the theory of OR, Newton’s classical mechanics and Einstein’s relativity theory are just two special cases, i.e., what Hawking called ‘partial theories’. Now, the theory of OR has become what Hawking called a ‘complete theory’. The theory of OR would inject fresh blood and new ideas into physics. Mankind must re-examine his physics and reshape his view of nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reconsidering Gravity as Dynamic Phenomenon

Authors: Martin Mayer
Comments: 22 Pages. Rev 1.02

The purpose of this paper is to explore gravity as a dynamic phenomenon where the gravitational effects described by the Schwarzschild metric are transferred to changes in the quantities of time, length, velocity, acceleration, mass, energy, force as well as the electric and magnetic field constant. These changes are assumed to be physically real and not just a superficial effect of the used coordinate system. Using these malleable quantities various calculations can be done in ordinary orthogonal space again which were regarded as requiring curved space, as demonstrated by applying those malleable quantities to the typical tests of general relativity. This endeavour also uncovers how the formula for Newtonian gravity has to be extended to properly explain the perihelion precession of planets. Moreover, formerly concealed connections between Newtonian gravity and the theory of general relativity are revealed, in particular gravitational potential energy is identified as a change in mass energy. Thereafter a quantum gravity approach is put forward, as originally proposed by John A. Macken, which provides clues to how gravity can be expressed on the quantum level with a classical wave based approach that uses the ’acoustic’ impedance of space. In that context the electrostatic and magnetic force are also reexamined, since they exhibit an unexpected mathematical similarity to gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativity of Mass: Mass Can Decrease with Velocity

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 9 Pages. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

We present a simple approach for deriving velocity-dependent masses using the principle of relativity. Our analysis reveals that the transformations associated with Galilean, Lorentz, and other space-time frameworks between two inertial reference frames are fundamentally equivalent in the context of the relativity of mass. Consequently, the notion of velocity-dependent mass is not the exclusive characteristic of Special Relativity (Lorentz transformation). Among the notable conclusions drawn from our formalism are: mass can both increase and decrease with velocity, a particle can never be completely at rest, and superluminal signaling is in principle feasible. Furthermore, we discuss on the nature of mass and argue that a photon is not massless.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Thermodynamic Stabilization of GravitationalCollapse at Planck-Scale Temperatures.

Authors: A. Schubert
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted content is in general not acceptable)

The conventional view of gravitational collapse predicts the formation of a classical event horizon (EH), followed by an inevitable singularity. However, this scenario does not fully account for the thermodynamicproperties of self-gravitating systems, particularly their negative heat capacity. In this work, we investigate how thermodynamic constraints mayinfluence the late stages of collapse and propose that a non-singular, thermodynamically stabilized intermediate state may emerge at Planck-scaletemperatures.By analyzing the temperature evolution driven by gravitational compression and energy-momentum effects, we show that the system can reachthe Planck temperature well before the classical free-fall time completes.This rapid heating phase naturally leads to a transition into a stabilizedstate supported by an Anti-de Sitter (AdS)-like interior with a negativecosmological constant. While an event horizon still forms as an observerindependent boundary, the singularity is avoided due to this internal stabilization.We further examine the holographic implications of this scenario. Theevent horizon acts not as a classical one-way membrane, but as a quantumclassical interface that stores and gradually releases information. This provides a thermodynamically motivated framework for resolving the blackhole information paradox.Rather than contradicting standard black hole physics, this model extends it by incorporating thermodynamic and quantum gravitational principles. The results suggest new avenues for theoretical and observationalexploration of non-singular gravitational collapse.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Potential Evidence for Evolving Spacetime Dimensions from DESI

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

Recent results reported by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) suggest that Dark Energy (DE) may be weakening over time. The hypothetical time-dependence of DE raises a major challenge to standard cosmology, which is built on the assumption that DE represents the cosmological constant (CC) of Einstein’s equations. Here we point out that DESI’s findings reinforce the conjecture that, a) well above the range of electroweak interactions, spacetime dimensionality is continuous and runs with the observation scale, and b), the energy content of the CC stems from the cumulative contribution of energies stored in the fractal structure of Dark Matter/Cantor Dust.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolution of the Abraham—Minkowski Controversy

