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[18] viXra:2205.0142 [pdf] replaced on 2022-10-17 01:45:41
Authors: C. A. Kalfas
Comments: 6 Pages. More data have been added.
An alternative interpretation of the data plotted in a Hubble-Lemaitre graph is presented. Also, an attempt is made to suggest a different origin of the cosmic background radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2205.0141 [pdf] replaced on 2025-06-11 20:44:26
Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 31 Pages.
One of the daunting problems in searching for a correct model of the speed of light is the contradiction between the Michelson-Morley experiment and the Sagnac effect. I have been working on a new theory called Apparent Source Theory (AST ), which is based on three assumptions: 1. The effect of absolute motion of an inertial observer is to create an apparent change in the time of light emission. 2. The center of the light wave fronts moves with the same velocity as the absolute velocity of the inertial observer and the velocity of light depends on the mirror velocity relative to the observer 3. Two observers/detectors that happen to be at the same point in space at the same time instant and moving with equal velocities will observe identical physical phenomena (for example, fringe position). The third postulate is used to analyze light speed problems involving accelerating observers/detectors. AST has been successful in providing consistent explanations for many light speed experiments. However, the precise application of AST to the Sagnac effect has been a challenge for AST. In this paper, a new analysis of Sagnac effect based on AST is presented. One of the unexpected findings is that the light beam propagating in the same direction as the observer will take less time to reach the observer than the light beam propagating in the opposite direction. Unconventionally, the fringe shift in the Sagnac effect is not due to a difference in path lengths of the counter-propagating light beams, but due to difference in their velocities according to the ballistic hypothesis. Experimental testing of this claim is proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2205.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-25 18:21:20
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 7 Pages.
Zou proposed a metric for rotation. The formation of galaxy velocity curves, etc., can be well explained by this rotation metric. It only needs to go through the field equations of general relativity, and no longer needs to be corrected by introducing additional dark matter gravity. This study believes that the rotation coordinates in the Zou metric are actually due to the dark matter vortex caused by the turbulent flow of the dark matter fluid. From the Zou metric, far from the center of the galaxy, the speed of the rotating coordinate will decrease to 0, becoming a flat metric. This reflects that far from the galactic matter, there is actually a laminar flow of dark matter fluid. Therefore, the Zou metric can be used to describe some important properties of dark matter fluids. This study applies it to explain the flight of the Voyager spacecraft after entering the galaxy space. It is thought that Voyager will first enter an interface between the visible and dark matter laminar flow of galaxies. The enter of dark matter turbulence will cause a certain degree of random change in the attitude of Voyager. Once it passes through this dark matter turbulent layer, the Voyager spacecraft will enter the high-speed dark matter laminar flow region. In this region, due to the energy dissipation characteristics of the dark matter fluid, the spacecraft will have an automatic acceleration phenomenon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2205.0119 [pdf] replaced on 2022-05-27 08:25:03
Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 17 Pages.
Ignoring the internal structure of moving objects and treating them as rigid bodies is not only out of practice but also inconsistent with the spirit of scientific exploration. To change this status quo, consider the relativistic effects of real object motion. Consider the mass-velocity relationship as an initial mechanism to discuss the effect of velocity on the space around an object and on the volume of the object. A series of new conclusions are obtained, such as "the space distortion of a moving system with mass due to inertial motion at ultra-high speed, and even the generation of neutron like stars or black holes", and the 3D contraction of moving objects due to inertial motion, which can oppose the corresponding old views. This confrontation threatens the status of the theoretical criterion "covariant under Lorentz transformation", and thus has a great impact on the whole field of theoretical physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2205.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-21 21:08:41
Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 17 Pages.
This manuscript focuses on the derivation of spinity wave and the gravitoelectromagnetic Maxwell-like equations. This paper provides an important insight to the above issue.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2205.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-21 18:00:56
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.
This brief note points out that, if early cosmology drives gravitational dynamics out of equilibrium, a straightforward random walk model of orbital motion can explain away the basis of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2205.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-20 21:58:35
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 5 Pages.
