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| viXra.org > Physics of Biology > 2005 |
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[4] viXra:2005.0278 [pdf] submitted on 2020-05-28 22:06:08
Authors: Zuodong Sun
Comments: 10 Pages.
The study of the action potential of cardiomyocytes is as important as the study of nerve fiber cells. The theoretical basis of the action potential of cardiomyocytes is the ionic theory formed by nerve fiber cells. Its core point of view: the decline phase of the action potential of cells is dominated by K+ outflow. Applying the principle of the K+ channel “origami windmill” model, the mechanism of action potential generation of nerve fiber cells has been reasonably explained, and a point contrary to the ion theory has been drawn: the phase of the action potential decline is dominated by K+ influx. Similarly, applying the principle of the K+ channel “origami windmill” model can also give a reasonable explanation for the mechanism of action potential generation of cardiomyocytes.
The difference between cardiomyocyte action potential and nerve fiber cell: In addition to K+, Cl-, Na+, the process of generating cardiomyocyte action potential also involves the participation of Ca2+. Ca2+ inflow in the rising phase will shorten the depolarization time; Ca2+ inflow in the falling phase will prolong the repolarization time. K+, Ca2+ space substitution proportion: rotate into 2 K+, squeeze out 3 Ca2+, and 4 extra negative charges in the cell, the proportion is 2: 3: 4; Conversely, squeeze out 2 K+, rotate into 3 Ca2+, 4 extra positive charges the cells, the proportion is 3: 2: 4. Na+, Ca2+ space substitution proportion: rotate into 1 Na+, squeeze out 1 Ca2+, and 1 extra negative charges in the cell, the proportion is 1: 1:1; Conversely, rotate into 1 Ca2+, squeeze out 1 Na+, there is 1 more positive charge in the cell, and the proportion is 1: 1: 1.
Application of “origami windmill” model principle, can reasonably explain the cardiomyocytes action potential generation mechanism, further proveding “origami windmill” the model theory, “the theory of dove-like particles”“the theory of braincell activation” of science, also proved that the viewpoint of “action potential descending phase, dominated by K+ internal current” is correct. The scientific and rational interpretation of the action potential of cardiomyocytes has far-reaching impact and great significance to the basic theoretical research and clinical practice of the heart from now on.
Category: Physics of Biology
[3] viXra:2005.0277 [pdf] submitted on 2020-05-28 22:07:31
Authors: Zuodong Sun
Comments: 28 Pages.
Applying the K+ channel origami windmill model principle, the whole process of action potential generation of nerve fiber cells and cardiomyocytes is explained reasonably. Its core view is: cell action potential decline phase, dominated by influx of potassium ions. This is contrary to the core idea of the traditional theory—ionic theory. According to ionic theory, cell action potential decline phase, dominated by outflow of K+ ions.
In the face of such two opposing views, the author traces back to the source, combing and commenting on the basic theoretical research on the production mechanism of cell bioelectricity generation and the results of classical basic experiments. And a series of enlightening viewpoints are produced：1. Ionic theory has its preexistence deficiency; 2. There are principle defects in GHK equation and H-H equation; 3. Ion channels may “same direction sharing”; 4. Sodium-potassium pumps, calcium pumps and so on May not exist.
The thesis's Point is falsifiable. If “cell action potential decline stage, dominated by outflow of K+ ions” can be proved, all the points in this paper will not be true. On the contrary, the series of enlightening views in this paper will inevitably lead to a revolution in the field of life science. The viewpoint of this paper is not only closely related to the causes of human major diseases, treatment principles and methods, but also may have a profound impact on the future research direction of life science researchers.
So the author suggests that scholars in the field of life science should re sort out the existing bioelectricity knowledge system—eliminate the false, save the true and clear the source, especially focusing on the papers published by Hodgkin and Huxley in 1952; At the same time, it is necessary to reevaluate the scientificity and scientific value of membrane theory, ionic theory, GHK equation and H-H equation, and put forward new theories based on Bernstein membrane theory, and establishing a new mathematical model of cell action potential.
Category: Physics of Biology
[2] viXra:2005.0276 [pdf] submitted on 2020-05-28 22:10:22
Authors: Zuodong Sun
Comments: 19 Pages.