Authors: Andrew T. Hamilton
Comments: 3 Pages. Changes to references

The Abraham—Minkowski controversy has arisen because the Minkowski stress-energy tensor for the electromagnetic field in polarized and magnetized matter is not symmetric. This note proposes an alternative that is both symmetric and traceless.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About the Gravitational Wake of the Galaxy

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 14 Pages. In Russian

Wake gravitational waves are a supposed phenomenon resulting from the movement of material bodies in the Absolute Space-Time of the universe as a whole.Thus, Wake gravitational waves are a test that, if positive, will provide clear, indisputable arguments in favor of the existence of a dedicated (absolute) frame of reference. This article is devoted to the consideration of the Wake gravitational waves of the Galaxy. It follows an article that examined the Wake gravitational waves of the Sun and Moon. Estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics of the Galactic Gravitational Wake are presented here. Their calculated impact on the Solar System turned out to be insignificant.

Кильватерные гравитационные волны - это предполагаемое явление, возникающее в результате движения материальных тел в Абсолютном Пространстве-Времени — Вселенной, как целое. Т.о., Кильватерные гравитационные волны является тестом, который, в случае положительного результата, даст ясные, неоспоримые аргументы в пользу существования выделенной (абсолютной) системы отсчёта. Данная статья посвящена рассмотрению Кильватерных гравитационных волн Галактики. Она следует за статьёй, в которой рассматривались Кильватерные гравитационные волны Солнца и Луны. Здесь представлены оценки физических и геометрических характеристик Кильватерных гравитационных волн Галактики. Их расчётное воздействие на Солнечную систему оказалось незначительным.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Possible Evidences from $H(z)$ Parameter Data for Physics Beyond Lambda CDM

Authors: Rong-Jia Yang
Comments: 7 Pages.

We analyse $H(z)$ parameter data with some conditions by using Lagrange mean value theorem in Calculus. We find that: (1) there exists decelerated phase at 1 $sigma$ confidence level in the redshift range $(0.38, 0.59)$; (2) the equation of state of dark energy may be less than $-1$ at 1 $sigma$ confidence level at some redshifts in the redshift range $(1.3, 1.53)$; (3) there exists accelerated phase at 1 $sigma$ confidence level in the redshift range $(1.037, 1.944)$. These results may provide possible evidences for physics beyond $Lambda$CDM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Temporal Flow Theory: A Unified Framework for Time, Gravity, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Matthew Warren Payne
Comments: 8 Pages. © Matthew W. Payne 2025 (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)

Temporal Flow Theory (TFT) unifies time, gravity, and quantum mechanics through an entropy flux four-vector Wµ, emergent from coarse-grained quantum entanglement and decoherence, coupled to spacetime curvature via a scale- and temperature-dependent function g(r,T). Distinct from Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG), string theory, and entropic gravity, TFT is derived from an information theoretic action and predicts a frequency-independent 1.0 ± 0.5% boost in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectrum at ℓ ∼ 100, a Planck-scale bounce, a (1.0±0.2)×10−6 nanoscale quantum phase shift, and a (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10−16 gravitational wave (GW) speed deviation. These predictions are testable by CMB-S4, the Matter-wave Interferometer Gravitational-wave Antenna (MIGA), and LIGO/Virgo stacking, respectively. Consistent with Planck 2018 and GW170817 data, TFT operates as an effective field theory (EFT), offering a thermodynamically motivated resolution to the problem of time in quantum mechanics. This paper presents the full theoretical framework, including detailed derivations, cosmological implications, quantization, and experimental constraints, situating TFT within the broader quantum gravity landscape
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Intuitive Explanation of the Invariance of the Speed of Light: Understanding the Concept Through the Timeless and Spaceless Nature of Photons.

Authors: Izam Syed
Comments: 6 Pages.

The invariance of the speed of light is a cornerstone of special relativity, yet it remains counterintuitive to many. This paper presents an intuitive explanation based on the nature of photons, which do not experience time or space. We argue that the observed constancy of light speed follows naturally from this fact. Through thought experiments and relativistic principles, we demonstrate why all observers, regardless of their motion, perceive light at the same speed. This perspective deepens our understanding of spacetime and the fundamental properties of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Chaos, Confusion, and the Illusion of Gravity Waves

Authors: Keith D. Foote
Comments: 13 Pages.

