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[5] viXra:2311.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-24 23:50:33
Authors: Shuang-ren Zhao
Comments: 13 Pages.
Abstract Dirac, Wheeler Feynman, and Cramer proposed the electromagnetic theory idea of current element generating half retarded wave and half advanced wave. The author further refined this idea. Proposed the laws of mutual energy flow and conservation of energy. And thus established a new set of electromagnetic theories. For calculating electromagnetic wave radiation of current elements, Maxwell's electromagnetic theory requires electromagnetic radiation to meet the boundary conditions of Sliver Muller. In the author's new theory, this boundary condition is replaced by the charge of the absorber covering the infinite sphere. The author assumes that these absorbers are sinks and will generate advanced waves. The radiation of the current element is a retarded wave. This retarded wave and advanced wave form a mutual energy flow. The author believes that these mutual energy flows are photons. The sum of the energy of countless photons is the macroscopic electromagnetic radiation of the current element. This radiation should be consistent with the Poynting energy flow in classical electromagnetic theory. If the two are indeed consistent, it indicates that the two theories of electromagnetic radiation are equivalent. The author proves that the two theories are indeed equivalent. In this proof, the author also addresses an inherent loophole in Poynting's theorem. In addition, the author found that due to the introduction of sinks, both the field and potential must be compressed to the original %50. This corresponds precisely to the current generating either a %50 retarded wave or a %50 advanced wave. In this way, the author's electromagnetic theory can be seen as the lower level electromagnetic theory of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. This macroscopic electromagnetic wave is composed of countless photons. Photons are mutual energy flows, which are composed of retarded waves emitted by the sources and advanced waves emitted by the sinks.
Category: Classical Physics
[4] viXra:2311.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-20 21:44:46
Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 9 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future)
The work-energy theorem states that the work done on a system is equal to the change in translational and rotational kinetic energy of the system. However, there are cases in which the work-energy theorem provides for so-called paradoxes. In these situations, there is no work done by an external static force (which does not act through a distance) and yet the kinetic energy of the system has increased. To help patch up the discrepancy between both sides of the work-energy equation, the literature discusses "pseudowork", which is identified as not real work. Although the literature states or implies that energy within a system is directly transformed into kinetic energy, we argue that real work must actually be performed to increase the kinetic energy. That is, we argue that real work is performed because energy within a system is transformed into work done on the system. In these cases, a system interacts with an external object (with sufficient inertia to remain static) through equal and opposite forces. Although an external static force does not act through a distance at the system’s boundary, the external static force is transferred within the system, imparting an unbalanced force that acts through a distance to perform external work within the system itself. This is somewhat similar to the way in which the external force of gravity can act within a system to perform work, where the force of gravity is taken to act at the center of mass.
Category: Classical Physics
[3] viXra:2311.0091 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-23 09:05:22
Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 18 Pages. version2.0
Maxwell's equations introduced "displacement current" theoretical hypothesis, which stated that a changing electric field could induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. Furthermore, Maxwell extended Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction from metal circuits to vacuum, and theoretically concluded that a changing magnetic field could induce a changing electric field in a vacuum. Then, Maxwell predicted the existence of "electromagnetic waves" in a vacuum and claimed wireless communication could be achieved by "electromagnetic waves". This study reinterprets Hertz's "electromagnetic waves" verification experiment and reveals that Hertz’s experiment did not prove the existence of "electromagnetic waves", but rather proved that wireless communication was achieved by independent electric field waves. Based on Coulomb's law and mathematical derivation, this paper proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is inconsistent in theory, and directly demonstrates through experiment that the "displacement current" hypothesis is not true, that is, a changing electric field cannot induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. In a modern wireless broadcasting system, there are only electric field signals without magnetic field signals. Wireless radio signals are the transmission, propagation, and reception of independent electric field waves in the air. In the application of microwave technology, when a microwave oven is turned off or on, the energy density of the electric field wave and the energy density of the magnetic field wave are not equal, which violates the principle of energy conservation. In EMC engineering testing, a magnetic field probe cannot directly detect magnetic field signals in a changing electric field environment. Based on theoretical analysis and experiments, this study proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is incorrect and denies the existence of "electromagnetic waves," which will have a profound impact on modern scientific discoveries and technological advancement.
Category: Classical Physics
[2] viXra:2311.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-17 18:15:50
Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 3 pages
The original Born-Infeld model of electrons has been used to describe static electrons without magnetic dipole moment. It is not obvious how to include the magnetic field of a realistic magnetic dipole moment in the original model. This short work proposes a small modification to the original model that might allow for experimentally observed values of electric charge and magnetic dipole moment of electrons.
Category: Classical Physics
[1] viXra:2311.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-10 23:09:46
Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 18 Pages. In Russian; Submitted to JETP Letters.
The spin theory of electrodynamics, dating back to the work of Sadovsky, Poynting and others, is called in the article the classical spin theory, in contrast to the currently widespread spin theory, which is a gradient theory. The uniqueness of the local densities of energy-momentum and spin of the electromagnetic field is demonstrated, and the energy-momentum is determined by the Maxwell tensor, which does not allow change. In particular, the Belinfante-Rosenfeld procedure is meaningless. The existence of spin as an internal angular momentum is confirmed experimentally. Mathematically, spin arises from the Principle of Least Action in the form of a spin tensor, along with energy, momentum and moment of momentum relative to some point. The use of the spin tensor made it possible to obtain new results concerning the emission and absorption of spin angular momentum. It is shown that the use of the spin tensor is the same natural process as the use of the energy-momentum tensor. The adequacy of the spin tensor provides the violation of the gauge equivalence of various vector potentials. In particular, it is demonstrated that the standard vector potential gives an incorrect value for the spin emission from a rotating dipole. Vector potentials related to each other by a gauge transformation are equivalent to each other only when calculating energy-momentum. The gradient theory of spin has been criticized. In particular, it separates the internal spin angular momentum from the energy and momentum of the radiation.
Category: Classical Physics
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