On May 18, NASA announced that the data of attitude control system sent back by Voyager 1 was abnormal. It is not yet clear what the cause of this anomalous problem is. I did some simple analysis here. It is thought that the anomaly may be due to interference from cosmic rays, causing problems when the data is sent back to Earth. In addition, I also analyze from the dark matter fluid model. It is also believed that there may be space-time anomalies at the edge of the solar system's heliosphere, causing the spacecraft to frequently adjust its attitude according to the curvature of space-time. But the whole process did not find any problems with the actual spacecraft attitude on Earth. If it is because of the dark matter fluid, it is likely that we will lose contact with Voyager 1 in the near future. However, neither of these two hypotheses seems to have very solid theoretical evidence, and most of them are guesses. Therefore, further information needs to be confirmed by Voyager 2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2205.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-18 21:08:16
Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 8 Pages.
In the Planck Gravity Theory, there is a new coupling between cosmic expansion and gravity. With this new gravitational coupling, we can simply explain the phenomenon of accelerated expansion of the universe. The properties of the new gravitational coupling are consistent with the characteristics of dark energy and experimental measurements. This proves that the new gravitational coupling is dark energy. Dark energy does not exist. This theoretical model is also a method of accurately measuring the total mass of the universe. By making precise measurements of the rate of expansion of the universe, the total mass of the universe can be calculated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2205.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-16 20:47:59
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this paper, a new method for detecting the gravitational waves designed on the basis that the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid may affect the gravitational constant. In this method, the devices that measure the gravitational constant are mainly used to measure the change of the gravitational constant. When gravitational waves pass over, it helps to form an interaction between the sun and the dark matter fluid by means of gravitational waves, thereby transferring part of the sun's heat to the dark matter fluid. Therefore, the increase in this part of the heat will lead to an increase in the temperature of the dark matter fluid. The increase in the temperature of the dark matter fluid leads to an increase in the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid. The increase of the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid directly leads to the increase of the gravitational constant. Since 2015, we have been able to detect the gravitational waves reaching the earth through LIGO and other devices. Therefore, this paper compares the measurement data of the gravitational constant of HUST-18 since 2015 with the gravitational wave data obtained by LIGO. It was found that the measured gravitational constants tend to be higher in the years when gravitational waves were detected. In 2016, when no gravitational waves were detected, the measured gravitational constant was significantly lower.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2205.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-12 23:41:59
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 11 Pages.
The gravitational constant may be constantly changing. Although the relevant evidence is not very sufficient at present, from the existing experimental results, the gravitational constant is the least accurate constant among all the constants. This also shows that the gravitational constant may change with the change of space-time. This paper attempts to explore the possible reasons for the change of the gravitational constant. This work is also based on the results of some of my previous works. But this paper mainly discusses on the basis of the fluid model of dark matter. According to the fluid model of dark matter, dark matter in the entire universe is a gaseous fluid state. And this fluid naturally has various thermodynamic properties. Which involves pressure, temperature and volume, and so on. If the temperature or pressure of the dark matter fluid is affected, the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid will change. In the dark matter fluid model, it is assumed that the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid is a parameter that is completely consistent with the gravitational constant. Therefore, if the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid increases or decreases, it will directly cause the gravitational constant to increase or decrease in this part of space-time. This paper analyzes the difference in temperature in different space-time locations of the solar system, and points out that in the location close to the sun, due to the relatively high temperature, the temperature of dark matter in this part of the natural world will also be relatively high. If the dark matter fluid is a gas, the higher the temperature, the higher the viscosity coefficient. Combined with some previous analyses, we can see that the dark matter fluid should mainly exist in the form of gas. This is because from the results of these analyses, the gravitational constant should be larger the closer you are to the sun.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2205.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-09 20:23:44
Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 7 Pages. LCS method can convert astronomical / observational data to simultaneous values.
A four-dimensional detailed geometric analysis (Light Coordinate System) method is proposed to convert astronomical observation data into simultaneous values and calculate the age of the universe. With this detailed method, the age of the universe is determined as 19.28 +/- 0.50 Gyrs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2205.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-08 11:04:09
Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 9 Pages.