The interpretation of vibrations detected by LIGO’s facilities is critically examined. The concept of gravitational waves is disputed and the argument is made the detected vibrations are the result of synchrotron radiation. Spacetime is treated with skepticism, and a modern version of the aether is described. Synchrotron and Cerenkov radiation are used as supporting evidence of a medium supporting the transport of electromagnetic waves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Theory of Gravity and the Design and Fabrication of a Gravitational Field Generator Based on [a] New Theory

Authors: Yuan Pan, Yong Wen Pan
Comments: 86 Pages.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) used a different line of thought to study the physical properties of gravitational fields before he established the general theory of relativity on the mathematical basis of Riemannian geometry. Based on this idea, we developed a new theory of gravity that describes the physical properties of gravitational fields on the basis of special relativity and eventually unifies the electromagnetic and gravitational fields. This paper is only the first part of this new gravitational theory, focusing on the construction of the foundation of the new theoretical system, with the following main contents:1.A new view of space-time is put forward, which holds that time, space and the mass of matter are determined by the gravitational field, and therefore controlling the gravitational field can control the space-time and the mass of matter to a certain extent.2. Recalculating and reinterpreting the classical verification experiments of general relativity (including the gravitational redshift of light frequencies, the gravitational deflection of light, the Mercury perihelion procession shift, etc.) in accordance with the new theory of gravity yielded identical calculations to those of general relativity.3.On the basis of the observed speed of motion of the centre of mass of the solar system with respect to the stationary reference system of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), it was calculated that a 1-year cycle variation should be included in the complex variation of the Earth's rotation rate. In this cycle, the change in the length of day (ΔLOD) of the Earth decreases by about 0.77376 ms to 0.85972 ms in August compared to February each year. We analyse that this calculation is consistent with the observation data released by IERS (International Earth Rotation Service).4.The new gravitational theory explains the dark energy in the Universe.5.We have revised De Broglie's matter wave formula, and the revised matter wave formula can explain why matter cannot be cooled to absolute zero, and this new matter wave formula can be used as the basis for unifying the electromagnetic field and the gravitational field. We believe that fluctuations in matter (matter waves) generate gravitational fields, and that regulating matter waves regulates the generation of gravitational fields.6. We have designed and built the world's first gravitational field generator since 2016 based on this new theory of gravity, and have successfully conducted a gravitational field generator (curvature engine) experiment in 2021, which is briefly described in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Systemic Relativity & Logarithmic Gravity (SRLG): A Scale-Dependent Framework for Unifying Quantum and Cosmic Phenomena - REVISION

Authors: Lukas A. Sosna
Comments: 16 Pages. 6 figures (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)

The persistent rotation curve anomalies of galaxies present one of modern physics' most profound puzzles. Stars orbit galactic peripheries at velocities far exceeding Newtonian predictions based on visible matter alone, a discrepancy conventionally addressed by postulating vast halos of invisible dark matter. Meanwhile, the theoretical landscape remains fractured by the fundamental incompatibility between quantum mechanics and general relativity, particularly in extreme gravitational environments.This paper introduces Systemic Relativity & Logarithmic Gravity (SRLG), a theoretical framework that addresses these challenges through a single unifying principle: the scale-dependence of gravitational interactions. The core mathematical innovation is remarkably straightforward—a logarithmic modification to Newtonian gravity that causes gravitational force to decline more gradually with distance than the inverse-square law predicts:$$g_{text{log}}(r) = frac{GM}{r^2} times e^{-lambda log(r)}$$The distinguishing feature of SRLG is the system-dependent parameter λ, defined as the ratio of gravitational binding energy to Planck energy. This definition provides a physical basis for why gravitational behavior transforms across cosmic scales, with λ naturally increasing from negligible values at solar-system scales (λ ≈ 10^-38) to appreciable values at galactic scales (λ ≈ 10^-5).Rigorous analysis using 175 galaxies from the SPARC database demonstrates that SRLG reduces rotational velocity prediction errors by approximately 50% compared to Newtonian models without requiring dark matter. The framework also successfully models gravitational lensing in the Abell 2744 galaxy cluster with λ ≈ 0.26-0.32, producing observed lensing strength within 5-8% of measured values without dark matter components.The time-frequency dynamics incorporated in SRLG yields testable predictions for gravitational wave propagation, specifically a frequency-dependent phase shift potentially detectable by LIGO and LISA. This aspect of the theory may provide crucial insights into how gravity behaves in the strong-field regime, offering a bridge between quantum and relativistic physics. SRLG's connections to renormalization group approaches, black hole thermodynamics, and quantum gravity suggest it may be uncovering a fundamental pattern in nature's architecture rather than merely providing a convenient fitting function. By reconceptualizing gravity as a scale-dependent phenomenon, this work offers not only a potential resolution to the dark matter problem, but also a fresh perspective on the century-old quest to reconcile quantum mechanics with general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Quo Vadis Effect: A Graviton-Based Explanation of Mercury’s Perihelion Precession