At present, there are misunderstandings and even subversive errors in the understanding of cellular bioelectricity phenomena. The theory explaining the mechanism of bioelectricity generation is the ionic theory, and the ionic theory is based on the membrane theory. The membrane theory may be the correct part, and the ionic theory does not give a definite affirmation; the membrane theory may be the wrong part, and ionic theory does not give a clear negative, instead, has been further strengthened in the later period. Whether it is membrane theory or ionic theory, the author has ignored the structure and characteristics of ion channels, and has not found the essence and law of ion exchange inside and outside the cell membrane. Therefore, the GHK equation and the H-H equation based on the ionic theory have congenital deficiencies. Therefore, it is necessary to put forward a new doctrine on this basis and establish a new mathematical model based on the new doctrine to re-explain the mechanism of bioelectricity generation scientifically and rationally.
This paper is based on the principle of K+ channel “origami windmill” model, the conservation law of membrane area of cell action potential ion exchange was proposed, and establishes a new mathematical model of cell action potential based on the conservation law of membrane area—ion inequality equation. The expression of conservation law of membrane area: SA (t) + SB (t) = S0, the expression of the ion inequality equation: resting potential N = N0 + Vt; action potential N = N0+ 170t -90t2.
The conservation law of membrane area holds that bioelectrical activity is a process in which different cations replace each other on the inner surface of the cell membrane. Cl- is already surrounded by the cell membrane at the beginning of cell membrane formation, which determines the “positive” and “negative” of the cell action potential; The cations such as Na+, K+, etc., the amount of mutual replacement on the inner surface of the cell membrane determines the amplitude of the action potential, and the ratio of mutual replacement complies with the principle that the membrane area is equal and the ions are not equal.
The ion inequality equation, cited the kinematics principle, can not only reflect the nature and rule of cation exchange on the inner surface of cell membrane,but also can reasonable avoid cell membrane expansion force and ionic driving force, completed the bioelectricity generation mechanism from the qualitative to the quantitative expression, supports the preexistence of membrane theory, to verify the theory of brain cell activation, the theory of dove-likeparticles and “origami windmill” model, has opened up a scientific and quantitative description cell action potential new ways and means.
Category: Physics of Biology
[1] viXra:2005.0118 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-30 15:21:47
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 40 pages, 135 figures, 10 tables
With this study I want to advance a hypothesis that Phyllotaxis is caused by a lattice of Ice-Crystals or large Water Clusters which are stablized (coated) by certain proteins, e.g. special Ice-binding- or Water-Cluster-binding-proteins.
The microscopic Image of the remains of an evaporated water droplet shows a phyllotactic pattern that formed during the evaporation of the water droplet on a silicon wafer. This image is a proof that Water itself must be the main contributor which causes Phyllotaxis ! The pysical process Evaporation, and electric charge and coloumb forces caused by evaporation also seem to play a role in the pattern formation and in the precise orientation and positioning of the water clusters in the pattern.
Important for the formation of a phyllotactic Fibonacci pattern seems to be a large central Water Cluster, that may have icosahedral MacKay-geometry, consisting of large icosahedral Sub-Clusters formed by the stable icosahedral water clusters (H2O)100 or (H2O)280. Typical cluster numbers of Mackay-Clusters are 13 and 55 which are Fibonacci Numbers ! Additional proof comes from SEM-Images of the Sunflower Capitulum. These images indicate that new primordia are caused by rhombic crystals, which seem to be either ice-crystals or large water cluster crystals that formed with the help of ice-binding proteins or similar. Proof for a physical cause of Phyllotaxis is also provided by a study about variations in the Fibonacci-spiral patterns of twigs of the three “Pinus Mugo“ which shows that the Fibonacci-pattern variation depends on altitude and temperature- / radiation- conditions. With the results of this study I developed an infinite Fibonacci-Number-Sequences-Table that contains all existing Fibonacci-Sequences and all natural numbers. Finally I present a mathematical discovery regarding constant Phi. All natural numbers and their square roots, as well as constant Pi (π), can be expressed by only using constant Phi (1.618…) and the base unit 1
Category: Physics of Biology
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