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[20] viXra:2102.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-22 20:47:59
Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 07 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
If we think of the electron as an extended particle, its electric charge would be varying in an external field . This article presents three plausible equations for the effective electric charge of the extended electron in external fields.
Category: Classical Physics
[19] viXra:2102.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-22 12:43:06
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.
An argument often used to show that the Newtonian speed of gravity is infinite is that the Newtonian field equation (rooted in the Poisson equation) has no time derivative with respect to the gravitational potential. However, as the Newton gravitational constant G has not been well understood until recently, and also due to the fact one has not understood mass in the gravity formula that well, except from the surface level, we will demonstrate that, when understood from a deeper perspective, there is likely to be a concealed time derivative of the gravitational potential in the Newton field equation. This supports our recent claim that Newtonian gravity speed is consistent with the idea that gravity moves at the speed of light, not by assumption, but from calibration, and in a way that does not conflict with the equations one can derive from Newtonian theory.
Category: Classical Physics
[18] viXra:2102.0130 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-22 21:13:05
Authors: Valery P. Delamoure
Comments: 7 Pages.
The article describes an experiment for detecting the Brown effect (also known as Biefeld–Brown effect). The essence of the effect is that a capacitor under high voltage develops a force. The paper provides measurements and calculations related to the conducted experiment as well the explanation for the origin of the force as induced by aether.
Category: Classical Physics
[17] viXra:2102.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-18 16:51:52
Authors: Louis Wy Liu
Comments: 22 Pages.
Since the Maxwell’s era, electromagnetic waves were believed to be travelling in a straight line in a manner not very different from a light ray. However, we have in this work proven the feasibility of transmitting energy through a curved surface. Method: To start with, a single-wire energy harvester was constructed and used to detect by contact an incoming surface plasma wave. Separately, an RF plasma at 26 kHz was generated and transmitted from one beaker of pure water (transmitting end), then through a curved plastic water tube, finally to another beaker of pure water (receiving end). Results: An electromagnetic energy was successfully detected with no conductor at the receiving end using the single-wire receiver. The transmission channel was a curved water tube, thus ruling out of any possibility of LOS transmission. The voltage detectable at receiving end was in general lower than that at the transmission end. However, the transmission efficiency as observed at the receiving end was found to be weakly dependent of the transmission range. No voltage was detected when the surface of the curved water tube was in contact with a human. Conclusion: Overall, an electromagnetic energy was successfully transmitted through a curved surface in the absence of any conductor. Our results suggest that harvesting lightning energy through a wet surface is close to a reality.
Category: Classical Physics
[16] viXra:2102.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-18 11:29:20
Authors: Lev Ryzhikov
Comments: 6 Pages. This is new method of evaluation complex optical system
During design process of complex optical system such as high NA (numerical aperture)
microscope objective lenses, camera lens objectives with F number < 2 or zoomable lenses
usually several design configurations have been developed. Each complex objective lens
consists of several lens components (groups). An optimal lens components configuration allows
create most effective optical system design form with minimum number of optical lens
elements. Optical design practice shown that most effective optical lens configuration can be
found when several different designs form were developed. In this process one or several
optical designers need to be involved in this process. The analysis method developed in this
article allowed to quantified results for each optical system configuration and choose most
optimal (efficient) optical system. This method based on assumption that for optimization of
optical system commercially available optical design software has been used. In this case some
lens parameters such as lens radiuses, glass thicknesses and lens shapes will be optimized at a
high technical level. Advance lens design software also chooses fictious glasses for lens
components. Usually, in complex optical system if designer used glasses with refractive index
and Abbe number matching fictious glass “proposed” software next cases occurred: design has
more lenses than necessary or design form does not achieve essential image quality
requirements. Proposed method of optical systems analysis allows to compare different design
forms with the same specification and thus find optical system which has least complex
configuration or in other words, choose the most effective optical system configuration.