Authors: Adolfo Santa Fe Dueñas
Comments: 14 Pages.

We propose the Quo Vadis Effect (QVE), a velocity-dependent correction to Newtonian gravity arising from gravitational aberration. Unlike General Relativity (GR), which explains Mercury’s perihelion precession via space-time curvature, the QVE operates within a Newtonian framework without modifying the geometry of space-time. The core mechanism of the QVE is that an orbiting body perceives gravitons arriving at an apparent velocity greater than $c$ due to aberration. This results in two simultaneous effects: (1) an increased flux of gravitons and (2) an enhanced force per graviton, leading to a total gravitational force correction proportional to (1 + (v/c)²). This correction modifies the gravitational potential energy, reproducing the standard GR prediction for Mercury’s perihelion precession.A similar velocity-dependent correction was previously explored by Wayne (2015), albeit without a clear physical derivation, speculating on possible friction-like effects. In contrast, the QVE provides a well-defined mechanism based on gravitational aberration.Beyond Mercury’s orbit, the QVE may have broader implications, including potential corrections to GPS satellite clocks and alternative explanations for galaxy rotation curves without invoking dark matter. Additionally, it may offer insights into cosmic acceleration if graviton propagation exhibits similar aberration effects at cosmological scales.Given the ongoing debate surrounding modified gravity theories, this work aims to contribute to the discussion by demonstrating that a Newtonian approach incorporating gravitational aberration can recover key relativistic results. The QVE suggests a possible bridge between classical mechanics and quantum gravity, warranting further investigation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Kaluza Klein Theory Versus the Possibility that the Electric Field Strength Might be Recognized as a Form of Acceleration

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 24 Pages.

Einstein's Theories are considered as significant theories of the nowadays Science of Physics. However, the nowadays Science of Physics did not provide yet a verified theory for unifying the Gravitation and the Electromagnetism. Kaluza Klein Theory addresses that issue by predicting that there are five dimensions, with the fifth dimension being of the shape of a tiny circle, with a radius of 23 times the Planck length, which is of the order of 10−33 cm. However, because there is no foreseeable technology for verifying that prediction, about that fifth dimension, the Kaluza Klein Theory is not yet accepted as a complete viable theory, which implies that the issue of presenting a theory which unifies the Gravitation and the Electromagnetism is still an open issue. This paper, and several other preprints, by the author of this paper, also tries to address that issue, by presenting an alternate theory, which is also accompanied by a proposal for an experiment, which might either disprove the proposed theory, if the proposed experiment implementation will turn out to be unsuccessful, or, alternatively, provide validity to the proposed theory, if the proposed experiment implementation will turn out to be successful. However, while the Kaluza Klein theory does not challenge significant elements of the nowadays Science of Physics, the proposed theory does challenge significant elements of the nowadays Science of Physics, and as such, might appear, initially, as completely wrong.Thus, this paper concludes that the implementation of the proposed experiment might be an important endeavor, because it might provide validity to the proposed theory, while the Kaluza Klein theory does not seem to be verified, in the foreseeable future, leaving the issue of the Unification of the Gravity and the Electromagnetism as an open issue.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity and Black Holes

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 8 Pages.