In this paper, it will be proposed that
1. The production of a pair of particles requires a source of energy.
2. This source of energy comes from Einstein’s equation, E=mc2.
3. In this context Hawking radiation is unlikely to be realized in nature even if one appeals to Dirac’s sea of negative energy to the rescue.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2205.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-08 20:51:01
Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.
According to the theory of generalized relativity, the dependence over time of the universal gravitation constant and the Hubble constant has been determined. An equation relates both to the speed of light
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2205.0042 [pdf] replaced on 2022-09-19 09:07:19
Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 30 Pages. Talk presented at the Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting (MG16), Rome, July 5-10, 2021. To appear in the proceedings.
Our universe is a 3-dimensional elastic substrate which once has condensed and now is expanding within some higher dimensional space. The elastic substrate is built from tiny invisible constituents, called tetrons, with bond length about the Planck length and binding energy the Planck energy. All ordinary matter particles are quasiparticle excitations of the tetrons gliding on the elastic medium. Since the quasiparticles fulfill Lorentz covariant wave equations, they perceive the universe as a 3+1 dimensional spacetime continuum lacking a preferred rest system. Any type of mass/energy induces curvature on the spacetime continuum as determined by the Einstein equations. The 24 known quarks and leptons arise as eigenmode excitations of a tetrahedral fiber structure, which is made up from 4 tetrons and extends into 3 additional `internal' dimensions. While the laws of gravity are due to the elastic properties of the tetron bonds, particle physics interactions take place within the internal fibers. I will concentrate on three of the most intriguing features of the model: (i) Understanding small neutrino masses from the conservation of isospin, and, more in general, calculating the spectrum of quark and lepton masses. This is obtained from the tetron model's interpretation of the Higgs mechanism. As a byproduct, the connection between the large top mass and the electroweak symmetry breaking becomes apparent. (ii) The possibility to determine the full size of the universe from future dark energy measurements. This is obtained from the tetron model's interpretation of the dark energy effect. In the course of discussion, the dark energy equation of state, i.e. the equation of state of the elastic tetron background will be derived. (iii) Finally, the origin of the big bang `Hubble tension' within the tetron scheme will be elucidated, and deviations from the standard picture such as a varying Newton constant are discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2205.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-06 02:56:35
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 7 Pages.
We will demonstrate that the mass (equivalent mass) of the observable universe divided by the universe radius is exactly identical to the Planck mass divided by the Planck length. This only holds true in the Haug universe model that takes into account Lorentz’s relativistic mass, while in the Friedmann model of the universe
the critical mass of the universe divided by the Hubble radius is exactly equal to 1/2*mp/lp . This is much more than just a speculative approximation, for the findings are consistent with a new, unified, quantum gravity theory that links the cosmological scale directly to the Planck scale.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2205.0035 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-08 17:09:19
Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 20 Pages.
When the bound object acts on gravity, the gravitational action of gravitational potential energy is also included. Therefore, even in the case of the universe, the gravitational action of gravitational potential energy must be considered. Gravitational potential energy generates a repulsive force because it has a negative equivalent mass. Mass energy (Mc^2) is an attractive component, and the equivalent mass (-M_gp) of gravitational potential energy is a repulsive component. Therefore, if |(-M_gp)c^2}| < Mc^2, there is a decelerated expansion, and if |(-M_gp)c^2| > Mc^2, accelerated expansion is performed. |(-M_gp)c^2| = Mc^2 is the inflection point from the decelerated expansion to the accelerated expansion. Dark energy is gravitational potential energy or the energy of the gravitational field. Dark energy arises because any positive energy (mass) contained within the range of gravitational interaction creates negative gravitational potential energy. While positive mass energy is proportional to M, absolute value of gravitational potential energy increases faster because gravitational potential energy is proportional to -M^2/R. Therefore, as the universe ages and the range of gravitational interaction expands, a situation arises where the negative gravitational potential energy becomes greater than the positive mass energy, and thus the universe is accelerating expansion. I present Friedmann equations and dark energy function obtained through gravitational potential energy or gravitational self-energy model. There is no cosmological constant and dark energy is a function of time. This model predicts an inflection point where dark energy becomes larger and more important than the energy of matter and radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2205.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2022-05-03 21:08:08
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 10 Pages. 2 figures
This paper further constructs a new dark matter model based on my previous work. In this model, it is assumed that the dark matter existing in the universe exists in the form of a fluid. This dark matter fluid may be gaseous and possibly liquid. Since the scale of the universe is very large, and the dark matter fluid may encounter various disturbances when it flows, the thermodynamic parameters of dark matter in different locations, including pressure and temperature, may change. And these changes in temperature, pressure, etc., may lead to changes in the flow velocity and viscosity coefficient inside the dark matter fluid. These changes will cause changes in the Reynolds number of dark matter fluids. In fluid mechanics, we already know that if the Reynolds number exceeds a certain critical value, then the fluid will produce turbulent flow. There are many forms of turbulence, among which vortex is one of the forms of turbulence. Among the various galaxies we have observed so far, spiral galaxies are relatively common. If these spiral galaxies are turbulent flows of dark matter fluids, then we can explain many incomprehensible galactic phenomena. For example, why the scale of the Milky Way reaches 100,000 light-years, but the gravitational effect of the Milky Way can cover the entire Milky Way. In fact, using the dark matter fluid model, these problems can be easily solved if we think of each galaxy as a swirling airflow like a hurricane on Earth. In this paper, some properties of dark matter fluid are calculated, and the relationship between the viscosity coefficient and gravitational constant of dark matter fluid is analyzed. I also point out that if we can understand how the variation of the viscosity coefficient of the dark matter fluid is related to the inhomogeneity of the dark matter fluid, then we can hope to calculate the variation of the gravitational constant. So as to solve the problem of why it is difficult for us to accurately measure the gravitational constant. In addition, I have also estimated the velocity of the dark matter fluid based on some known data, and obtained approximate results of the dark matter mass, flow velocity, and viscosity coefficient. It is believed that these results will be helpful for us to further analyze the thermodynamic properties of dark matter. This paper assumes that dark matter also conforms to the laws of thermodynamics. Dark matter has volume, temperature, and pressure, and the interaction between dark matter conforms to the van der Waals equation. The dark matter fluid conforms to the conservation of momentum and energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2205.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-30 22:08:21
Authors: Azor Romão da Mota Filho
Comments: 34 Pages.
This is an alternative theory of the evolution of the universe, which considers the possibility of the evolution of matter over time, which allows the variation of parameters that we consider constant, but which can vary so slowly over time, which is difficult in our lifetime that we notice any change.The two main constants that govern the behavior of the universe are the speed of light and Planck's constant. In this theory we are considering the possibility of the variation of the speed of light, because we know that it is very sensitive to variations in medium, which can be the key to solving the problems found in the theory of the expansion of the universe, thus explaining observed redshift emissions from deep space objects, without the need for its expansion.The SMTwVSL and the expanding universe theory are equivalent. If we make our world as the reference frame, the universe should expand. If we make the universe as the reference frame, matter should shrink. Laws of physics work to both theories.The main difference of the expanding universe and the SMTwVSL is what causes the longer wavelength emissions observed of the deep space objects.The Doppler shift (redshift) is well known in the expanding theory.In the SMTwVSL, the universe is the reference frame, so there is not expansion to cause redshift (except in the systemic local movements like rotation, orbits, binary systems, turbulence, ejection, gravitational effect and gravitational falling), so, the longer wavelengths observed are actually longer emission lines due the bigger size of atoms in the past.If we assume the speed of the light varies along the time and the Planck constant keeps the same value, light speed "c" decreases by the factor of (1+Z)^(-1/3) along the past time.The factor (1+Z)^(-1/3) is not a magic number. It is the factor that enables compatible results of the emission lines and others definitions in the Bohr model.Then, the classical formula would be: c(f) = c(o) (1+Z)^(-1/3). In this theory, the shrinking speed in one meter is about 4.84 nm/C (nanometers per century), and the light speed should grow about 7.25 mm/s per year, at present.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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