Category: Classical Physics
[15] viXra:2102.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-18 17:12:21
Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 18 Pages.
Everything we know about science is temporary. Can we imagine that when the acrylic board was rubbed with silk, the generated electromagnetic field can drive the 14 W fluorescent tube lamps and the emerged electromagnetic attraction can draw the scissors and wood block swill around? When a wood box slides on a table, where the box slides, where the LEDs stocked right at the position of the sliding wood box under the table will be lit. Although numerous studies of sliding friction have been made and some empirical laws have been formulated, we have as yet, no clear understanding of the mechanism of friction. The effect of triboelectricity on the frictional force has not been studied and the nature of friction has not yet been finalized. In this paper, sliding friction was studied to investigate the nature of friction. We have found that the electromagnetic field will be generated when sliding happens, which leads to the generation of electromagnetic attraction. The generated electromagnetic attraction will accordingly affect the force of friction between two objects. Thus, we deduced that friction force should originate from the synergistic effects of the external resistance arising from uneven surfaces and the generated electromagnetic attraction. A slightly supplement and modification to the numerical formulas for calculating the sliding friction force is attempted to present. This study tries to unify the engagement theory and the adhesion theory and understand the nature of friction better. What's more, it will provide a novel perspective and open a new line of thinking for classical mechanics.
Category: Classical Physics
[14] viXra:2102.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 22:50:04
Authors: P. Kumar, A. K. Singh, G. Singh, T. Chakravarty, S. Bhooshan
Comments: 7 Pages. Session 05: Antenna Elements II IEEE-ISM 06 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
In this article, we have presented an innovative design of the THz microstrip antenna on a lossless dielectric membrane for detection and imaging of the cancer cells. The antenna design utilizes microstrip antenna technique of an annular-ring loaded circular-disk fed by a short microstrip line. Optimization of design leads to a broadband antenna from 300 GHz to 1THz with high radiation efficiency. The antenna yields end-fire beam pattern and can be utilized for pencil like probe on human body.
Category: Classical Physics
[13] viXra:2102.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 22:54:49
Authors: B. W. Ngobese, P. Kumar
Comments: 6 Pages. ADVANCED ELECTROMAGNETICS, VOL. 7, NO. 3, AUGUST 2018 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
This paper presents the design, fabrication and measurement of a high gain 4-elements linear patch array, which uses the corporate feed technique with inset for excitation resonating at 5.216 ����z. is used as a dielectric substrate for the proposed array structure. The designed array is simulated and optimized by using CST microwave studio software. The element of the array is designed using the transmission-line model equations. The ground plane is made defective by incorporating slots and the reflective ground is utilized to enhance the gain of the array. The simulated and measured results for various parameters of the array are presented. The comparison between simulated and measured results show good agreement with little deviation. The optimized dimensions of the proposed design provides a maximum gain of 9.019 dB and a maximum directivity of 12.81 dBi. The antenna has been designed for the range which is one of the ranges for band for wireless local area networks (WLAN) applications as the standard states.
Category: Classical Physics
[12] viXra:2102.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 22:57:42
Authors: P. Kumar, J. L. Masa-Campos
Comments: 7 Pages. ADVANCED ELECTROMAGNETICS, VOL. 5, NO. 1, MAY 2016 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
This paper presents the design, fabrication and measurement of dual polarized microstrip patch antennas for ultra wideband (UWB) applications with notch at 5-6 GHz band. The proposed antenna rejects the wireless local area network (WLAN) signals and work properly in the entire remaining ultra-wideband. Two antennas are designed for two different frequency bands of ultra wideband and both antennas together produce the entire ultra wideband with notch at 5-6 GHz band. The antennas are fed by a 50 coaxial probe and the entire design is optimized using CST Microwave Studio. The bandwidth of 3.1-5 GHz is achieved by the optimized design of Antenna-1 and the bandwidth of 6-10.6 GHz is achieved by the optimized design of Antenna-2. The bandwidth of the optimized combined antenna is 3.1-10.6 GHz with elimination of the 5-6 GHz band. Both antennas are simulated, developed and measured. The simulated and measured results are presented. The two designed dual polarized antennas ie Antenna-1 and Antenna-2 can be used for 3.1-5 GHz band and 6-10.6 GHz band dual polarized applications, respectively, and the combined antenna structure can be used for UWB dual polarized applications with elimination of 5-6 GHz band signals.