The question of how Newton's inverse-square law of gravity relates to general relativity (GR) is discussed in this paper. In GR, gravity is considered as a consequence of space and time curvature, whereas Newton's law is restricted to a flat space. Logically, then, Newtoniangravity must relate solely to the time curvature contribution in GR. Instances where Newton's law does not describe phenomena correctly, such as the perihelion rotation of the planet Mercury and the bending of starlight, are therefore attributable to spatial curvature. The GRsolution for a static point mass, calculated on this basis for correspondence with Newton's law, is entirely regular and agrees with all theusual predictions of GR except the one leading to an event horizon. This suggests that the currently accepted model of a static black-hole,although mathematically possible, is non-physical. Not only is there no horizon in spacetime, but gravitational attraction between two masses does not diverge to infinity as they approach each other. This means there is no singularity at the origin of coordinates where physical laws would break down, and relative speeds do not exceed the speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New 3D Spherical Coordinates Warp Drive Vector with Hodge Star Over the Y-Axis and Variable Speeds Using the Natario Methodology

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 51 Pages.

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001.Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than lightpredated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or togenerate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drive vector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates over the x-axis but remember that a real warp drive must accelerate orde-accelerate in order to be accepted as a physical valid model so it must possesses variable speeds.We developed in this work a newwarp drive vector for the y-axis in both Polar and Spherical coordinates that encompasses variable speeds.Also Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a realspaceship is a tridimensional 3D object inserted inside a tridimensional 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Time Dilation Reveal a Variable Speed of Light?

Authors: Branimir Spigel
Comments: 16 Pages.

A reexamination of the well-known Hafele-Keating time dilation experiment reveals an overlooked assumption in standard interpretations. The time interval measurements for all clocks began and ended simultaneously in the laboratory, implying that their measured intervals should be identical. This raises questions about the conventional view that these intervals differ in duration due to motion. A deeper analysis revealed a fundamental issue: applying the same standard seconds to all intervals disregards the fact that moving clocks tick at a slower rate. This implies that the duration of a time unit on a moving clock is longer than a standard second. To resolve this inconsistency, we introduce the concept of variable time units. We further propose modifying the time dilation formula by defining time intervals in terms of discrete clock ticks rather than fixed-duration units, demonstrating that the ratio of time units follows directly from the ratio of clock ticks. However, adopting variable time units leads to the inevitable conclusion that the speed of light must also be variable, contradicting Einstein’s postulate of its invariance. From this perspective, while the Hafele-Keating experiment is widely regarded as empirical confirmation of Einstein’s theory of relativity, a closer analysis suggests an alternative interpretation that questions the assumption of a universally constant speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Overlooked Geometric Conflict Between Special Relativity and Sommerfeld’s 1909 Spherical Model

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 7 Pages.

Special Relativity (SR) assumes that velocity vectors, displacement vectors and direction vectors coincide, since they are projected onto a flat analytical space (Minkowski space) to interpret inertial relative motion. In contrast, Arnold Sommerfeld’s 1909 spherical model interprets velocity composition on a spherical surface, where displacement and constant direction vectors are fundamentally distinct. This paper demonstrates that because Einstein and Sommerfeld use different surfaces to project their interpretation of the Michelson-Morley interferometry, their predictions for relativistic effects diverge. Specifically, while Einstein’s model necessitates Lorentz contraction and time dilation, Sommerfeld’s spherical formulation predicts no such distortions. Notably, compatibility between SR and Sommerfeld’s spherical model exists only in the special case of two right-angled triangles. By extension, any hyperbolic model that claims compatibility with SR must also be restricted to this special case. This work highlights a fundamental geometric conflict between Special Relativity and Sommerfeld’s alternative formulation, warranting further examination of the geometric nature of inertial motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolving the Gravity Freefall Paradox: A Sine-Alpha Model for Dynamic Spacetime Curvature

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)

This paper presents a novel resolution to the gravity freefall paradox, where General Relativity (GR) appears to introduce prematurespatial contraction effects that contradict Newtonian expectations. The paradox arises from the fact that GR predicts the same exter-nal gravitational field for both a physical mass and a black hole, yet point mass freefall marker behavior differs in both cases. We introduce the sine-alpha function, a dynamic formulation that naturally regulates spatial curvature according to the evolving ratio of marker separations. This model predicts Newtonian behavior outside the event horizon while dynamically allowing self-regulated curvature inside it. Our model preserves logical consistency between classical and relativistic physics. We provide evidence from numerical simulation, comparing our function’s predictions to GR, demonstrating its stability within and beyond the event horizon. We restrict ourselves to theoretical considerations only.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Atomic Spectrum by Electrometrication of Space and Quantum Nature of Motion

