Relativity and Cosmology

A Reexamination of the Velocity of Light, Dark Mass, and the Accelerated Expansion and Age of the Universe

Authors: Morton Spears
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper establishes the amazing ability of space permittivity and permeability to determine the velocity of light, the extent of Dark Mass, and theaccelerated expansion of the universe. In addition, taking into account the dependence of the velocity of light on permittivity and permeability, it is shown that the universe is significantly older than is generally accepted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Permittivity Creates Dark Matter and an Older Universe with Accelerating Expansion

Authors: Morton Spears
Comments: Pages.

The purpose of this report is to provide simple answers to the following three questions by considering the effects of what has been happening over time to one single property of open space; namely, the permittivity of that space. What is dark matter and why does it exist? Why do so many distant stars appear to be older than the expanding "Big Bang" Universe of which those same stars are a part? Why is our Universe expanding at a greater velocity now than it did many millions of years ago?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Does the Limit of the Maximum Force in the Universe Exist

Authors: V. E. Yumashev
Comments: 3 Pages.

It is established that there is a limit of maximum force at the point c^4/4G and a limit of maximum power c^5/4G [1, 2] in the Universe. But there is no explanation why do these values exist and why do they have such signification. These limits can be explained from the point of view of the hypothesis of the existence of a chronofield in the universe. Such hypothesis is presented in [3, 4, 5]. These works were written in the early 2000s and it is not easy to find them on the Web. The text below summarizes the main provisions of the chronofield hypothesis and gives an explanation of the reason of existence of the maximum force limit.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space, Time, Matter and Kinematics of a Point
Часть 2. Пространство, время, материя и кинематика точки

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 112 Pages. In Russian

Physics plays a huge role in modern natural science. In this paper, the section "Kinematics" is considered. The model and purpose of studying kinematics in this paper will be the description of the mechanical motion of a material point in space in time with a geometric bias. At the same time, as a rule, its mass and other material properties, as well as the reasons for this particular movement, will not be taken into account. All that matters are the concepts of coordinates, trajectories and the geometry connecting them. Everything else is derived from them.Part 1 is mainly devoted to Euclidean space, its transformations and the movement of a point in it. Part 2 is mainly devoted to the description of transformations of absolute types of spaces (APV) and, in particular, Galilean spaces. Part 3 will be devoted to the laws of motion of MT by geodesics in locally Galilean spaces.Kinematics is the most abstract branch of physics (and mechanics), very close to abstract mathematics, whose task is to describe the possible movements of abstract physical objects in space and time without taking into account the real laws of physics. Kinematics is more geometry than physics and mechanics. Its objects are models of real physical objects and a description of their motion in abstract space-time (PV)1.The tools of physics are mathematics and experiments. With the help of experiments, actual data is collected on the relationships in physical reality, then abstract mathematical theories of physical reality are formulated that correspond to the experiments conducted, then again, these theories are tested for compliance with the current level of physical knowledge and predictions are made beyond the current knowledge. And all in a circle.I would like to define the laws of kinematics. But there are none. Kinematics is a matter with a material, physical connotation with a set of words from physics and mechanics. One can only say that these laws could follow from the three basic laws of dynamics of classical Galileo—Newton mechanics (CFMN) and Einstein's special and general theory of relativity (SRT and GRT) - but this cannot be said either. There is no concept of force and, therefore, causality in it.

Физика в современном естествознании играет огромную роль.В данной работе рассматривается раздел «Кинематика». Моделью и целью изучения кинематики в данной работе будет описание механического движения материальной точ-ки в пространстве во времени с геометрическим уклоном. При этом, как правило, не будут учитываться ее масса и другие материальные свойства, а также причины именно этого движения. Все, что имеет значение — это понятия координаты, траектории и связывающая их геометрия. Все остальное — производные от них.Часть 1 в основном посвящена евклидову пространству, его преобразованиям и дви-жению точки в ней. Часть 2 в основном посвящена описанию преобразованиям абсолют-ных типов пространств (АПВ) и в частности — галилеевым пространствам. Часть 3 будет посвящена законам движения м.т. по геодезическим в локально галилеевых простран-ствах.Кинематика — это наиболее абстрактный раздел физики (и механики), очень близкий к абстрактной математике, задачей которой является описание возможных движений аб-страктных физических объектов в пространстве и времени без учета реальных законов физики. Кинематика — более геометрия, чем физика и механика. Его объектами являются модели реальных физических объектов и описание их движения в абстрактном простран-стве—времени (ПВ)1.Инструментами физика являются математика и эксперименты. С помощью экспери-ментов производится сбор фактических данных о взаимосвязях в физической реальности, затем формулируются абстрактные математические теории физической реальности, соот-ветствующие проведенным экспериментам, далее опять же с помощью экспериментов проверяются эти теории на соответствие текущему уровню физических знаний и делаются предсказания за пределами текущих знаний. И все по кругу.Хотелось бы определить законы кинематики. Но их нет. Кинематика — это математи-ка с материальным, физическим оттенком с набором слов из физики и механики. Можно сказать только то, что эти законы могли бы следовать из трех основных законов динамики классической механики Галилея—Ньютона (КФМН) и специальной и общей теории отно-сительности Эйнштейна (СТО и ОТО) — но и этого нельзя сказать. В ней нет понятия силы и, следовательно, причинности.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Beginning of a New General Theory of Relativity (Part 4)