Category: Classical Physics
[11] viXra:2102.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:02:45
Authors: A. Kapoor, R. Mishra, P. Kumar
Comments: 10 Pages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON SMART SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMSIssue 1 | Vol. 13 (2020)[Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The design of a compact wideband partial slotted ground rectangular-printed antenna is presented. The design approach utilizing the slotted partial ground plane is much more flexible for improving the antenna performance. A detailed design guideline to estimate the antenna dimensions is given, which is based on mathematical and parametric analysis. The effects of variation of length of the ground and slot position in the ground plane are investigated. The simulation has been performed by using HFSS V20 simulator. The designed antenna is meant for being operated in the C band of super-high-frequency (SHF) spectrum and in the n77 band (3.3-4.2 GHz) and n78 band (3.3-3.8 GHz) of frequency range 1 (FR1) in sub-6 GHz 5G-frequency bands. The designed antenna is showing a wide bandwidth (700 MHz) with a low-reflection coefficient of −31.15 dB. The wide bandwidth and compact size of the antenna makes it suitable for use in sub-6 GHz 5G compact wireless communication systems. The measured results of the antenna prototype are firmly authenticated with simulation estimations.
Category: Classical Physics
[10] viXra:2102.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:15:17
Authors: N. Bisht, P. Kumar
Comments: 4 Pages. PIERS Proceedings, Suzhou, China, Sept. 2011 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
This paper proposes the design of a circular patch antenna with fractals for C-band applications. The designed antenna has been fed with L probe feeding technique. The proposed circular patch antenna with fractals produces a dual band operation for the C-band applications. The designed model is simulated using CST microwave studio software based upon finite difference time domain method. The simulated results for various parameters like return loss, radiation pattern etc have been presented. The designed antenna operates for dual band at 6.6 GHz and 7.5 GHz with increase in Gain and Bandwidth. Such type of antennas is useful in Telecommunication, Wi-Fi, Satellite communication, Radar, Commercial and Military application.
Category: Classical Physics
[9] viXra:2102.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:13:37
Authors: P. Kumar, N. Bisht
Comments: 4 Pages. PIERS Proceedings, Suzhou, China, Sept. 2011 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
In this paper, the design of stacked coupled circular microstrip antenna is presented for dual frequency operations. The two circular patches are isolated by a substrate. The lower patch is the feed patch and the upper patch is excited by the stacked coupling. The designed antenna is simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio simulator. The designed antenna produces two resonances at 3.4233 GHz and 3.7395 GHz. The radiation pattern of the designed antenna is also shown. The designed antenna produces the broadside radiation pattern.
Category: Classical Physics
[8] viXra:2102.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:18:00
Authors: R. N. Tiwari, P. Kumar, N. Bisht
Comments: 4 Pages. PIERS Proceedings, Suzhou, China, Sept. 2011 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
In this paper, the design of rectangular microstrip antenna with 2-D photonic band gap crystal as substrate (dielectric substrate with regular cylindrical periodic air-gap) for 60 GHz applications, has presented. The photonic band gap structure is used to enhance the radiation efficiency and the bandwidth of the antenna. The periodic structures designed to open up frequency bands within which the propagation of electromagnetic waves is forbidden irrespective of the propagation direction. The design is optimized using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) based CST microwave studio simulator. The designed periodic air-gap rectangular microstrip patch antenna gives a bandwidth up to 20.53% for 60 GHz applications. Various parameters like directivity of the antenna, efficiency of the antenna etc. are also shown.