Authors: Sergio de Azevedo Melo
Comments: 53 Pages. In Portuguese

The electrical nature of the particles that make up the atom allows the prediction of the electromagnetic emission spectrum, resulting from the mechanics between the particles involved. However, the radiation process described by quantum physics is different from the understanding made by ordinary electromagnetism. The understanding of fission is discussed by the correspondence principle.The proposed curvature produced by the elementary electric charge and the representation by an electrometric tensor make it possible to address aspects of classical and quantum theories using the same formulation. The electron does not fall into the nucleus, as it follows a geodesic trajectory. The resolution of the atomic binary system encounters self-induced harmonic oscillations that produce fluctuations in the metric, with consequences in the determination of the point representation and in the position-momentum simultaneity in the same reference frame. The energy of the orbital transition by the electron, according to the spectrum of the hydrogen atom, reproduces the discretization and ripple effects as a consequence of the resolution. The result endorses how the correspondence between electromagnetic radiation processes is understood by electrometric curvature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Mass

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 9 Pages.

Abstract: Although the mass of an object is defined to represent the equivalent of 3D matter it contains, it is often considered as the quantity of 3D matter contained in the object. Mass is the mathematical relation between an external linear effort on an object and the rate of rate of its displacement in the direction of the external effort. This relationship is often ignored, and the value of mass is regarded in almost all academic fields as the quantity of 3D matter present in the object. The dependency of the mass of an object on its linear speed introduces changes in the value of its mass depending on the initial speed of the object considered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expanding—Contracted Space Theory

Authors: Dale Wahl
Comments: 74 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org in the future)

Expanding—Contracted Space Theory (ECST) reframes gravity, cosmology, and particle physics by treating space as a cellular medium with variable density rather than an empty backdrop. A scalar contraction field governs cell volume: its gradients reproduce gravity, electromagnetic fields contract space directionally, matter induces spherical contraction on average, and space cells in relaxed, low-density regions (cosmic voids) replicate at a universal rate. From these mechanisms emerge a unified explanation of major puzzles across scales:u2022Cosmology. Photon redshift and late-time acceleration arise from space replication in cosmic voids, resolving the Hubble tension without dark energy while preserving CMB and distance-duality tests.u2022Astrophysics. In dense regions, screening restores General Relativity. In galaxies, unscreened gradients produce MOND-like accelerations and the baryonic Tully—Fisher relation without dark matter. In black holes, collapse halts at a finite density ceiling, eliminating singularities and preserving external Kerr/Schwarzschild metrics.u2022Microphysics. The same sextic elastic potential that caps black-hole collapse yields stable soliton excitations corresponding to the electron, muon, and tau, naturally generating the charged-lepton family. Neutral solitons stabilized by a quartic gradient generate neutrino masses with no per-flavor tuning. When collective SU(2) and SU(3) rotations of the same solitonic core are quantized, the baryon octet and decuplet emerge with GMO and equal-spacing mass relations. Canonical electromagnetic normalization fixes the dielectric response of the medium, eliminating ad-hoc parameters and ensuring that charge and mass hierarchies are derived rather than imposed.With only a small set of universal constants, ECST links particle spectra, hadron structure, galactic dynamics, cosmic redshift, and compact-object physics under one density-based action principle. It reproduces all local precision tests, predicts measurable deviations in gravitational-wave ringdowns and void-sensitive redshift surveys, and offers a parameter-economical, falsifiable alternative to ΛCDM, dark matter, and arbitrary mass hierarchies in the Standard Model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Hubble Diagrams Limitations and Surprises

Authors: Martin Schauer
Comments: 12 Pages.