Authors: Valentín Ibáñez Fernández
Comments: 94 Pages. In Russian

Scientific research in this paper showed that the modern fundamental classical kinematics of body or point motion contain an incorrect understanding of the physical process of movement of matter. In a consequence, analytical mechanics, theoretical mechanics, continuum theory and etc., contain an incorrect understanding of the physical process of the movement of matter and its characteristics, such as energy, its change, work, kinetic energy, and so on.In addition, this led to a misinterpretation of Newton's theory of gravity, the theory of free fall of a body and the universal law of change and conservation of energy to describe the motion of matter in a gravitational field. The theories that are not consistent with each other describing the same natural phenomenon. And these errors have penetrated deeply into the ranks of equivalent methods of formal mathematical description of classical mechanics:u2022 * Newton's laws ;u2022 Lagrange formalism;u2022 Hamiltonian formalism;u2022 Hamilton—Jacobi formalism.But, with a view to create a new general theory of relativity, it is necessary to investigate and eliminate these causes in these theories which describing the same natural phenomenon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Derivation of Hubble's Law and the End of the Darks Elements

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 13 Pages. Solution for Dark Energy and Dark Matter

From the "Decreasing Universe" model, establishing the contraction of space tissue when exposed to a gravitational field, we derive the Hubble Law and, from there, we will explain the effects "Dark Energy" and "Dark Matter".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dimensional Photon Accelerator and Inverse Relativity Test

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 10 Pages.

We can design a photon accelerator that accelerates the photons even though the photons have no rest mass in order to do mechanical work on them, they have no electric charge to interact with the electric or magnetic field, they move at the maximum speed in a vacuum, which is the speed of light, i.e. No more speed, but through a new hypothesis called the dimensional rest mass hypothesis, we can find solutions to the three reasons that prevent us from accelerating photons and design an accelerator of photons called the dimensional photon accelerator works with a new principle that is not used in particle physics, which is the acceleration between the dimensions of spatial space, The work of the accelerator is a test of the dimensional rest mass hypothesis, Therefore, it is also a test of the inverse relativity theory, which relied mainly on that hypothesis, This is the main purpose of designing this accelerator.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unification of Atomic Physics and Cosmology

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 38 Pages.

In this paper in an elegant way will be present that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Model of Drop Experiment

Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 3 Pages.

The equivalence principle has been verified by multiple experiments. Many of these experiments are drop experiments: Balls of different masses fall to the ground. Each experiment yielded the same result: Both objects fall to the ground at the same time. However, we have doubts about this result. Fortunately general relativity provides a tool, It can be used to verify our ideas. It tells us: Mass bends spacetime, and the curvature of spacetime reflects the magnitude of gravity. So, we conducted a thought experiment with this tool, The conclusion is: The experimental results contain a scale problem, Under the existing experimental precision, on a certain scale, We can only get the same result. When this scale is exceeded, the results will be different.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmology Calculator WELTTABELLEN - Worldlines of the Standard Model of Cosmology (Lambda-CDM Model) in Tabular Form

Authors: Werner Lange
Comments: 131 pages. In German. The new version 3.21 is a complete revision of the previous paper.