Category: Classical Physics
[7] viXra:2102.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:22:24
Authors: P. Kumar, G. Singh
Comments: 6 Pages. Advanced Computational Techniques in Electromagnetics Volume 2012, Year 2012 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
In this paper, a technical review on gap-coupled microstrip antennas is presented. The gap-coupled microstrip antennas give a large bandwidth as compared to the conventional microstrip antennas. The method of bandwidth enhancement using gap-coupled microstrip antennas has been elaborated. The gap-coupled microstrip antennas also produce two resonances. The dual frequency operation of the gap-coupled microstrip antenna is also described. A research overview of gap-coupled microstrip antennas, challenges, types of gap-coupled microstrip antennas as well as numerical methods of calculating various parameters of the gap-coupled microstrip antennas are discussed in this paper.
Category: Classical Physics
[6] viXra:2102.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-16 19:10:52
Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
The current state of the problem of the electrodynamics angular momentum, which has a long history, is described. Two concepts of classical electrodynamics spin, existing simultaneously but differing in relation to the spin tensor, are presented. By the example of radiation from a rotating dipole, a violation of the equivalence of vector potentials coupled by the gauge transformation is demonstrated when calculating the spin flux. It is shown that only the potentials obtained by integrating the electric field over the time gives the correct value of the emitted spin. So the inevitable recognition of the electrodynamics spin changes the foundations of classical electrodynamics and demands abandoning the fundamental gauge invariance principle.
Category: Classical Physics
[5] viXra:2102.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-14 20:00:25
Authors: Sotiri Karanikola
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
I wrote this article as the mathematical first step of my previous article (Karanikola, 2019), which I mentioned as a different model. I questioned the interference pattern formation in the double-slit experiment, which is the simplest expression of the particle-wave duality, which is the most effective detection of classical and quantum mechanics. The resulting situation shows that the wave is not really a wave and the particle is not a particle in the real sense. So I tried to create a different definition and the mathematical first step of this definition.
Category: Classical Physics
[4] viXra:2102.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-12 02:28:33
Authors: Radhakrishnamurty Padyala
Comments: 5 pages, 4 Figures
In an earlier publication we showed the presence of a hidden circle in a family of projectile paths shot from a point with a common value of speed and at different angels to the horizontal. In this paper we describe that hidden circle’s duel in a family of ideal projectile paths whose apexes lie on the horizontal. We call this circle, the duel circle. The center of this circle is the burning point of the spherical mirror, defined by the revolution of this circle around its vertical axis. We highlight the interesting properties of this family of projectiles.
Category: Classical Physics
[3] viXra:2102.0061 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-02 19:01:50
Authors: Kenneth Ramsey
Comments: 3 Pages.
Recently there have been a number of interstellar drive proposals, these include using worm holes, anti-mater, fission, fusion, nuclear pulse drive and many others. Here a technically possible interstellar drive is described. This drive only requires a modest budget (by NASA standards) and some in-depth knowledge of naturally occurring energy streams within the cosmos.
Category: Classical Physics
[2] viXra:2102.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-09 19:16:15
Authors: Yajun Liu, Kun Yu, Shenchao Zhang
Comments: 8 Pages.
Time is a concept we want to understand much more. In this paper, we set up a model to describe a photon with the velocity of light pushed by one unit energy. Under this process, we define the time,rotating with velocity of light time and Space with Energy time. It is interesting to use this model we can analyze the relationship between time and space time with quantum scale and cosmic dimensions. We hope to throw a little bit light on the big picture of uniting the quantum mechanics and General relative theory.
Category: Classical Physics
[1] viXra:2102.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-08 20:11:26
Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 Figure
In the current physical literature , there are many articles discussing the physical nature of time , in which time dilation is a controversial aspect of time . In this article we will search to see how physicists have come to the elusive concept of time dilation and try to confirm whether it is a real process or only an observational phenomenon .
Category: Classical Physics
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