In 1929, Edwin Hubble measured the brightness and redshift of distant stars to calculate their distance and escape velocity. The resulting data, plotted on the now famous Hubble diagram, showed a proportional relationship between distance and redshift. It is important to note, however, that any measurement of a star's brightness (magnitude) also gives its corresponding lookback time. But is the correlation between redshift and lookback time causal or spurious, or is even the correlation between redshift and distance spurious ?In other words, does the redshift brightness plot reflect the spatial or the temporal evolution of the Universe or both, and to what extent? This article shows that there are many different possible events that could lead to the same redshift brightness diagram. For example, the redshift could depend almost entirely on changes in distance, or almost entirely on changes in lookback time. It turns out that the more redshift depends on changes in distance, the less it depends on changes in lookback time, and vice versa. However, due to a lack of data, no one knows what really happened. But many things would be simpler, if one assumed that the redshift depends almost exclusively on the lookback time: The amazing idea of an expanding space would not be necessary. The expansion rate of the universe would be steadily decreasing.Dark energy and the cosmological constant (Einstein's biggest blunder) would not be necessary. Until new discoveries are made, it is not possible to determine what conclusions can be drawn from a redshift brightness diagram.But these inferences are a key pillar of the ΛCDM model. If this pillar wobbles, the whole structure could collapse.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Approach to Understanding the Stress-Energy Tensor

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

The common method of defining the stress-energy tensor is confusing and inconsistent. In this article, an alternative simple method for definition is presented. The connection between the stress-energy tensor used in general relativity and the stress tensor used in material mechanics contains errors, as all stresses occurring in the material cause an increase in the fields that bind the microscopic parts of the material and affect only the material's density.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmological Constant Problem is not a Problem: it is a Misconception

Authors: Rudi Van Nieuwenhove
Comments: 6 Pages.

The persistent discrepancy between quantum field theoretical predictions of vacuum energy density and the observed value of the cosmological constant suggests a fundamental issue in our understanding of their gravitational effects. We argue that General Relativity developed without quantum mechanical input, is not suited to accommodate zero-point energy as a source term in the Einstein field equations. Instead, we propose that the cosmological constant arises from large-scale curvature effects rather than an intrinsic vacuum energy density. This approach naturally resolves the cosmological constant problem without requiring fine-tuning or exotic physics. Furthermore, we outline how this perspective aligns with the idea that only energy contributions with physical boundaries (e.g., mass-affected zero-point fluctuations) gravitate, while uniform vacuum fluctuations do not.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reasonable Alternatives to the Two Big Problems in 20th-Century Physics

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 105 Pages. The content of this monograph is based on 3 published articles.

The formulation of a problem is often more essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks the real advance in science ("The Evolution of Physics", Einstein & Infeld, 1938). The root cause of the biggest problem in 20th century physics, the "special theory of relativity", is actually the incorrectly accepted and maintained for more than 100 years "postulate of the constancy of the speed of light for all reference frames". The reason for the emergence of this postulate is the incorrect interpretation of the famous "Michelson-Morley experiment". This experiment was based on the inappropriate conceptual design used in Michelson’s "two-way interferometer". All other known experiments: the Sagnac experiment in 1912, the "Michelson-Gale-Pearson" experiment in 1925, and the "One-way measurement of the speed of light" experiments carried out in recent years, indisputably prove that the speed of light is not the same for all frames of reference. The measured speed of light in the frame of reference related to the Earth’s surface differs from the "speed of light in vacuum" and this difference varies depending on the latitude (proven by Michelson himself back in 1925). Michelson published the results of the "Michelson-Gale-Pearson" experiment in the articles "The Effect of the Earth’s Rotation on the Velocity of Light I and II". Even with the title of these articles, Michelson shows that such an effect exists, i.e., that the speed of light in vacuum differs from the speed of light in the frame of reference related to the Earth’s surface. Michelson’s "two-way interferometer" uses exactly the same path in two directions for each arm. That is why, the existing difference in the speed of light in both opposite directions in the frame of reference related to the Earth’s surface caused by the Earth’s rotation around its axis cannot be established. This is because this difference in the speed of light is completely and accurately compensated for each arm and for any direction of the arm. (Truncated by viXra Admin to <400 words)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inferring the Source of Cosmic Expansion Forces from the Presence of Charge in Space

Authors: Kuo Tso Chen
Comments: 10 Pages.

The accelerating expansion of the universe suggests the presence of a repulsive force exceeding gravitational attraction. This study explores the asymmetry in electron and positron production during the formation of the universe, which may have led to a residual charge imbalance. If a uniform but minuscule charge density pervades the universe, the resulting electrostatic repulsion could drive cosmic expansion. Through mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that even an extremely slight charge density variation can result in accelerated expansion, aligning with current observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology