Physics of Biology

Algebraic Model of Genetic Code and Biospin

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 34 Pages. In English; article restructured; Dirac equation corrected; some additions made.

Based on the algebra of biquaternions in isotropic basis, we have built a model of the DNA genetic code that describes nucleotides, doublets and triplets. Each nucleotide in this model is represented by its own biquaternion. Together, these four nucleotide biquaternions form the basis of the entire biquaternion space. The model justifies the grouping of triplets which are encoding the same amino acids. It is possible to trace direct correspondences between the algebraic structures of our model and the spin wave functions studied in quantum relativistic field theory. This suggests a special quantum-like nature of the structures of the genetic code. A new biquaternion representation of the Dirac equation is obtained, the establishment of connections with which allows one to see the chiral states in the DNA structure. The mathematical nature that characterizes the genetic code specifies a particular skew-symmetric type of noise immunity, which is based on the operation of parallel complementary channels of code implementation.
Category: Physics of Biology

Algebraic Model of Genetic Code and Biospin (Алгебраическая модель генетического кода и биоспин)

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 37 Pages. In Russian

Based on the algebra of biquaternions in isotropic basis, we have built a model of the DNA genetic code that describes nucleotides, doublets and triplets. Each nucleotide in this model is represented by its own biquaternion. Together, these four nucleotide biquaternions form the basis of the entire biquaternion space. The model justifies the grouping of triplets which are encoding the same amino acids. It is possible to trace direct correspondences between the algebraic structures of our model and the spin wave functions studied in quantum relativistic field theory. This suggests a special quantum-like nature of the structures of the genetic code. A new biquaternion representation of the Dirac equation is obtained, the establishment of connections with which allows one to see the chiral states in the DNA structure. The mathematical nature that characterizes the genetic code specifies a special skew-symmetric type of noise immunity, which is based on the operation of parallel complementary channels of code implementation.

На основе алгебры бикватернионов в изотропном базисе нами построена модель генетического кода ДНК, описывающая нуклеотиды, дуплеты и триплеты. Каждый нуклеотид в этой модели представлен своим бикватернионом. Вместе эта четвёрка бикватернионов нуклеотидов образует базис всего бикватернионного пространства. В рамках модели обосновывается группирование триплетов, кодирующих одни и те же аминокислоты. Можно проследить прямые соответствия между алгебраическими структурами нашей модели и спиновыми волновыми функциями, изучаемыми в квантовой релятивистской теории поля. Это даёт основание предположить особую квантово-подобную природу структур генетического кода. Приводится новое бикватернионное представление уравнения Дирака, установление связей с которым позволяет увидеть киральные состояния в структуре ДНК. Математическая природа, характеризующая генетический код, задаёт особый кососимметрический тип помехоустойчивости, в основе которой лежит работа параллельных взаимодополнительных каналов реализации кода.
Category: Physics of Biology

Plausible Photomolecular Effect and Microwave in Phase Transition of Water as a Newdawn for Renewable Energy and Ensemble-Holistic Approach to Health Management

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 Pages.

Interaction among light and water molecules have baffled scientists for many decades, and even centuries. In this regards, photons in the visible spectrum, where bulk water normally doesn't absorb light, can surprisingly cleave off large water clusters from the water-vapor interface, according to a recent study by Tu and Chen (2023). This discovery, termed the "photomolecular effect," opens exciting possibilities for not only revolutionizing renewable energy but also paving the way for a more integrated-ensemble approach to health management (cf. Smarandache & Christianto, 2010; Tu &Chen, 2023; Tu et al., 2024). In a sense, other than with green or red LED, we can also introduce low intensity laser to alter water molecule, as we discussed earlier in this journal (cf. Christianto, Chandra,Smarandache, 2023a; 2023b).
Category: Physics of Biology