The cosmology calculator WELTTABELLEN (literally: WORLDTABLES) provides worldlines of galaxies and photons in tabular form for the spatially flat standard model of cosmology (Lambda-CDM model). In addition, Hubble radius, light cones for arbitrary apexes, event horizon and particle horizon are calculated as a function of user-defined coordinate ranges. Furthermore, various cosmological parameters, intersections between light cones, Hubble sphere, horizons and worldlines of galaxies as well as the recession velocities of galaxies, Hubble sphere, light cones and horizons can be determined. Light emitted from galaxies at a specific point in time can be assigned to those light cone apexes at which the emitted light is visible. All result values can be provided depending on scale factor, redshift, and time after the Big Bang, and can be displayed in comoving and physical coordinates. WELTTABELLEN traces the essential characteristics of the Lambda-CDM model. The program may be used by professionals (e.g. lecturers and students at the university) and lay people interested in cosmology. To the author's knowledge, no free comparable software is available on the market. The performance range of the program exceeds by far the capabilities of the online cosmology calculators that can be found on the internet. In addition to outputting standard tables, the program is capable of writing a large number of variables to a so-called plotter data file. The term plotter data file is based on the initial intended use, namely the preparation of drawings. In principle, however, this file type can be used for all applications for processing cosmological data. The current WELTTABELLEN file system, consisting of several folders and centered around the executable WELTTABELLEN program, can be downloaded for free from the website https://www.welttabellen.com/ as a ZIP file, along with the current program description and installation instructions. The website also contains definitions of terms, various useful supplementary documents, application tips, and numerous examples of control files and corresponding result printouts. The offline program does not provide a graphical user interface. There are no English versions of program printouts and program description. However, the website contains some basic information in English and Spanish.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Using the Doppler Type Redshift in Galactic Recession

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 50 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

This paper intends to present an alternative Cosmological model to the standard one, proposing a different calculation for the Galactic Recession. By predicting measurements for Stellar distances and Time dilations, it therefore can be falsified through observations. About this, starting from the data of the Supernova SN 1995K and after the recalculation of the Distance Modulus μ without using the K Correction of FLRW (in my opinion wrong: it should not increase μ), we successfully carried out a test on the Time Dilation and one on the Luminosity distance. The results obtained from those verification of this Stellar distance (d = 1,300 Mpc) and this Time dilation (Lorentz factor γ = 0.86 which makes SN 1995K to SN 1990N similar) are reported in viXra: [2207.0051], [2208.0040] and [2208.0152]. I think these are good results even if limited in number and not definitive. Seen also the today’s debate among ΛCDM with FLRW and alternative models, this model should not be discarded.Here, the Universe lies on the surface of a hypersphere which expands at a constant rate with its radius stretching as r=ct. Given the constant expansion speed, it is not necessary to define a new specific type of redshift (Cosmological) to be associated with the Galactic Recession. Here the redshift is Gravitational or Doppler.Even if the validity our model stops (and, with it, the scientific speculation too) at the last 10 billion years, we anyhow need for an explanation as to how this shape of the Universe developed. As we shall see, our idea starts from what in the theory of Bing Bang is referred to as "Last scattering" (we date its Timeline to 720,000 years with a very high temperature). We do not have to change the ΛCDM sequence of events up to the Nucleosynthesis, the Thompson Scattering and the Recombination; so as not to miss many important successful predictions and scientific results of the standard model. It is still early to say but, if most of ΛCDM were safeguarded, then this model with its different metric could solve many, if not all, the problems deriving from the latest observations of the James Webb telescope.(Limited to the recession calculus, you can find the key points in pages 7-9 and 19-26)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ultimate Acceleration to Calculate Space Debris Oscillation and Global Climate Change

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 27 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect related to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, this relativistic model gives out the sunspot cycle to be 10.38 years due to the ultimate acceleration. The calculation results show that the period of space debris density oscillation is 0.51 days; in the space debris orbit at the altitude of 800 km, the density oscillation has 3.9 wavelengths. The same approach is applied to the Earth El Niño oscillation and global climate change cycle, calculating out the El Niño irregular period to be 8.5 years; calculating out the global climate change cycle to be 100.6 kiloyears which coincides with the Milankovitch cycle; the global temperature has increased about 0.8°C for the past century. In the atmosphere, the more serious the air pollution, the stronger the wind.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fundamental Principles of Physics

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper inherits and develops Newton's dialectical space-time concept. Physical matter is an objective existence with energy. Moreover, physical matter can be divided into solid matter and field matter. Vacuum space is the absolute space, and the speed of field matter in vacuum is a constant C. In this paper, general mass is introduced and defined based on energy. For any physical matter with energy E, its general mass is defined as mE = E/C2. The introduction of general mass extends Newton's classical dynamics from solid matter to field matter and Newton’s classical law of gravitation to the law of general gravitation, which replaces Einstein's special and general relativity. Furthermore, a verification experiment of the law of general gravitation is presented in this paper. When the light is far from the sun’s atmosphere and R = 200R0, the light deflection angle Δθ is 0.004367u2033. Regarding standard cosmology problems, the general mass of field matter is the so-called dark matter, and the energy of field matter is the so-called dark energy. The universe expands uniformly around the void space at the field speed C, with the expansion of galaxies accelerating. The estimated values of the general mass and energy of the field matter are approximately consistent with the modern cosmic observation data. Energy is the essence of physical matter, and inertia, gravitation, space and motion characteristics are the universal fundamental properties of energy, and Inertial mass, gravitational mass, time and temperature are the measurements of the properties of energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

JWST Discoveries — Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 15 Pages.

In 1937, P. Dirac proposed Large Number Hypothesis and Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, and later added notion of Continuous Creation of Matter in World. Developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing different mechanism of Matter creation. Most direct observational evidences of validity of WUM are: 1) Microwave Background Radiation and Intergalactic Plasma speak in favor of existence of Medium; 2) Laniakea Supercluster with binding mass ~10^17 Mʘ is home to Milky Way (MW) galaxy and ~10^5 other nearby galaxies, which did not start their movement from Initial Singularity (see Figure 1); 3) MW is gravitationally bounded with Virgo Supercluster (VSC) and has Orbital Angular Momentum calculated based on distance of 65 Mly from VSC and orbital speed of ~ 400 km s^(-1), which far exceeds rotational angular momentum of MW; 4) Mass-to-light ratio of VSC is ~ 300 times larger than that of Solar ratio. Similar ratios are obtained for other superclusters (see Figure 2). These ratios are main arguments in favor of presence of tremendous amounts of Dark Matter (DM) in World. JWST discoveries confirm the most important predictions of WUM in 2018: 1) Absolute Age of World is 14.22 Gyr; 2) Dark Epoch (spanning for Laniakea Supercluster (LSC) from the Beginning of World for 0.45 Gyr) when only DM Macroobjects (MOs) form and evolve; 3) Luminous Epoch (ever since, 13.77 Gyr for LSC) when Luminous MOs (superclusters, galaxies, extrasolar systems, etc.) emerge; 4) Transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch is due to Explosive Rotational Fission of Overspinning (surface speed at equator exceeding escape velocity) DM Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of DM Particles (DMPs); 5) MOs of World form from top (Superclusters) down to Galaxies and Extrasolar systems in parallel around different Cores made up of different DMPs; 6) 3D Finite Boundless World presents a Patchwork Quilt of different Luminous Superclusters, which emerged in different places of World at different Cosmological times.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dimensionless Solution for the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 38 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4219292

In this paper in an elegant way will be present that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unified Physics and Cosmology: The Theory of Everything

Authors: Subhajit Waugh
Comments: 109 Pages.

Copernicus broke with 1300 years of tradition, and revolutionized science by moving from earth-centric to sun-centric view. But, moving the viewpoint to the true center of our expanding universe explains the origin and true nature of time itself. From this God’s view, Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are two sides of the same coin. Relativity is inside the light cone phenomena (since nothing can travel faster than light), while Quantum Mechanics is outside the light cone phenomena (allowing instant communications in quantum entanglement experiments). This recent paper [Quantum principle of relativity; Andrzej Dragan, Artur Ekert, New. J. Phys. 22 (2020) 033098] has shown that every exotic Quantum effect like superposition, entanglement, probabilistic behavior, multiple paths etc. can be explained just by allowing superluminal possibility. The inside the light cone phenomena and the outside the light cone phenomena together span the entire region within the space and time axes. Only in unison they complete the entire picture.Both are dictated just by the scale (i.e. whether we use classical/human scale or sub-atomic scale). We failed to realize that the same spacetime is getting split into space like and time like regions based on size scale. And the reason behind this is not the magical (?) speed of light. That would have turned both relativity and quantum mechanics into mere branches of electromagnetism. The true reason is much deeper and at a very fundamental level of our universe. It turns out that the c is the radial expansion velocity of our universe. But why does the transition from Relativity to Quantum Mechanics happens with decreasing size scale? That’s because, this is what is happens to spatial and temporal dimensions at different scales: 3+1 (Classical regime) <=> 2+2 (Compton regime) <=> 1+3 (Planck regime). From the center of universe viewpoint, simultaneity is absolute (as demanded by Sagnac effect), and there is indeed absolute universal time (as demanded by quantum mechanics). From our viewpoint (located at an awkward position in the universe), locality is absolute, and velocity c is the upper limit, and remains constant for every observer. This turns (our) space and time into inseparable twins, and makes (our) time a relative concept. This solves the time problem which had so stubbornly resisted the reconciliation of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity (Truncated by viXra Admin.)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comment on "Has the Twin Paradox Really Been Resolved?"

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 3 Pages.

In a recent paper [1] about the Twin Paradox conundrum the authors state that "perhaps the most perplexing and controversial thought experiment in physics, and particularly in the theory of special relativity, is the twin paradox, which was realized by Einstein himself in 1905. The description of this paradox can be found in many places in the literature [1] - [8]. The paradox is based on the concept of time dilation in the theory of special relativity. If observer O' moves with velocity v relative to observer O, then the time interval between two events taking place at the same point in the frame of reference of the moving observer Δtu2032 (known as the proper time) is related to the same time Δt measured by observer O according to [1] [2] [3] [9]". Within the present formulation of special relativity, a "non-paradoxical" interpretation of the asymmetric ageing of the twins emerges. It is based exclusively on the rhythms of the clocks, which are not related by the standard textbook expressions ("time dilation") and shall not be confused with clock time readings.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Metric Universe

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 294 Pages.

Why is there a contradiction between SRT and GRT in strong gravitational fields? What is the cause of the relativistic effects? Worin besteht der Widerspruch im What is the contradiction in the expression ћω = mc² when considering the cosmological redshift? What is the cause of Planck's uncertainty principle? Can you really simulate the Big Bang with a particle accelerator? Are the universal natural constants really constant? What is the meaning of the so-called Planck units? Are there references to the universal natural constants? Can the unexpected result of the Supernova Ia cosmology experiment also be explained without dark matter and increasing expansion? Why does the radiation curve of a black body have exactly this shape and no other? Is it possible to calculate the Hubble parameter and the CMBR temperature?All these questions and more are answered by the present model without dark matter, without inflation, with variable natural constants and expansion. Since some of the variable natural constants also affect the observer, i.e. he is affected by them himself, some of the changes cancel out. A virtual relativity principle applies. The laws of nature just seem to be the same in all frames of reference. Changes in v3: A lot of graphics redrawn with higher resolution, re-layout, editorial revisions, added new section, expanded contents.German version available. Title of the German version: "Das metrische Universum".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Das Metrische Universum

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 293 Pages. German version

Warum gibt es einen Widerspruch zwischen der SRT und der ART bei starken Gravitations-feldern? Was ist die Ursache der relativistischen Effekte? Worin besteht der Widerspruch im Ausdruck hω = mc², wenn man die kosmologische Rotverschiebung betrachtet? Was ist die Ursache der Planckschen Unschärferelation? Kann man mit einem Teilchenbeschleuniger wirklich den BigBang simulieren? Sind die Universellen Naturkonstanten wirklich konstant? Welche Bedeutung haben die sogenannten Planckeinheiten? Gibt es Bezüge zu den Universellen Naturkonstanten? Läßt sich das unerwartete Ergebnis des Supernova-Ia-Kosmologie-Experiments auch ohne Dunkle Materie und zunehmende Expansion erklären? Warum hat die Strahlung eines Schwarzen Körpers genau diesen Verlauf und keinen anderen? Läßt sich der Hubble-Parameter und die CMBR-Temperatur berechnen? Gilt das Machsche Prinzip wirklich?Alle diese Fragen und mehr werden durch das vorliegende Modell ohne Dunkle Materie, ohne Inflation, mit veränderlichen Naturkonstanten und Expansion beantwortet. Da sich ein Teil der veränderlichen Naturkonstanten auch auf den Beobachter auswirken, d.h. er ist davon selbst betroffen, kürzt sich ein Teil der Änderungen heraus. Es gilt ein virtuelles Relativitätsprinzip. Die Naturgesetze scheinen nur in allen Bezugssystemen gleich zu sein.English version available. Title of the English version: "The Metric Universe".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Blue Straggler Stars

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 12 Pages.

Blue straggler stars within globular clusters are anapparent anomaly. Spherical clusters are typicallyamong the oldest visible objects in our Milky Way,often in the 12-billion-years age range. The birthand aging of individual stars generally follows aformula beginning with clouds of galactic dustcollapsing within regions where local gravityprogressively supersedes random motion of dustparticles. New blue straggler stars form inside a"gravity sphere" where there is very little dust.This essay will explore which type of gravity bestexplains the presence of these blue anomalies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology